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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
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ReviewReviewGlycolysis & the Krebs Cycle only
produce 4 ATP/glucoseMost of the energy from glucose
is stored in NADH or FADH2
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LocationLocationThe Electron
Transport Chain (ETC) takes place along the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
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ComponentsComponentsMost components
of the Electron Transport Chain are protein complexes
These complexes have Prosthetic Groups◦ Essential non-
protein components
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The entire Electron Transport Chain consists of 4 transmembrane structures as well as a pair of electron carriers
Most structures are made up of more than one protein
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NADH Dehydrogenase NADH Dehydrogenase (Complex I)(Complex I)NADH is oxidized and in turn
reduces flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
FMN participates in another redox reaction with an Iron-Sulfur protein◦FMN is oxidized, Fe•S is reduced
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First Electron CarrierFirst Electron CarrierFe•S part of NADH
Dehydrogenase pass the electrons to Ubiquinone (Q)◦Lipid electron carrier◦Transports the electrons to
Cytochrome b-c1 complex
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Cytochrome Cytochrome bb--cc11 Complex Complex (Complex III)(Complex III)Cytochrome b (Cyt b) accepts the
electrons from Q Electrons are passes from Cyt b
to another iron-sulfur protien before being passed to Cytochrome c1
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Second Electron CarrierSecond Electron CarrierCytochrome c1 passes the
electrons to the second electron carrier, Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c operates on the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane (in the intermebrane space)
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Cytochrome Oxidase Cytochrome Oxidase Complex (Complex IV)Complex (Complex IV)Consists of two protein complexes:
Cytochrome a and Cytochrome a3
Cytochrome a receives the electrons from Cytochrome c and then transfers electrons to Cytochrome a3
Cytochrome a3 passes the electrons onto Oxygen◦Combines with hydrogen atoms in the
Matrix to form water
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Each transfer of electrons is an exothermic redox reaction◦The energy is used to transfer a
single H+ ion into the Intermembrane Space
Oxygen (due to its high electronegativity) is the only element available to accept electrons at the end
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FADH2 transfers its electrons to a lower energy level than NADH Electrons join up with
Ubiquinone (Q) hence
NADH 3 H+ moved
FADH2 2 H+ moved
FADH2
FAD
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ChemiosmosisChemiosmosisThe final stage of Oxidative
PhosphorylationThe complexes of the ETC create
a electrochemical gradient of H+ across the inner membrane◦H+ want to return to equilibrium
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ATP SynthaseATP SynthaseProtein imbedded
in the inner mitochrondia membrane
Allows H+ ions back through into the matrix
Uses this Proton-Motive Force to convert ADP and ATP◦ Each H+ ion let back
into the matrix creates 1 ATP
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Energy Tally/Glucose Energy Tally/Glucose MoleculeMoleculeGlycolysis 2 ATPKrebs Cycle 2 ATPETC
NADH (Glycolysis) 4-6 ATPNADH (Prep Step) 6 ATPNADH (Krebs) 18 ATPFADH2 4 ATP
36-38 ATP