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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM I
Hypophysis (Pituitary)
Supra renal (adrenal)
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HYPOTHALAMUS
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
NEURAL
IMPULSE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
HORMONES
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
•DISCRETE GLANDS •HYPOPHYSIS
•THYROID
•PARATHYROID
•ADRENAL
•PINEAL
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•Glands associated with exocrine •Pancreas
•Kidney
•Gonads
•Placenta
•Diffuse scattered cells •Entero chromoffin system • APUD
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HORMONES
•Steroid •Testosterone (Testis, Suprarenal),
•Estrogen(Ovary, Suprarenal)
•Peptide • Insulin (islets of Langerhans),
•Parathormone (Parathyroid)
•Prolactin (Pituitary)
•Amino acid analogues and derivatives •Nor epinephrine, epinephrine
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PITUITARY GLAND
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PITUITARY GLAND
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PITUITARY GLAND
•Anterior pituitary • Ectoderm
• Roof of mouth
• Rathke’s pouch
• Detaches from roof
•Posterior pituitary • Neuro ectoderm
• Floor of diencephalons
• Connected by infundibulum
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BLOOD SUPPLY •Portal circulation
•Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries
•Primary plexus around median eminence and infundibulum
•Hypophyseal portal vein enters adenohypophysis as secondary plexus
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HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI
•Pituitary gland • Adenohypophysis
• Neurohypophysis
•Adenohypophysis • Pars tuberalis
• Pars distalis
• Pars intermedialis
•Neurohypophysis • Infundibulum
• Pars nervosa
•Median eminence
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ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
•Cells arranged as branching cords, clusters
•Sinusoids
•Secretes trophic hormones
SINUSOIDS
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ADENOHYPOPHYSIS •Cell type
•Chromophobes • Inactive cells
• Do not take stain
• Cytoplasm scanty
• Appears in group
• Nucleus of cell appear closer
• Precursor of chromophils
CHROMOPHOBES
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ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
•Chromophils
•Active cells
•Alpha cells
•Acidophils
•Beta cells
•Basophils
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•Acidophils
• Somatotrophs • Ovoid ells
• Cluster arrangements around sinusoids
• Growth hormone
• Orange G
•Mammotrophs • Scattered with somatotrophs
• Increase during pregnancy and lactation
• Eyrthrosin, azocarmine
STH
MTH
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•BASOPHILS
•Corticotrophs • Cells appear irregular
• ACTH
•Thyrotrophs • Angulated cells
• Aldehyde fuchin stain
• TSH
•Gonadotrophs • Round/ovoid cells
• Close to sinusoid
• FSH, LH, ICSH
TSH
GH
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PARS TUBERALIS
•High vascularity
•Alpha and beta cells
•Cords and clusters of undifferentiated cells
•Few gonadotrophs cells
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PARS INTERMEDIALIS
•Not well developed in human
• Irregular row of follicles with colloidal materials
•Few acidophil and basophil cells are seen
•MSH in lower vertebrates
•Few cells reported to secrete endorphins
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PARS NERVOSA
•Unmyelinated nerve fibers
•Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
• Pituicytes- stellate cells
• Secreted materials stored in vesicles-Herring bodies
• Vasopressin
•Oxytocin
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SUPRA RENAL GLAND
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SUPRA RENAL GLAND
•Surrounded by capsule
•Septae carrying blood vessels
•Cortex + medulla
•Cortex-3 zones • Zona glomerulosa
• Zona fasciculata
• Zona reticularis
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SUPRA RENAL –CORTEX
•Zona glomerulosa • Irregular cluster around
capillaries
• Polyhedral cells
• Cytoplasm uniformly stained
• Secretes minerlocorticoids (aldosterone)
• Poorly developed in human
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SUPRA RENAL -CORTEX
•Zona fasciculata
•Cells arranged in cords
•Straight capillaries between
•Vacuolated cytoplasm
•Rich in cholestrol and vitamin C
•Secretes glucocorticoids
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SUPRA RENAL - CORTEX
•Zona reticularis
•Cells arranged in cords
•Cell depicts dark and light nuclei
•Runs in different direction
•Anastomose with one another
•Secretes sex hormones
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ADRENAL MEDULLA
•Cells arranged as clumps and cords
• Large ovoid cells-pheochromocytes
•Cytoplasm stains with chrome salts
•Nerve cells may be found
• Large vein
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DISPOSITION OF BLOOD VESSELS
•Capsular artery-
•>capillary network in ZG-
•>straight capillary network in ZF
•>meshwork of sinusoids in ZR
•Medulla – medullary vein
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DISPOSITION OF BLOOD VESSELS
•Capsular arteries
•>medullary arteriole
•>medullary capillaries
•>medullary vein
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SUPRA RENAL GLAND
ZG
ZF
MEDULLA
ZR
CAP
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SUPRA RENAL GLAND
CORTEX
MEDULLA
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