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European performance in the Triad
1
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GDP at 1995 market prices per capita(left scale in 1995 PPS, right scale EU/US ratio)
SOURCE: European Competitiveness Report 2002
2
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GDP per capita, PPP (US=100)
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
EU15 Japan
3
SOURCE: World Bank
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Average annual percentage growth in population (1990-2001)
EU15 0.3 %
US 1.2 %
Japan 0.3 %
4
SOURCE: World Bank
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SOURCE: IMF
Gross fixed capital formation(annual % change)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1985-1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
EU
US
Japan
NICs
5
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Proiezione al 2020 del PIL dell’UE e degli USA, supponendo una crescita annua dell’1.5% nell’UE e del 2.5% negli USA
20012020
GDP per capita EU15/US 70%58%
GDP EU15/US 89%74%
6
SOURCE: World Bank
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Employment percentage growth
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
EU15
US
Japan
SOURCE: OECD
7
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Participation rate
55
60
65
70
75
80
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Japan
US
EU15
SOURCE: OECD
8
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9Real GDP 1985-1994 1995-2002(annual percent change) (average) (average)
Advanced economies 3.0 2.7 Japan 3.4 1.2 United States 2.9 3.2 European Union 2.4 2.3 Austria 2.6 2.1 Belgium 2.3 2.2 Denmark 1.8 2.4 Finland 1.2 3.9 France 2.1 2.3 Germany 2.7 1.5 Greece 1.7 3.4 Ireland 3.7 8.8 Italy 2.1 1.9 Luxembourg 6.1 4.9 Netherlands 2.6 2.9 Portugal 3.3 3.1 Spain 2.9 3.3 Sweden 1.7 2.9 United Kingdom 2.6 2.6 Newly industrialized Asian economies* 7.8 4.9Developing countries 5.1 5.0 Africa 1.9 3.4 Developing Asia 7.7 6.6 China 10.2 8.4 Central and Eastern Europe - 3.3 Middle East and Turkey 2.9 4.0 Western Emisphere 3.1 2.2
SOURCE: IMF * Newly industrialized countries include Hong Kong SAR, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan Province of China
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* Missing values for Ireland, in 1991 missing value for Greece
SOURCE: OECD
10Employment in agricolture(% of total employment)
1991
1991
1991
1995 1995
1995
19961996
1996
19971997
1997
1998 1998
1998
1999 1999
1999
2000
2000
2000
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
EU15* Japan United States
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Employment in industry(% of total employment)
1991
1991
1991
1995
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998
1999
1999
1999
2000
2000
2000
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
EU15* Japan United States
* Missing values for Ireland, in 1991 missing value for Greece
SOURCE: OECD
11
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Employment in services (% of total employment)
1991
1991
1991
1995
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998
1999
1999
1999
2000
2000
2000
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
EU15* Japan United States
* Missing values for Ireland, in 1991 missing value for Greece
SOURCE: OECD
12
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* Missing values for Ireland
SOURCE : OECD
Employment in agricolture, hunting, forestry and fishing
(% of total employment)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1991-2000Austria 17.5 17.0 16.6 16.1 15.6 15.1 14.7 14.2 13.9 13.4 -4.0Belgium 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 -0.5Denmark 5.4 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.6 -1.8Finland 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.6 6.5 6.2 -2.8France 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.2 -1.4Germany 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 -1.6Greece - - - - 19.6 19.4 18.8 18.0 18.1 17.3 -Italy 7.1 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 -2.3Luxembourg 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 -1.3Netherlands 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 -0.9Portugal 14.7 13.3 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 11.7 11.1 11.0 11.0 -3.7Spain 9.8 9.3 9.0 8.6 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.2 6.7 -3.1Sweden 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 -0.4United Kingdom 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 -0.6EU15* 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.4 5.1 -2.0Japan 8.3 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.2 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.4 -2.0United States 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 -0.3
13
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Employment in industry
(% of total employment)
* Missing values for Ireland
SOURCE: OECD
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1991-2000Austria 27.6 27.2 26.8 26.3 26.5 26.4 26.1 26.0 25.5 25.2 -2.4Belgium 26.6 26.4 25.9 25.5 25.3 24.8 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.3 -3.4Denmark 25.2 24.8 24.5 24.2 24.5 24.5 24.1 23.9 23.4 23.1 -2.1Finland 29.9 28.9 28.1 27.3 27.0 27.0 26.9 27.5 27.6 27.8 -2.1France 26.9 26.2 25.1 24.4 24.2 23.8 23.3 22.9 22.5 22.3 -4.6Germany 36.8 35.0 33.9 32.9 32.6 32.2 31.5 30.8 29.9 29.4 -Greece - - - - 24.5 24.6 24.2 23.6 24.0 23.7 -Italy 31.6 31.2 31.4 31.4 31.1 30.6 30.4 30.5 30.0 29.5 -2.1Luxembourg 29.1 29.1 28.7 27.9 27.2 26.5 25.9 25.0 24.0 22.8 -6.3Netherlands 24.1 23.6 22.9 22.2 21.7 21.1 20.7 20.5 20.2 19.9 -4.1Portugal 33.1 31.6 31.4 31.2 31.2 30.9 30.8 31.2 30.6 30.1 -3.0Spain 29.3 29.3 29.1 28.0 27.4 28.0 28.0 27.9 28.0 28.4 -0.9Sweden 26.1 25.5 24.8 23.9 24.3 24.5 24.5 24.3 23.7 23.6 -2.4United Kingdom 26.9 25.8 24.3 23.8 23.7 23.4 23.0 22.8 22.0 21.4 -5.5EU15* 28.4 27.7 27.0 26.4 26.1 25.9 25.5 25.4 24.9 24.6 -3.8Japan 33.7 33.6 33.0 32.6 31.9 31.7 31.4 31.0 30.4 30.0 -3.6United States 21.6 20.9 20.3 20.2 20.1 19.8 19.7 19.6 19.3 19.1 -2.5
14
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Employment in services
(% of total employment)
* Missing values for Ireland
SOURCE: OECD
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1991-2000Austria 54.8 55.6 56.6 57.4 57.8 58.5 59.1 59.9 60.6 61.5 6.7Belgium 70.7 71.1 71.6 72.0 72.5 73.1 73.7 73.9 74.4 74.6 3.9Denmark 69.5 70.0 70.5 70.9 70.6 71.0 71.6 72.0 72.8 73.1 3.6Finland 62.3 63.5 64.3 64.7 64.7 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.9 3.6France 67.5 68.4 69.6 70.5 70.9 71.4 72.0 72.5 73.1 73.5 6.0Germany 59.2 61.2 62.6 63.6 64.3 65.4 66.2 66.8 67.7 68.4 9.1Greece - - - - 55.9 56.0 57.0 57.7 58.0 58.8 -Italy 61.1 61.8 62.3 62.6 63.0 63.8 64.0 64.3 64.9 65.6 4.5Luxembourg 66.9 67.5 68.6 69.9 70.6 71.5 72.2 73.0 74.3 75.3 8.4Netherlands 71.5 72.1 72.8 73.6 74.2 74.8 75.1 75.8 76.1 76.4 4.8Portugal 52.3 55.1 56.2 56.4 56.6 57.0 57.5 57.7 58.4 58.9 6.6Spain 60.5 62.0 62.9 63.6 64.0 63.9 63.8 63.9 63.9 64.1 3.6Sweden 70.8 71.9 72.8 73.2 72.4 72.6 72.7 72.8 73.3 73.5 2.7United Kingdom 71.6 72.9 73.8 74.1 74.5 74.8 75.1 75.0 76.2 76.8 5.1EU15* 64.6 65.8 66.6 67.3 66.5 67.1 67.6 68.0 68.5 69.0 4.4Japan 57.7 58.1 59.1 59.9 60.8 61.3 61.7 62.8 63.2 63.7 6.0United States 76.1 76.7 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.4 77.5 77.7 78.0 78.3 2.2
15
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16Real effective exchange rate:
ulc relative to rest of 22 industrialized countries
(US $, percentage change)
1963-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001
EU15 0.6 -1.8 -3.6 0.9
Japan 2.4 8.2 -2.7 -13.1
US -1.7 -0.7 4.2 4.5
SOURCE: Economic forecasts, European Commission, Autumn 2002
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Labour productivity in the EU vis-à-vis the US
SOURCE: European Competitiveness Report 2001
17
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18
1990-1995 1995-2001 Labour productivity
in 2001 (US=100)
Ireland 2.7 3.9 87
Luxembourg 4.9 3.4 145
Portugal 2.3 2.9 48
Finland 3.2 2.9 76
Greece 2.8 1.9 59
Austria 1.9 1.9 70
Sweden 2.8 1.9 67
Belgium 1.7 1.6 92
United Kingdom 2.5 1.6 72
Denmark 2.5 1.5 76
France 1.2 1.3 78
Germany 2.3 1.2 71
Netherlands 1.0 1.0 72
Italy 2.0 0.9 82
Spain 2.0 0.9 65
EU15 2.0 1.3 73
United States 1.5 2.5 100
Japan 0.8 1.1 67
Labour productivity in EU Member States, US and Japan in 1975-2001(average annual growth of GDP/ employed person in per cent)
SOURCE: European Competitiveness Report 2002
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Average years of education of the working population, 1971-99 (US=100)
SOURCE: European Competitiveness Report 2002
19
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20Average years of education in 1999 (labour force)
SOURCE: European Competitiveness Report 2002
Austria 12.5Belgium 11.8Denmark 12.9Finland 12.5France 11.2Germany 13.3Greece 10.6Ireland 11.1Italy 10.9Luxembourg 11.1Netherlands 12.4Portugal 8.0Spain 9.9Sweden 12.0United Kingdom 12.5EU15 11.1United States 12.8Japan 12.6
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21ICT expenditure(% of GDP)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
EU15
US
JAPAN
SOURCE: World Bank
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Gross Expenditure in R&D(as % of GDP)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
EU15
Japan
US
SOURCE: World Bank
22