Download - EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN
PENDAHULUAN
• BENTANGLAHAN DAN EKOLOGILINGKUP:• FENOMENA GEOSFER• FENOMENA DAN PROSES BENTANGLAHAN
DALAM RUANG DAN WAKTULANDSCAPE• ARSITEKTUR• NON ARSITEKTUR
•AHLI EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN
Carl Troll (Germany) IstilahnyaGeo – Ekologi
Geografi Biologi (ecology)
• DASAR KAJIANNYA GEOSFER SEBAGAI ENVIRONMENTAL KEY (Kunci Lingkungan)- Vegetasi- Hewan- Manusia
LINGKUNGAN DALM KONTEK GEOGRAFILINGKUNGAN DALM KONTEK GEOGRAFI
• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MASUK DALAM ILMU LINGKUNGAN
• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MULTIDISIPLIN• PENDEKATAN STUDINYA INTERDISIPLIN• EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN TERMASUK DALAM
- Biologi lingkungan- Geografi lingkungan
• REGIONAL APPROACH PENGELOMPOKKAN KOMUNITAS DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN HUMAN ECOLOGY
GEOGRAFIGEOGRAFI
MANUSIAFISIK
• PRIORITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN DIDEKATI DENGAN CARA EVALUASI LAHAN
FAKTOR EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN MELIPUTI:
• IKLIM LANDSCAPE CLIMATOLOGY Dinamis Ritmik
• GEOLOGI GEOECOLOGY Relatif Tetap• GEOMORFOLOGI MAIN APPROACH
(dalam stud bentnaglahan)• AIR dinamis • TANAH SOIL LANDSCAPE Tetap • PENGARUH MANUSIA Dinamis
– Respon terhadap lingkungan 5 ciri– Aliran Deterministic– Aliran posibilistic
FAKTOR GEOLOGI STATIK
• UNSUR LANGFROM YANG AMAT PENTING
• FAKTOR PENENTU DINAMIKA AIR• BAHAN PEMBENTUK TANAH• MENGANDUNG MINERAL YANG
BERGUNA• BERPENGARUH PADA BENCANA ALAM• MENGANDUNG FOSIL PALAEONTOLOGI
HAL – HAL YANG DIKAJI
• TIPE BATUAN DAN SEBARANNYA• STRUKTUR, STRATIGRAFI• SIFAT/KARAKTERISTIK BATUAN
DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR EKOLOGI BENTANGLAHAN
TERGANTUNG PADA:1. ASPEK SITE:
- LETAK LINTANG- JENIS LANDSCAPE- LOKASI DAERAH- POSISI TOPOGRAFI- LANDSCAPE INTERACTION
2. ASPEK WAKTU:- RECENT- PALAEO- SHORT- LONG
3. FAKTOR DINAMIS:- IKLIM- MANUSIA- VEGETASI/HEWAN
PENDEKATAN STUDI
1. PHYTOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan timbal balik bentanglahan dengan vegetasi
2. ZOOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan Timbal Balik Komunitas Hewan dengan Bentanglahan
3. ANTHROPHOCENTRIC APPROACHHubungan Responsibiliti Manusia dengan Bentanglahan
PHYTOCENTRIC DAN ZOOCENTRIC APPROACH DISEBUT SEBAGAI : BIOCENTRIC APPROACH
PEMETAAN EKOLOGI
ECOLOGICAL REGION]ECOLOGICAL DISTRICECOLOGICAL SYSTEMECOLOGICAL TYPEECOLOGICAL PHASE
• MORFOGRAFIK BENTANGLAHAN• MORFOMETRIK BENTANGLAHAN• PHYSIOGRAFIK BENTANGLAHAN
BIOFISIKAL KLASIFIKASI
SUB-SISTEM MANUSIA
Kondisi ManusiaPendidikan, kemerdekaan
Pekerjaan, Kesehatan, dsb.
Daya Tanggap Ekosistem:(-) perubahan iklim
(+) kualitas lingkungan baik
Daya Tanggap Manusia:Perubahan nilai,
Penerapan teknologipenelitian
Tekanan manusia-manusiaKonflik, kekuasaan,
Tuntutan masyarakat, dsb.
Tekanan Manuisa-EkosistemLedakan populasi,
Konsumsi SDA, limbah, dsb
Kondisi EkosistemKeragaman, fungsi,Ekologis, udara, air,
SDA, lahan, SD Terbaharui, dsb
Tekanan Ekosistem-ekosistemBencana alam,
Perubahan alami, dsb.
SUB-SISTEM EKOSISTEM
Landscape Classification
• Structural patch : Soil and vegetation• Functional patch : Physical aspects• Resources patch : Animal ecology• Habitat patch : Plant community• Corridor patch : Land mozaic
Lanscape Structure
• Landscape characteristic• As a system• Complexcity• Spasio – temporal change• Interaction – interrelation• Ordering system• Vertical and Horizontal structure
Vertical Structure
• Based on layering• Vertical processes• Structure of layer (Soil, Rock, Vegetation)
Horizontal Structure
• System = subsystem or holon• Separating processes• Transformation and cooperation• Natural pattern and processes• Internal and external function• Natural organizations
Ordering Interaction
• Strong connections but weak signal• Relative frequency of organisme behavior• Context : a lower level environment• Containment : nested system• Contraint : limited factors
Scaling The Landscape Concepts
• Scale : Spatial or temporal dimention• Level of organization : Place within a biotic hirerarchy• Cartographic scale : Unit of measure• Resolution : Precicim of measure• Grain : Finest level of spatial• Extent : The size of study area• Extrapolate : Estimate value• Critical therehold : Abrupt change• Absolute scale : Distance, shape, geometry• Relative scale : functional relationship scale
Emerging Processes in the Landscape
• Disturbance• Fragmentation• Connectivity• Connectedness• Corridors
Disturbance
• Change the nature• Longtime scale changes• Source of Spatial – hiterogenity• Source of temporal hiterogenity• Change the diversity system• Landscape dynamic
Fragmentation (Geographycal)
• Species fragmentation• Habitat fragmentation• Predation and fragmentation• Island size and isolation• Habitat fragmentation and animal
behavior
SCALING IN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• Micro Scale Dominion - Disturbance such as fire - Geomorphic processes (skump, Creep) - Biological processes - Forested landscape fragmentation Mesoscale Dominion - Cultural evolution of human occurred Macroscale Dominion - Glacial – interglacial Megascale Dominion - Geological events (plate tectonic)
TO BE LEARNED
• Link the landscape dynamics• Biodiversity• Ecosystem processes• Hierarchical system and function• Complexity of patterns and processes in
the landscape• Scale attribute of landscape
PATTERNS OF LANDSACPE
• Landscape Hiterogeneity• Spatial Hiterogeneity• Temporal Hiterogeneity• Functional Hiterogeneity (Distribution of Population)
PRINCIPLE OF LANDSCAPE DYNAMIC
• Depend On 1. Disturbance Frequency 2. Rate of recovery from distrurbance 3. The size of disturbance 4. The size or spatial extent of landscape Natural Landscape 1. Different degree of fragility with
antropogenic 2. Landscape changes are not easily
detected
ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPE
• Human dominated landscape• Change clearly the landscape• Related to Socio-economic processes• Human disturbance
HUMAN DISTURBANCE
• Change the landcover/landuse• Change the morfology of land• Change the natural processes• Change the plant and animal
communities
RECOVERY TYPE
• Thedisturbance interval is longer than the recovery time ( T > 1)
• The disturbance interval is equal to recovery time ( T = 1)
• The disturbance interval is shorter than the recovery time ( T < 1)
SPATIAL RATIO
• The ratio between size of disturbance and size of the landscape
1. Disturbance is larger then the landscape
2. Disturbance is smaller than the extent of
landscape