DISIAPKAN OLEH:
PROF DR.PRATIWI TS, MS
EMERGING DAN RE EMERGING
ZOONOTIC DISEASE
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Emerging Infectious Disease and
re emerging diseae
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Emerging Infectious Disease
◦ An infectious disease that has newly appeared
in a population or is rapidly increasing in
incidence or geographic range
Definition
EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS
Emerging infectious disease
Newly identified & previously unknown infectious agents that cause public health problems either locally or internationally
Re-emerging infectious disease
Infectious agents that have been known for some time, had fallen to such low levels that they were no longer considered public health problems & are now showing upward trends in incidence or prevalence worldwide
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Emerging Infectious Disease
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Approximately 75% of recent emerging infectious diseases have
been zoonoses
Ebola Virus AnthraxAvian Influenza Virus
Zoonotic Disease:
◦Disease entities readily transmissible between human and animal populations
Factors Contributing To Emergence
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AGENT
Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents
(microbial adaptation & change)
Development of resistance to drugs
Resistance of vectors to pesticides
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Factors Contributing To Emergence
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HOST
Human demographic change (inhabiting new areas)
Human behaviour (sexual & drug use)
Human susceptibility to infection (Immunosuppression)
Poverty & social inequality
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Factors Contributing To Emergence
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ENVIRONMENT
Climate & changing ecosystems
Economic development & Land use (urbanization, deforestation)
Technology & industry (food processing & handling)
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Wildlife EID
Domestic
Animal EID
Human EID
Translocation
Human
encroachment
Ex situ contact
Ecological
manipulation
Global travel
Urbanization
Biomedical
manipulation
Technology and
Industry
Agricultural
Intensification
Encroachment
Introduction
“Spill over” &
“Spill back”
Emerging Infectious
Diseases
Dasazak P. et.al.
Science 2000 287:44312/26/2012EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS
8
PENYAKIT HEWAN MENULAR (PHM)
PHM Eksotik PHM Prioritas Daerah
1. PMK;
2. Nipah;
3. JE;
4. BSE
1. ND
2. Anthrax
3. SE
PHM Epidemik
Avian Influenza
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Zoonoses
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0
•Avian Influenza
•Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
•Monkeypox virus
•Rabies virus
•Brucellosis
•Ebola virus
•West Nile virus
•Nipah virus
•Bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis)
13 Jenis PHM Prioritas Nasional
1. Rabies
2. Brucellosis
3. Anthrax
4. Jembrana
5. Bovine Viral Diarrhea
6. Septicemia
Epizooticae/SE
7. Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis
8. Hog Cholera
9. New Castle
Disease/ND
10. Infectious Bursal
Disease
11. Salmonellosis
12. Trypanosomiasis
13. Avian Influenza/AI
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ANTHRAX
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Bacillus anthracis
Large, gram-positive, non-motile rod
Two forms
Vegetative, spore
Over 1,200 strains
Nearly worldwide distribution
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The Spore
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Sporulation requires:
Poor nutrient conditions
Presence of oxygen
Spores
Very resistant
Survive for decades
Taken up by host and germinate
Lethal dose 2,500 to 55,000 spores
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Human Transmission
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Cutaneous
Contact with infected tissues, wool, hide, soil
Biting flies
Inhalational
Tanning hides, processing wool or bone
Gastrointestinal
Undercooked meat
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Human Transmission
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Tanneries
Textile mills
Wool sorters
Bone processors
Slaughterhouses
Laboratory workers
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Anthrax: Symptoms
Sudden death
Less acute symptoms
High fever
Sudden staggering
Hard breathing
Trembling
Collapse
Death usually occurs within a few hours of symptoms
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Ruminants
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Peracute
Sudden death
Acute
Tremors, dyspnea
Bloody discharge from body orifices
Chronic (rare)
Pharyngeal and lingual edema
Death from asphyxiation
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Animal Transmission
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Ingestion
Most common
Herbivores
Contaminated soil
Heavy rainfall, drought
Carnivores
Contaminated meat
Inhalation
Mechanical (insects)
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Animal Transmission
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Bacteria present in hemorrhagic exudate from
mouth, nose, anus
Oxygen exposure
Spores form
Soil contamination
Sporulation does not occur in a closed carcass
Spores viable for decades
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Differential Diagnosis (Ruminants)
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Blackleg
Botulism
Poisoning
Plants, heavy metal, snake bite
Lightening strike
Peracute babesiosis
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Anthrax: What do I do?
Carcasses of dead animals should be burned or buried
at least 6’ deep and covered with quicklime
Take care not to bury the animal near wells or
streams.
Use care when handling carcasses as anthrax can be
spread to people
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Anthrax: Prevention
Vaccines may be used to prevent anthrax
In areas where it is a problem vaccination
should occur yearly
In areas where it is not common, vaccinate
on the recommendation of a vet.
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Cutaneous Anthrax
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95% of all cases globally
Incubation: 2 to 3 days
Spores enter skin through open wound or
abrasion
Papule vesicle ulcer eschar
Case fatality rate 5 to 20%
Untreated – septicemia and death
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Disinfection
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Preliminary disinfection 10% formaldehyde
4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)
Cleaning Hot water, scrubbing, protective clothing
Final disinfection: one of the following 10% formaldehyde
4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)
3% hydrogen peroxide,
1% peracetic acid
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
(BSE): MAD COW DISEASE
Chronic, degenerative disease
Affects the central nervous system
1 of several brain disease called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's (TSE’s) Some affect animals and some affect humans
Other TSE’s Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD- ID in the 1920’s) New variant CJD (nvCJD ID in 1995) Kuru
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BSE in the United States and the World
Rare
3 cases in the United States
First diagnosed in Great Britain in 1986
The US has not imported any beef from Great Britain since
1985
USDA and the APHIS maintain constant surveillance and
enforce import restrictions.
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BSE: Symptoms
Nervousness or aggression
Muscle twitching
Abnormal posture
Loss of body weight
Decrease in milk production
Difficulty in rising after lying down
Eventual death
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So what causes BSE? Not fully known
Available evidence indicates that it is not viral or bacterial
Related to a prion A prion is a microscopic protein particle that is similar to a virus but lacks
nucleic acid
BSE may be contracted by ingesting protein in feed that came from an animal source that was contaminated by the agent that causes the disease
While no direct link has been made there is suspicion that feeding cattle rendered protein from scrapie infected sheep was involved in spreading the disease
In 1997 the FDA banned using ANY mammal derived protein in cattle feed in the United States
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Incubation of and Testing for BSE
Ranges from 2-8 years
Death occurs within 2 weeks to 6 months after clinical
symptoms appear
No test to determine if live cattle are infected
Only a postmortem microscopic examination of the brain
can determine if the animal had BSE
Brain tissue in infected animals has a spongy appearance when
examined under a microscope
There is no treatment for BSE
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So Can BSE Be Transmitted to
Humans?
• No evidence that it can be transmitted by direct contact or
consumption of meat or dairy products
• No evidence that eating meat of BSE infected animals can
cause CJD
• In 1995 nvCJD was found to be caused by the same agent as
BSE but it too was not found in milk or milk—only in the
brain tissue, spinal cord, corneal tissue and some other
central nervous system tissues
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BSE in the United States and the World
Rare
3 cases in the United States
First diagnosed in Great Britain in 1986
The US has not imported any beef from Great Britain since
1985
USDA and the APHIS maintain constant surveillance and
enforce import restrictions.
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BSE: Symptoms
Nervousness or aggression
Muscle twitching
Abnormal posture
Loss of body weight
Decrease in milk production
Difficulty in rising after lying down
Eventual death
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Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
Common throughout the United States
May appear in mild, acute & chronic forms
Spreads by contact
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Mild BVD Often no symptoms
If they are present:
Fever
Coughing
Discharge from the nose
Slow gains
Rapid breathing
Mild diarrhea
Animals that have had the mild form of the disease are immune to further infection.
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Acute BVD
Fever
Difficult breathing
Discharges from the nose and mouth
Possible lameness
Dehydration
Weight loss
Diarrhea after 3-7 days
Pregnant animals may abort if the disease is contracted with in the first 2 months of pregnancy
Fetus’s may mummify if contracted from the 90-120th
day of pregnancy
Fetus may suffer in later stages of pregnancy
Brain damage
Hairlessness
Underdeveloped lungs
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Chronic BVD
All the same symptoms as the acute plus
Slow gains
Rough hair coat
Lameness
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Zoonoses
Case Studies
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5
Avian Influenza (H5N1)
West Nile Virus
Nipah Virus
Rift Valley Fever
Viral Re-assortment
Reassortment in pigs
Reassortment in
humans
Pandemic Influenza
Virus12/26/201246 EMERGING &RE ZOONOTIK- PTS
Influenza Virus
Types A and B
Type A
(Seasonal, avian, swine
influenza,….)
Type B
(Seasonal influenza)
Can cause significant disease
Generally causes milder
disease but may also cause
severe disease
Infects humans and other
species (e.g., birds; H5N1)Limited to humans
Can cause epidemics and
pandemics (worldwide epidemics)
Generally causes milder
epidemics
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Definition of hog cholera:
highly contagious viral disease of swine
can cause acute, chronic, or congenital disease
considered a foreign animal disease
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Etiology:
Family Flaviviridae
Genus Pestivirus
Only one serotype of the virus
Closely related to BVDV
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Epidemiology of HCV:
Transmission:
Transplacental infection with a lowly virulent strain of HCV can
result in persistently infected piglets
These piglets will persistently shed the virus for months before
succumbing to the disease
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Petechial hemorrhages - skin:
Petechial hemorrhages - kidney surface
Petechial hemorrhages - abdominal viscera
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Clinical signs of congenital infections:
Highly virulent strain:
abortion
birth of diseased pigs that die shortly after birth
Less virulent strain:
mummification
stillbirth
birth of weak, ―shaker‖ pigs (congenital tremor)
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Gross lesions of congenital infections:
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Microencephaly
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Central dysmyelinogenesis
Thymus atrophy
Deformities of the head and limbs
Petechial hemorrhages of the skin and internal organs
towards the end of the disease process
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Differential diagnosis:
African Swine Fever
distinguished from hog cholera only via laboratory examination
Erysipelas
Salmonellosis
Colisepticemia
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Acute pasteurellosis
Infection with BVDV
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Inactivating the virus:
Disinfectants:
2% NaOH
1% formalin
sodium carbonate
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