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PHIL 224 Environmental Ethics, Week 1
Paul Thagard
Use of laptops (tablets, etc.) is discouraged, and limited to the last two rows.
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The World in 2050 Forces:
demography
natural resources
globalization
climate change
Question: What kind of world do we want?
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Facts vs. Values How the world is.
Descriptive
Scientific methods: Observation
Experiment
Theories
Models
How the world ought to be.
Prescriptive, normative.
Ethics, philosophy.
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What Matters? 1. Nihilism: nothing.
2. Egoism: yourself.
3. Tribalism: Your immediate family or group.
4. Anthropocentrism: all humans.
5. Theism: God.
6. Biocentrism: All living things.
7. Deep ecology: All things, e.g. the planet.
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Discussion Question What do you see as the most pressing questions in
environmental ethics?
Are there objective answers to these questions, or does right and wrong depend just on your point of view?
Please close laptops.
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What is Philosophy?
Philosophy: The search for answers to fundamental questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, morality, and the meaning of life.
Epistemology: The philosophical study of the nature of knowledge.
Metaphysics: The philosophical study of the fundamental nature of what exists.
Ethics: The philosophical study of the basis of right and wrong.
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Positions about ethics (meta-ethics)
1. Objectivism: there really is right and wrong.
2. Relativism: right and wrong depend on your point of view, so what's right for one person might be wrong for another person.
3. Non-cognitivism: Ethical statements are merely expressions of emotional attitudes of approval or disapproval.
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Ethical Decision Procedure
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1. Identify the issue. 2. Identify the options. 3. Use Ethical Reasoning Patterns to evaluate the options. 4. Reach a conclusion on the issue.
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Ethical reasoning patterns An ethical reasoning pattern (ERP) is a standard way
of justifying a conclusion about right and wrong.
Religious ERP:
Issue: Is a particular action right or wrong?
Analysis: According to my religious beliefs, the action is right (wrong).
Conclusion: The action is right (wrong).
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Consequences ERP
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Issue: Is a particular action right or wrong?
Analysis: Overall, the action has good consequences, so it is right. Or, overall, the action has bad consequences, so it is wrong.
Conclusion: the action is right (wrong).
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What are good consequences?
1. Pleasure vs. pain.
2. Happiness
3. Flourishing
4. Human needs Biological
Psychological
Relatedness
Autonomy
Competence
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Rights/duties ERP
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Issue: Is a particular action right or wrong? Analysis: An action is right if you have a duty to do it and it does not violate anyone's rights. An action is wrong if you have a duty not to do it or if it violates someone's rights. Conclusion: The action is right (wrong).
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Principles ERP
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Issues: Is a particular action right or wrong? Analysis: An action is right if it follows from a valid general principle, and does not violate any principles. An action is wrong if it violates an ethical principle. Conclusion: The action is right (wrong).
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Discussion Which approach to ethics do you find most
plausible?
What problems in environmental ethics does your favorite approach work for?
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Ethical Principles Autonomy
Equality
Beneficence
Non-malfeasance
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Cognitive-Affective Maps
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Cognitive-Affective Map - Left
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Cognitive-Affective Map - Right
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