3/21/2017
1
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
2
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
3
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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113
114
115
3/21/2017
4
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
5
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
6
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
7
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
8
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
9
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
10
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
11
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
12
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
13
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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3/21/2017
14
Entomology & IPM
Wizzie Brown
Extension Program Specialist- IPM
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
Travis County
Arthropoda
• Characteristics
– Exoskeleton
–Metamerism
– Jointed appendages
–Double ventral nerve cord
–Open dorsal circulatory system
– Bilateral symmetry
– Sexual reproduction
Common Arthropod Groups
• Crustacea
– shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
–Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chelicerata
– Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
• Hexapoda
– Entognatha- MP retracted
– Insecta
Diplopoda characteristics
DiplopodaMillipedes with antennae, 2 pairs of legs per segment
Chilopoda characteristics
Spider Anatomy
AraneaeGarden spider in web: silk glands; body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen, 4 pairs of legs
AraneaeCephalothorax (eyes, chelicerae and fangs pointed out, legs); abdomen (spinnerets)
Widow spiders
• Cobweb spiders
• Create web that appears messy and disorganized
• Predators use web to capture prey
Recluse spiders
• About size of a quarter (including legs)
• Tan to dark brown
• Violin or fiddle shaped marking on their back
• Eye pattern- 3 pairs of eyes in a semicircle at the front of the head
• Prefer dark, secluded areas
• Hide during the day and hunt at night
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraDifferential grasshopper: body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), eyes, antennae, pronotum, legs, wings, jumping
What makes an insect?
What makes an insect?
OrthopteraHead, thorax (pronotum), simple and compound eyes
Insect Sensory Structures
• Mechanoreceptors
• Detects movement, vibration
• Tactile receptors, sound receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Detects presence of chemicals in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
• Taste buds on palps, antennal sensilla
• Photoreceptors
• Detect presence and quality of light
• Compound eyes, ocelli
•
Insect Internal Organs
Insect Digestive System
Insect Digestive System
• Foregut: break up food & storage
– Crop- storage; beginning of digestion
– Proventriculus- breaks up food
• Midgut: digestion & absorption
–Gastric caecae- secrete enzymes & absorbs water
• Hindgut: collect waste for excretion; nutrient reabsorption; water & salt balance
–Malpighian tubules- for reabsorption of nutrients
Insect Respiratory System
OrthopteraAbdominal segments, spiracles, breathing
Molting
• Exuviae- cast skin from a molt
• Ecdysis- the molt itself
• Instar- animal between two molts
Gradual- Paurometabolous
Complete- Holometabolous
Odonata
• Dragonflies; damselflies
• 2 pair membranous wings
• Wings with many veins & cells
• Elongated abdomen
• Chewing mouthparts
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; katydids; crickets
• Pronotum extending back over abdomen
• Hind legs enlarged
• Chewing mouthparts
Mantodea
• Mantids
• Prothorax longer than mesothorax
• Front legs modified for grasping prey
• Chewing mouthparts
Blattodea
• Cockroaches & termites
• Chewing mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Heteroptera
• True bugs
• Front wings thickened at the base; membranous at tip
• Triangle on back
• Shield-shaped
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera- S.O. Homoptera
• Leaf hoppers; plant; hoppers; treehoppers; aphids; scale insects
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wings held tent like over the body
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Very small
• Wings present or absent
– If present they are fringed
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
Neuroptera
• Mantisflies; lacewings; dobsonflies
• Chewing mouthparts
• Wings with many veins & crossveins
• Wings about the same size
Coleoptera
• Beetles
• Front wings without veins; hardened into elytra
• Chewing mouthparts
Diptera
• Flies; mosquitoes; midges
• One pair of wings
• Halteres
• Mouthparts vary
Lepidoptera
• Butterflies; moths & skippers
• Curled proboscis
• Body covered with scales
• Siphoning mouthparts
Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants; sawflies
• Hindwings smaller than front wings
• Pinched waist (few exceptions)
• Chewing mouthparts
Integrated Pest Management
• What is IPM?
• Methods to manage pest populations
• Does IPM include pesticides?
• Benefits
• Limitations
IPM Program Steps
• Prevention
– Cultural controls, structural modifications, sanitation, biological control, barriers, pest-resistant varieties
• Monitoring
– Regularly checking, identification
• Assessment
– Thresholds
• Action
• Reassessment
Differences in Garden Inspection
From a distance- admiring
Up close- inspecting
Cultural Control
• Modifications to normal plant care to reduce or avoid pest problems
Mechanical Control
• Use of labor, materials (not pesticides) & machinery to reduce pests
Physical Control
• Environmental manipulations that indirectly control pests
• Altering light, humidity, temperature
Biological Control
• Using other organisms to control a pest
– Conservation
– Augmentation
– Classical or Importation
Predators
• An organism that attacks, kills & feeds on several other organisms (prey) in its lifetime
– Specialist vs. generalists
• Signs of predators
– Presence of predator, cast skins
Predators- Ladybird Beetles
• Predators as adults & larvae
• Most species feed on aphids; some eat whiteflies, scales or mealybugs
Ladybug diversity
Ladybug vs. Spotted cucumber beetle
Predators- Syrphid flies
• Adults feed on nectar
• Larvae feed on Homoptera, mostly aphids
Predators- Assassin Bugs
• All predaceous (some feed on mammals); most eat insects
• 160 species in North America
• Eggs vary, but usually laid in clusters
Assassin bug vs. leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug vs. assassin bug (kissing bug)
Predators- Lacewings
• Larvae feed on aphids, mites, soft-bodied insects, insect eggs
• Available commercially; effectiveness variable
Predators- Wasps
• Adults are predatory; larvae are predatory or parasitic
• Adults capture prey for larvae
• Paralyze host with venom
Predators- Preying Mantids
• Adult & nymphs predaceous
• Feed on various insects & other arthropods
• Often consume beneficial insects
• Highly cannibalistic
• Not recommended for controlling pests
•
Predators- Spiders
• All are predators
• Feed on insects, spiders & related arthropods
• Natural populations help keep pests in check
• Most are harmless to humans
Parasites
• One host per lifetime
• Specialists vs. Generalists
• Internal vs. External
•
Parasites- Wasps
• Includes more parasites than any other order
• Most are tiny & generally do not sting people
• Most species of insects are attacked by 1+ wasp species during 1+ life stages
Phorid Fly Attack: Oviposition
Phorid Fly Attack – Slow Motion
Pathogens
• Infectious microorganisms that injure or kill their host
• Includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans & viruses
• Some are commercially available
– Except for nematodes, pathogens must be registered according to pesticide regulations
• Essentially nontoxic to humans & other vertebrates
• Usually attack certain pests
• Break down rapidly in environment
Pathogens- Bacteria
• Microscopic, single cell organisms
• Spread by forming spores
• May disperse in water, or infested insects, plants, soil or equipment
• Bacillus spp. available commercially
Pathogens- Nematodes
• Tiny roundworms (usually microscopic)
• Many free-living in soil or water
• Feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, or ptize humans & animals
• Heterorhabditis & Steinernema spp. commercially available
– Infest many insects in moist environments
– Soil needs to be ~60oF; moist not soggy
Pathogens- Fungi
• Multicelluar organisms usually composed of hyphae (fine, threadlike structures); hyphae form mass (mycelium) that grows through the host
• Spread through conidia (seedlike spores)
• Dispersed in water, soil, wind, on insects, equipment or people
• Conidia contact insect body, germinate, penetrate cuticle & infect insect
• Require humid conditions to cause epidemic
• Beauvaria bassiana
Pathogens- Viruses
• Submicroscopic particles that infect living cells & alter the host’s development
• Require host to survive; do not live long outside of host
• Baculoviruses arthropod specific
• Must be consumed to infect the host
Chemical Control
• Using pesticides, natural or synthetic, to control pest populations
• Natural- naturally derived products used to manage pest populations
– often have no residual & therefore may need several applications
• Synthetic- man made products used to manage pest populations
– typically a more stable molecule & therefore last longer in the environment
–
Chemical Terminology
• Active Ingredient
• Inert Ingredients
• Mode of action
• Formulation
• Contact vs. Systemic
– Active ingredients that are systemic: acephate, disulfoton, dimethoate, carbofuran, aldicarb & neem (neem has some systemic properties)
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs)
• Act on the hormones of insects
• Specific for insects
• Keep the insect in the immature state; unable to molt successfully into the next stage
• Methoprene, pyriproxifen, hydroprene, fenoxycarb
Microbially derived- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Must be ingested
• Damages gut lining; gut paralysis; stops feeding
• Different varieties for specific groups of insects
Microbially derived- Spinosad
• From soil-borne organism
• Excites nervous system
• Must be ingested
• Selectively active on insects
– Foliage feeders
Contact- Horticultural Oil
• Smothers insects
• Petroleum or veggie oil
• Soft bodied insect
• Good coverage
• Phytotoxicity
Contact- Insecticidal Soap
• Penetrate insect’s waxy covering (cuticle) & dissolve cell membranes
• Soft bodied insects
Inorganic- Diatomaceous Earth
• Fossilized diatoms
– Contains silicon
• Abrades waxy coating
• Dust mask/ respirator
Botanicals- Neem
• Azadirachtin
• IGR & feeding deterrent
• Repellent properties
• Some systemic activity
• Oil formulation will smother
• Degraded by sunlight & rain
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Low residual
Botanicals- Limonene
• From citrus
• Contact kill
Botanical- Pyrethrins/ Pyrethrum
• From daisy-like flower
• Continuous nerve stimulation
• Immediate knockdown
– Insects often metabolize product & recover
• Short residual
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Irritating to respiratory system, skin, eyes
Mandibulate (Chewing) Mouthparts
LepidopteraBlack swallowtail or parsleyworm caterpillar feeding on wild host: Body regions, chewing mouthparts, true legs, prolegs
Plant Damage: mandibulate
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
HemipteraHead and sucking insect mouthparts: labrum, labium (labial sheath), maxillary and mandibular stylets
Plant Damage: piercing-sucking
Good bug or bad bug?
“Pest” is a matter of perspective
Spider mites
• Small, various colors, webbing
•
• Yellowish-white speckling
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Sanitation
• Proper watering
• Proper fertilizing
• High pressure water spray
• Pesticides
–Oils, soaps, botanicals, synthetics
Grasshoppers & Katydids
• Enlarged hind legs; extended pronotum
• Foliage feeder
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat immature stage
• Row cover
• Pesticides
–Nosema locustae
– Spinosad
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Phloem Feeders- ID
Phloem Feeders-Damage
• Yellowing, stunting, curling, honeydew (sooty mold), transmit viruses
Phloem Feeders-Control
• Weed management
• Proper watering & fertilization
• High pressure water spray
• Control ants
• Pruning, removal of infested areas
• Row covers
• Pesticides
– Insecticidal soap
–Horticultural oils
– Botanicals
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Stink bugs & leaf-footed bugs
• Shield-shaped; triangle on back, variable color
• Yellowing, curling, stunting
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Row cover
• Pesticides
Chinch bugs
• Black with white X on back
•
• Brown patchy turf
• Active during hot, dry times
•
• Resistant varieties
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Water & fertilize properly
• Reduce thatch layer
–Mowing properly (remove 35-40% of blade)
– Aerate lawn
• Spot treat
• Synthetic contacts
White grubs
• C-shaped, creamy white, 6 legs, head capsule
•
• Brown patchy turf
•
• Proper watering & fertilization
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Treat as needed
– July- August
• Spot treat
• Nematodes
• Spiked sandals?
• Pesticides
– Synthetic contacts
– Systemics
Take all root rot
• Fungal disease
• Damage seen in summer
– Actively grows in spring & fall
– Treat in spring & fall
• Fungicide
• Peat treatment
–3.8 cu ft bale peat per 1000sq ft of turf is sufficient
Leaf beetles
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
•
Thrips
• Very small, fringed wings
–Dashes on paper
•
• Stippled, scarred leaves, petals, fruit, etc.
• Virus transmission
•
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Weed management
• Row cover
• Reflective mulch
• Sanitation
• Pesticides
– Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
Caterpillars
• Hand picking
• Vacuum
• Insecticidal soap
– Small stages only
• Horticultural oils
• Biologicals
– Spinosad
– Bt kurstaki
• Botanicals
– Pyrethum
– Azadirachtin (neem)
• Synthetic contacts
– Pyrethroids
– Carbaryl
• Systemics
– Acephate
– Imidacloprid
Squash vine borer
• Conserve beneficial organisms
• Plant less-susceptible varieties
• Plant early/ late
• Plant extra
• Destroy egg masses
• Row cover
• Surgery on vine
• Bt injection
Imported fire ants
• Red & black; distinctive mounds
•
• Bite & sting
• Broadcast baits
• Individual mound treatments
• Once a year treatment
Texas Leaf Cutting Ants
• Largish, reddish ants with spines on thorax & head
• Mounds raised with crater shape in center
•
• Strip foliage from plants
– Fungus garden
•
• Baits
• Sprays and/ dusts
Invasives we’re watching for
Emerald ash borer
• Typically bright, metallic emerald green
– Elytra duller & slightly darker
–May have brassy, reddish or coppery reflections
• 10-13 mm
• Dorsal surface of abdomen bright metallic red* (need to raise wings to see)
– *only one in genus with characteristic
• Antennal segments serrated beginning with segment 4
Emerald ash borer
• Yellow, thin wilted foliage
• D-shaped exit holes
• Woodpecker activity
• Shoots growing from trees roots or trunk
• Trees lose 30-50% of canopy after 2 years
• Die within 3-4 years
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Cactus moth
Cactus moth
Tawny Crazy ants
Crazy ants
• Found in 2002 in Harris Co.
• Currently confirmed in 27 counties
•
Crazy ants
• Large colonies or groups of colonies
– Indistinguishable
• Polygyne
• Trailing
– Erratic
–Wider than 10 cm
– Follow structural lines
• Nesting
–Under or in almost anything
– Primarily outdoors but forage indoors
• Feeding
–Omnivorous
– Tend honeydew producers
•
Crazy ants
• Treatment
–Do not respond well to most baits
–Use contacts to create buffer zone
• AIs: pyrethroids, acephate, fipronil
–
– Ants must be cleaned up between treatments
•
Helpful Books
• Texas Insects by John Jackman & Bart Drees
• Natural Enemies Handbook by Flint & Dreistadt
• Garden Insects by Whitney Cranshaw
• Peterson Field Guide to Insects
• Texas Bug Book by Malcolm Beck & Howard Garrett
• Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
• Texas Critters by Bill Zak
Helpful Internet Sites
• http://agrilifebookstore.org
• http://entomology.tamu.edu/
• http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
• http://texashighplainsinsects.net/
•
• http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740
To find me:
Wizzie Brown
512-854-9600
http://www.urban-ipm.blogspot.com
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Urban IPM
Twitter: @UrbanIPM
Instagram: urbanipm
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