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Electric Potential
AP Physics
Chapter 17
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference
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Electric Potential Energy & Potential Difference
Electricity can be viewed in terms of energy
The electrostatic force is conservative because it depends on displacement
Now
We can calculate this value for a uniform electric field 17.1
WPE FdPE qEdPE
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Electric Potential Energy & Potential Difference
Positive test charge – increases when moved against the field
Negative test charge – increases when moved with the field
Electric Potential (Potential) – electric potential energy per unit charge
17.1
q
PEV
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Electric Potential Energy & Potential Difference
Only difference in potential are meaningful
Potential Difference (Electric Potential Difference) – is measureable
Measured in volts (after
Alessandro Volta)
17.1
q
PEV
q
PEV
C
JV
1
11
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Electric Potential Energy & Potential Difference
If we want a specific potential value at a point, we must pick a zero point.
That point is usually either
A. The ground
B. At an infinite distance
17.1
r
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
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Relation between Electric Potential & Electric Field
Work
It also is
So pew
17.2
)( ab VVqW VqW
qEdW
qEdVq EdV
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.3 Equipotential Lines
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Equipotential Lines
Equipotential Line or Equipotential Surface – one at which all points are at the same potential
17.3
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Equipotential Lines
Must be perpendicular to the electric field
Constant Field
17.3
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Equipotential Lines
Must be perpendicular to the electric field
Point Charge
17.3
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Equipotential Lines
Must be perpendicular to the electric field
Dipole
17.3
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
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The Electron Volt
A unit of energy – for electrons, atoms, or molecules
Electron Volt (eV)
17.4
191 1.6 10eV x J
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
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Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
Using calculus it can be shown that the electric potential a distance r from a single point charge q is
Assuming that potential is zero at infinity
17.5
qV k
r
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.7 Capacitance
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Capacitance
Capacitor – device that stores electric charge
In RAM,
Camera
Flash,
17.7
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Capacitance
Simple capacitors consist of
two plate
The symbol for a capacitor
is
The symbol for a cell is
The symbol for a battery is
17.7
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Capacitance
When a potential difference is placed across a capacitor it becomes charged
This process takes a short amount of time
The charge on each plate is the same, but opposite charge
The amount of charge is proportional to the potential difference
A constant C (Capacitance) gives
17.7
Charging a Capacitor
Time for RC Circuit
VQ CVQ
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Capacitance
Capacitance – Unit Farad
For a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance depends on the area of the plates, the distance between the plates
17.7
CVQ
V
CF
1
11
d
AC o
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.8 Dielectrics
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Dielectrics
Most capacitors have an insulator between the plates
Called a Dielectric
Increases the
capacitance by
a factor K
Called the dielectric
constant
17.8d
AKC o
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Dielectrics
Some Dielectric Constants
17.8
Material K
Paper 3.7
Glass 5
Rubber 6.7
Mica 7
Strontium Titanate
300
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Electric Charge and Electric Field
17.9 Storage of Electric Energy
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Storage of Electric Energy
A charged capacitor stores energy
17.9
QVPE 21
221 CVPE
C
QPE
2
21