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Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 6
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Energy
• The capacity to do work
• Potential vs Kinetic
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How is it measured?
• Heat
• Calorie
• Joule = 0.239 Calories
• Most energy is provided by the sun
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Oxidation-reduction reactions
• AKA redox
• OilRig
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Thermodynamics
• Energy changes• First Law of
Thermodynamics• Second Law of
Thermodynamics– How does this
apply to humans?
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Free Energy
• The energy Available to do work
• Delta G= Delta H- TDelta S
• H= enthalpy which is the energy contained in the chemical bonds of a substance
• T= temperature kelvin
• S= entropy or the energy unavailable due to disorder
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Endergonic vs Exergonic
• If Positive Delta G then the reaction is endergonic
• If Negative Delta G then the reaction is evergonic
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Activation Energy
• Spontaneous Chemical Reactions Require activation energy
• Catalysts
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You down with ATP????
• The energy currency of cells
• Hydrolysis drives endergonic reactions
• ATP cycles continously
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Enzymes
• Biological Catalysts
• Ligand vs Substrate
• Active Sites
• Are they all proteins?
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MultiEnzyme Complex
• Sounds familiar….
• 3 advantages– Increases the frequency with which the
enzyme collides with the substrate– Eliminates the possibility of unwanted
reactions– All reactions take place within the complex
can be controlled as a unit
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Function
• Temperature
• pH
• Inhibitors and Activators– Allosteric Site
• Cofactors
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Inhibitors and Activators
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Cofactors and Conenzymes
• Assists enzyme function
• Cofactors are usually metal ions
• Coenzyme- a nonprotein organic molecule- can serve as an electron acceptor in a redox reaction
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Metabolism
• Anabolic- use energy
• Catabolic- need energy
• Biochemical Pathways– Evolution of BP’s
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Feedback Inhibition
• Regulates Biochemical Pathways
• Why Important?