Energy Auditing & Building Science
Energy Auditing & Building Science
South Point Hotel, Las Vegas, NV 2013
PresentersPresenters
• Richard Benkowski, United Association
• Frank Spevak, Energy Conservatory
• Erik Rasmussen, ESCO Group
Session Time LineSession Time Line
Tuesday 13:30 to 16:45• Introductions• What is Building Science• Exercise & Handouts• Exercise Discussion• UA Delta T 13:45 to 16:20• The Building Shell• Heat Transfer• BREAK 15:00 to 15:20• NEAT Software 16:40 to
16:45
Wednesday 08:00 to 16:00• Blower Door & Infiltration Duct
Blaster & Leakage 08:00 to 11:20
• Neat Software 09:35 to 09:40• Break 09:40 to 10:00• Neat Software 11:25 to 11:30• Lunch 11:30 to 12:30• Health and Safety CO• Heating systems• Neat Software 13:20 to 13:25• Combustion• Break 14:00 to 14:20• Finalize audit and Discuss
Building Science / Energy AuditBuilding Science / Energy Audit
• Building science is the study of a building’s interactions between the structure and its components.
• A structure’s occupants, mechanical systems, and the surrounding outdoor environment all play a role in the performance of a building.
Energy Audit
• The process of identifying energy conservation opportunities.
Building Science Design & DevelopmentBuilding Science Design & Development
• Climate• Thermal dynamics• Insulation• Thermal boundary• Air leakage• Ventilation• Heating and cooling• Humidity and moisture sources• Stack effect and fans
WHAT IS ENERGY?WHAT IS ENERGY?
THE MEASURABLE QUANTITY OF
•HEAT
•WORK
•LIGHT
HEAT ENERGY – BTU/HRHEAT ENERGY – BTU/HR
WORK ENERGYWORK ENERGY
LIGHT ENERGYLIGHT ENERGY
Industry GuidelinesIndustry Guidelines
Industry ScorecardsIndustry Scorecards
• LEED
• GBCI
• ASHRAE
• RESCheck
Industry ScorecardsIndustry Scorecards
• NEAT / e+
• COMCheck
• Joe Biden’s Home Energy Score
• DOE
Industry ScorecardsIndustry Scorecards
• EPA
• GreenCHILL
• Portfolio Manager
ASHRAE COMPARISON
ASHRAE 90.1 – WHAT’S NEXT?ASHRAE 90.1 – WHAT’S NEXT?
New Change Effective Date Reference Section
“2010” Min Efficiency Standards up to 63 tons
Jan 2010 Federal
Section 6
IEER part load metric replaces IPLV Jan 2010 Federal
Section 6.2.2 Addendum y, au
Exhaust air energy recovery scope mandated
Jan 2010 State
Section 6.5.6.1 Addendum e
Manual dampers not allowed Jan 2010 State
Section 6.4.3.4 Addendum b
Low leakage economizer dampers Jan 2012 State
Section 6.4.3.4
2 Speed Fan requirement for single zone systems > 10 tons
Jan 2012 State
Section 6, Addendum n
Multiple VAV control changes:Re-Heat, DDC, Dehumidification
Jan 2012 State
Section 6, Addendum b,c,h, bh, bx
HIGHER TIER STANDARDS AND GUIDESHIGHER TIER STANDARDS AND GUIDES
•–LEED (just revised and will be revised again in 2012)
–New Building Institute Core Performance Guide
–Commercial EnergyStar (being revised)
–FEMP (being revised)
–CEE - Consortium for Energy Efficiency (being revised)
–ASHRAE 189.1 and ASHRAE 189.2 (new)
–ASHRAE Building Rating System (new)
–ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides (new)
–California Green Building Standards Code (CALGREEN) (new)
–GBI - Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial Buildings (new)
–IECC - International Green Construction Code (IGCC) (new)
Go to Carrier.com for up to the minute updates
Climate Zones – 2009 IECCClimate Zones – 2009 IECC
FUTURE EFFICIENCY Single Phase Requirements < 5 tons
Effective dates:
May 1, 2013 for non-weatherized furnaces
Jan 1, 2015 for air conditioners & heat pumps, including weatherized furnaces (gas packs)
Effective dates of subsequent standards:
2019 for non-weatherized furnaces and 2022 for air conditioners/heat pumps and weatherized furnacesNEW
ENERGY STAR / CEE / ASHRAE 189ENERGY STAR / CEE / ASHRAE 189
• Multiple higher efficiency standards are being developed and revised
– Not mandatory at the state levels
– EnergyStar is now required on Federal buildings (Jan 2007), may be required on state buildings
– Often tied to rebates
SizeHeating
CategorySub-category
ASHRAE 90.1 2010
CEE Tier 1 E-Star 5/10 ASHRAE 189 CEE Tier 2
Split SystemSingle Package
Split SystemSingle Package
Electric All 11.2 EER 11.7 EER 11.7 EER 11.5 EER 12.2 EERGas Heat All 11.0 EER 11.5 EER 11.5 EER 11.3 EER 12.0 EERElectric All 11.0 EER 11.7 EER 11.7 EER 11.5 EER 12.2 EER
Gas Heat All 10.8 EER 11.5 EER 11.5 EER 11.3 EER 12.0 EERElectric All 10.0 EER 10.7 EER FUTURE 10.0 EER 11.0 EER
Gas Heat All 9.8 EER 10.5 EER FUTURE 9.8 EER 10.8 EERElectric All 9.7 EER 9.9 EER FUTURE 9.7 EER 10.4 EER
Gas Heat All 9.5 EER 9.7 EER FUTURE 9.5 EER 10.2 EER>=760K
Electric
Gas Heat<65k, 3 phase
>=65K &<135K
>=135K & <240K
>=240K & <760K
13 SEER 14 SEER 14 SEER 14 SEER 15 SEER
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE
• HUMIDITY
• AIR CIRCULATION
• AIR VENTILATION
• AIR FILTRATION
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY
• AIR CIRCULATION
• AIR VENTILATION
• AIR FILTRATION
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION
• AIR VENTILATION
• AIR FILTRATION
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM
• AIR VENTILATION
• AIR FILTRATION
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM
• AIR VENTILATION 7.5CFM/PERSON
• AIR FILTRATION
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM
• AIR VENTILATION 7.5CFM/PERSON
• AIR FILTRATION MERV 13
• SOUND
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM
• AIR VENTILATION 7.5CFM/PERSON
• AIR FILTRATION MERV 13
• SOUND 25 -40 dBA
• LIGHT
HUMAN COMFORTHUMAN COMFORT
• TEMPERATURE 70 - 75F
• HUMIDITY 30 – 60%RH
• AIR CIRCULATION 10 -20 FPM
• AIR VENTILATION 7.5CFM/PERSON
• AIR FILTRATION MERV 13
• SOUND 25 -40 dBA
• LIGHT 50-300 LUX
Mechanical Science Mechanical Science
Heat TransferHeat Transfer
• Conduction
• Radiation
• Convection
WHICH WAY DOES “HEAT” FLOW?WHICH WAY DOES “HEAT” FLOW?
RESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSSRESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSS
AIR INFILTRATIONAIR INFILTRATION
• AIR LEAKING OUT OF A 70F HOME
• WILL BE REPLACED BY 20F AIR INFILTRATION
AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALAIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
AIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALAIR MOVES BY PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
• FROM HIGH
• TO LOW
WHAT IS “R” VALUE?WHAT IS “R” VALUE?
Compared to the “U” Factor?
•Overall coefficient of heat transfer, given in BTUH per square foot of heat transfer surface area, per degree F temperature difference
What is the ‘U’ Factor ?What is the ‘U’ Factor ?
Heat Flow Thru a WallHeat Flow Thru a Wall
Conductivity = kConductivity = k
• Amount of heat in BTUH flowing through a one inch thickness of a material of uniform consistency when the area of the material is one square foot and when the difference in temperature between the faces of the material is one degree F.
Conductivity = kConductivity = k
One square foot, one inch thick, one deg F
BTU MOVEMENTBTU MOVEMENT
• 71F 1 SQ. FT. 70F
ONE HOUR
1 BTU
Conductance = CConductance = C
Amount of heat in BTUH flowing through an area of one square foot of a material, having a certain specified thickness, when the difference in temperature between the two faces of the material is one degree F.
Conductance = CConductance = C
Thermal Resistance = RThermal Resistance = R
Defined as the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient. The higher the number of the heat transfer coefficient, the more readily will the material transfer heat and the more rapid the heat flow will be. Resistance is just the opposite of the coefficient of heat transfer.
Thermal Resistance = RThermal Resistance = R
Which material will have a higher R value?
Face brick or common brick?
Thermal Resistance = RThermal Resistance = R
Which material will have a higher R value?
Asphalt shingles or 3/8” plywood?
ADDING “R” VALUESADDING “R” VALUES
• YOU HAVE A CEILING AREA OF 1,000 FT. SQ. - R-38, WITH A PULL- DOWN ATTIC STAIRS WITH A PLYWOOD BOARD ACCESS 10 FT. SQ. - R-0.5. HOW WILL THIS EFFECT MY OVERALL R VALUE?
ADDING “R” VALUESADDING “R” VALUES
1,000 FT.SQ. TOTAL990 FT.SQ. R-38 U = 0.0263 10 FT.SQ. R-0.5 U = 2.0 (990 x .0263)+(10 x 2) =
1,000(26.037)+(20) = 1,00046.037 =U-.0460371,000U-.046037 = R-21.7
•Overall coefficient of heat transfer, given in BTUH per square foot of heat transfer surface area, per degree F temperature difference
What is the ‘U’ Factor ?What is the ‘U’ Factor ?
ADD the R values:
R = Total Resistance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4, etc.
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
INVERT the Total Resistance:
U = 1 / RT
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
A wall has the following characteristics:
Outside surface coefficient – 0.17
Brick, 4” thick – 0.40
Air space filled with insulation – 5.30
Gypsum wallboard – 0.45
Inside surface coefficient – 0.68
U = ?
Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?Calculate the ‘U’ Factor ?
What is the heat flow for the wall (previous slide) that is 10’ high 150’ long, when the outdoor temperature is 95F and the indoor temperature is 72F?
BTUHT = Area x U x (T1 – T2)
Calculate the Heat FlowCalculate the Heat Flow
Three HVAC FluidsThree HVAC Fluids
• Air
• Water
• Refrigerant
Three HVAC DevicesThree HVAC Devices
• Fans
• Pumps
• Compressors
HEAT
THE TASK OFTRANSFERING HEAT
THE TASK OFTRANSFERING HEAT
FOUR BASIC SYSTEMS USED
1 - ALL-AIR
2 - ALL-WATER
3 - AIR/WATER
4 - DX
H6
Change of StateChange of State
H6
THE TASK OFTRANSFERING HEAT
THE TASK OFTRANSFERING HEAT
Which process transfers the most heat?
1.50 gallons of water @ 32 degF changing to 416.5# of ice @32 degF
2.20 gallons or water @ 212 degF to steam at 212 degF
3.30# of steam @ 212 degF condenses to 3.6 gallons of water at 80 degF
DISCH. LINEPRESS. DROP
SUCTION LINEPRESS. DROP
PR
ES
SU
RE
- P
SIA
ENTHALPY - BTU/LB
REFRIG. EFFECT FLASHGAS
HEAT OFCOMPRESSION
CONDENSER INLET PRESSURE
& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.
EVAPORATOR OUTLET PRESSURE
& CORRESPONDING SAT. TEMP.
HF HA’ = HB’ HS’ = HC’HC
PS’
PC’
PD’
PD
A’
LiquidSubcooling
A
B’ B
C C’
S
E D’
Compressor Discharge
D
+P BETWEENCOND. & EVAP.
SATU
RA
TED
LIQ
UID
SAT
UR
AT
ED
VA
POR
A OR A’ CONDENSER OUTLETB OB B’ EVAPORATOR INLETC OR C’ EVAPORATOR OUTLET
S’ COMPRESSOR INLETD COMPRESSOR DISCHARGED’ CONDENSER INLET
Refrigerant PropertiesRefrigerant Properties
CFC HFC
R – 12 22 410 134
Boiling -22 -44 -61 -15
120 Cond 158# 260# 418# 171#
40 Evap 37# 69# 119# 35#
Sp Vol 1.5 1.2 1.25 1.9
LH VaporBTU/#
68 93 98 90
H8
Psychrometric ChartPsychrometric Chart
H7
Air and Water AnalysisAir and Water Analysis
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
HumidificationHumidification
Sensible CoolingSensible Cooling
Cooling and Dehumidification
Cooling and Dehumidification
Heating and Dehumidification
Heating and DehumidificationDehumidificationDehumidification
Heating Heating
Heat and HumidifyHeat and Humidify
66
Exercise: Heat TransferExercise: Heat Transfer
You have two sheets
1. Diagram of a commercial HVAC system
2. Mechanical systems recording sheet
Objective: Identify and record all heat transfers that occur using this system
during the year.
H9
Heat Transfer ExerciseHeat Transfer Exercise