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Energy FlowEnergy Flow
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ENERGYENERGYEnergy is the ability to do work and
transfer heat.Kinetic energy – energy in motion
heat, electromagnetic radiationPotential energy – stored for possible use
batteries, glucose molecules
Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.Kinetic energy – energy in motion
heat, electromagnetic radiationPotential energy – stored for possible use
batteries, glucose molecules
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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
Many different forms of electromagnetic radiation exist, each having a different wavelength and energy content.
Many different forms of electromagnetic radiation exist, each having a different wavelength and energy content.
Figure 2-11
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Fig. 2-11, p. 43
Sun
Nonionizing radiationIonizing radiation
High energy, shortWavelength
Wavelength in meters(not to scale)
Low energy, longWavelength
Cosmicrays
GammaRays
X raysFar
infrared waves
Nearultra-violetwaves
VisibleWaves
Nearinfraredwaves
Farultra-violetwaves
Micro-waves
TVwaves
RadioWaves
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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
Organisms vary in their ability to sense different parts of the spectrum.
Organisms vary in their ability to sense different parts of the spectrum.
Figure 2-12
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Fig. 2-12, p. 43
Ener
gy e
mitt
ed fr
om s
un (k
cal/
cm2 /
min
)
Wavelength (micrometers)
Ultr
avio
let
Visible
Infrared
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ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK
ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK
The first law of thermodynamics: we cannot create or destroy energy. We can change energy from one form to
another. The second law of thermodynamics: energy
quality always decreases. When energy changes from one form to
another, it is always degraded to a more dispersed form.
Energy efficiency is a measure of how much useful work is accomplished before it changes to its next form.
The first law of thermodynamics: we cannot create or destroy energy. We can change energy from one form to
another. The second law of thermodynamics: energy
quality always decreases. When energy changes from one form to
another, it is always degraded to a more dispersed form.
Energy efficiency is a measure of how much useful work is accomplished before it changes to its next form.
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Fig. 2-14, p. 45
Chemicalenergy(food)
Solarenergy
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
WasteHeat
Mechanicalenergy
(moving,thinking,
living)
Chemical energy
(photosynthesis)
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Producers: Basic Source of All Food
Producers: Basic Source of All Food
Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis:
Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis:
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Producers: Basic Source of All Food
Producers: Basic Source of All Food
Chemosynthesis:Some organisms such as deep ocean
bacteria draw energy from hydrothermal vents and produce carbohydrates from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas .
Chemosynthesis:Some organisms such as deep ocean
bacteria draw energy from hydrothermal vents and produce carbohydrates from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas .
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Photosynthesis: A Closer Look
Photosynthesis: A Closer Look
Chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells absorb solar energy.
This initiates a complex series of chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars and oxygen.
Chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells absorb solar energy.
This initiates a complex series of chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars and oxygen.
Figure 3-A
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Fig. 3-A, p. 59
Sun
Chloroplastin leaf cell
Light-dependentReaction
Light-independentreaction
Chlorophyll
Energy storage and release(ATP/ADP)
Glucose
H2O
Sunlight
O2
CO2
6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Consumers: Eating and Recycling to Survive
Consumers: Eating and Recycling to Survive
Consumers (heterotrophs) get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains. Herbivores
Primary consumers that eat producers Carnivores
Primary consumers eat primary consumers Third and higher level consumers: carnivores that eat
carnivores. Omnivores
Feed on both plant and animals.
Consumers (heterotrophs) get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains. Herbivores
Primary consumers that eat producers Carnivores
Primary consumers eat primary consumers Third and higher level consumers: carnivores that eat
carnivores. Omnivores
Feed on both plant and animals.
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Decomposers and DetrivoresDecomposers and Detrivores
Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on
wastes or dead bodies.
Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on
wastes or dead bodies.Figure 3-13
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Fig. 3-13, p. 61
Scavengers
Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil
Bark beetle engraving
Decomposers
Long-horned beetle holes
Carpenter ant
galleries
Termite and carpenter ant work Dry rot fungus
Wood reduced to powder
MushroomTime progression
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival
Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need.
This is usually done through aerobic respiration. The opposite of photosynthesis
Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need.
This is usually done through aerobic respiration. The opposite of photosynthesis
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Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation: Some decomposers get energy by breaking
down glucose (or other organic compounds) in the absence of oxygen.
The end products vary based on the chemical reaction:
Methane gas Ethyl alcohol Acetic acid Hydrogen sulfide
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation: Some decomposers get energy by breaking
down glucose (or other organic compounds) in the absence of oxygen.
The end products vary based on the chemical reaction:
Methane gas Ethyl alcohol Acetic acid Hydrogen sulfide
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Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow and Matter Recycle
Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow and Matter Recycle
An ecosystem survives by a combination of energy flow and matter recycling.
An ecosystem survives by a combination of energy flow and matter recycling.
Figure 3-14
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMSENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
Food chains and webs show how eaters, the eaten, and the decomposed are connected to one another in an ecosystem.
Food chains and webs show how eaters, the eaten, and the decomposed are connected to one another in an ecosystem.
Figure 3-17
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Fig. 3-17, p. 64
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat Heat Heat
Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders)
First Trophic Level
Second TrophicLevel
Third Trophic Level
Fourth Trophic Level
Solar energy
Producers(plants)
Primary consumers(herbivores)
Secondary consumers(carnivores)
Tertiary consumers(top carnivores)
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Food WebsFood Webs
Trophic levels are interconnected within a more complicated food web.
Trophic levels are interconnected within a more complicated food web.
Figure 3-18
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Fig. 3-18, p. 65
HumansBlue whale Sperm whale
Crabeater seal Elephant seal
Killer whale
Leopard seal
Adelie penguins Emperor
penguin
Petrel FishSquid
Carnivorous plankton
Krill Herbivorous plankton
Phytoplankton
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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains
and Webs
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains
and Webs In accordance with the 2nd law of
thermodynamics, there is a decrease in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organism in a food chain or web.
In accordance with the 2nd law of thermodynamics, there is a decrease in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organism in a food chain or web.
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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs
Ecological efficiency: percentage of useable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next.
Ecological efficiency: percentage of useable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next.
Figure 3-19
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Fig. 3-19, p. 66
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
DecomposersTertiary
consumers(human)
Producers(phytoplankton)
Secondaryconsumers
(perch)
Primaryconsumers
(zooplankton)
10
100
1,000
10,000Usable energy
Available atEach tropic level(in kilocalories)
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Productivity of Producers: The Rate Is Crucial
Productivity of Producers: The Rate Is Crucial
Gross primary production (GPP) Rate at which
an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass.
Gross primary production (GPP) Rate at which
an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass.
Figure 3-20
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Fig. 3-20, p. 66
Gross primary productivity(grams of carbon per square meter)
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Net Primary Production (NPP)Net Primary Production (NPP)NPP = GPP – R
Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this energy through respiration (R).
NPP = GPP – RRate at which
producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this energy through respiration (R).
Figure 3-21
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Fig. 3-21, p. 66Photosynthesis
Sun
Net primary production (energy available to consumers)
Growth and reproduction
RespirationEnergy lost and unavailable to consumers
Gross primary production