Download - Egiptulantic
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RELIGIA EGIPTULUI ANTIC
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Cuprins
1. ASEZARE GEOGRAFICA
2. IZVOARE
3. SCRIEREA HIEROGLIFICA
4. COSMOGONIA
5. PANTEONUL
6. IMBALSAMAREA MUMIILOR
7. TEMPLELE
8. MORMINTELE
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EGIPTUL astazi1. ASEZARE GEOGRAFICA
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“Egiptul: darul Nilului”Herodot, IstoriiValea Nilului
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DELTA NILULUI
DE{ERT
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Egiptul de jos
Egiptul de sus
Credintele religioase politeiste
s-au format prin unificarea
credintelor mai multor triburi de pe valea Nilului,
odata cu unificarea lor politica
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Coroana rosie – simbolul Egiptului de jos
Coroana alba – simbolul Egiptului de sus
Unirea celor doua regate a fost facuta de catre faraonul Menes (3100 i.Hr.)
Simbol: unirea coroanelor
Incepe perioada dinastiilor
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2. IZVOARE
a. Textele piramidelor
- inscriptii de pe peretii interiori ai piramidelor
- cuprind formule rituale, descantece, imnuri
- dateaza din per. dinastiilor a V-a si a VI-a
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b. Textele sarcofagelor
- inscriptii de pe peretii interiori ai sarcofagelor
- cuprind formule magice, sfaturi pentru viata viitoare
- dateaza din per. dinastiilor a VIII-a si a XII-a
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c. “Cartea” mortilor
- o colectie de 192 texte publicate in 1842 de Richard Lepsius
- cuprinde formule magice, imnuri adreate lui Ra, Osiris
- un “ghid” cu indicatii foarte precise despre calatoria in lumea cealalta
- erau scrise pe suluri de papirus si puse in mainile defunctului
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The Rosetta Stone
3. SCRIEREA HIEROGLIFICA
Stela de la Rosetta - descoperita de armatele lui Napoleon in delta Nilului (1799), cuprinde acelasi text in hieroglifica egipteana si in limba greaca
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Inscriptia este descifrata de catre Jean-Francois Champollion in 1822
Din sec. al III-lea d.Hr. egiptenii preiau alfabetul grec, iar vechea lor scriere este uitata, la fel si cultul.
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Scrierea hieroglifica
Odata cu descifrarea scrierii s-au descoperit mai multe despre cultura si religia vechilor egipteni
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La inceput a fost Nun. Nun simboliza apele intunecate ale haosului.
4. COSMOGONIA
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Intr-o zi, un munte se ridica din ape. Acest munte se numi Ben-Ben.
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Atum tusi si l-a facut pe Shu, zeul aerului, si pe Tefnut, zeita cetii.
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Shu si Nefnut au avut doi copii. Primul a fost Geb, zeul pamantului,
apoi a fost Nut, zeita cerului.
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Shu l-a ridicat pe Nut, astfel incat ea a devenit o bolta deasupra lui Geb.
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Nut si Geb au avut patru copii: Osiris, Isis, Seth si Nephthys.
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Osiris era regele pamantului, iar Isis ii era regina. Osiris a fost un rege bun si a domnit peste pamant multi ani.
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Insa Seth era gelos pe Osiris pentru ca el vroia sa fie regele pamantului. A devenit din ce in ce mai manios,
pana ce intr-o zi l-a omorat pe Osiris.
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Osiris a coborat in lumea de sub pamant, iar Seth a ramas rege pe pamant.
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Osiris si Isis a avut un copil, Horus. El s-a luptat cu Seth si a recastigat tronul. Horus a ramas rege pe pamant, iar
Osiris a ramas rege in lumea subterana.
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ATUM - zeul creatorprimul zeu care a existat pe pamant
5. PANTEONUL EGIPTEAN
In panteonul egiptean existau peste 700 de zei, multi dintre ei reprezentati antropomorfic sau zoomorfic. Unele zeitati erau venerate local, insa dupa unificarea celor doua state, cultul multora s-a generalizat in tot Egiptul
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NUN
Reprezentare: un om purtand o barca
Simboliza Apa haosului, pamantul sub forma de munte s-a ridicat din aceasta apa primordiala
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GEB – zeul pamantului
(cauza cutremurului: Geb rade)
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NUT – zeita cerului
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AMON / AMUN
Rege al zeilor
Numit fiu al zeului Ra: Amon Ra
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RA – zeul soareluiEgiptenii credeau ca Ra este inghitit in fiecare seara de zei]a cerului, Nut, si ca renaste in fiecare dimineata
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ATEN / ATONRege al zeilor
Reforma religioasa: monoteism atonian
Cult al discului solar, forma a zeului Ra impus de faraonul Amenhotep IV (sec. XIV i.Hr.) ce si-a schimbat numele in Akhenaton (“cel care il adora pe aton”). Dupa moartea sa, se revine la credintele politeiste
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Faraonul Akhenaton impreuna cu familia, adorandu-l pe Aton
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HORUS – zeul ceruluiprotector al faraonilor, reprezentat avand un cap de soim
Prezentat si cu cele doua coroane ale Egiptului (alba si rosie)
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SETH – Zeul haosuluicap de animal neidentificat
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ANUBIS – zeul morti, cap de sacal
Egiptenii credeau c\ el are grija de morti
Ankh – “crucea egipteana” – simbolul vietii eterne, tinuta in mana de catre zei
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HATHOR – zeita protectoare a femeilor insarcinate, a iubirii si bucuriei;
Reprezentata cu urechi de vaca [i pe cap purtand discul solar intre coarne
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MAAT – zeita adevarului, a justitiei, ordinii
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ISIS – zeita protectoare, ajuta pe cei aflati la nevoie
Sotia lui Osiris, mama lui Horus
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OSIRIS – zeul mor]ii, regele lumii subterane
- `mbracat ca o mumie
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ISIS si OSIRIS
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PTAH – zeul protector al mestesugarilor, artistilor
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THOTH – zeul cunoasterii, al scrisului
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SOBEK – zeul Nilului
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6. IMBALSAMAREA MUMIILOR
Egiptenii credeau ca atata timp cat exista trupul si mormantul, exista si sufletul.
De aici grija pentru pastrarea trupurilor (mumificarea)
si pentru constructia mormintelor (mastaba, piramide, hipogeu)
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Trupurile erau luate de catre ibu – cei care se ocupau cu imbalsamarea;
erau spalate cu ulei de palmier, vin, apa din Nil
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Din partea stanga erau extrase organele si puse in solutie de carbonat de sodiu care le usca.
Inima nu era scoasa. Ea urma sa fie judecata de Osiris, era sediul faptelor bune si rele.
Printr-o nara cu ajutorul unui carlig lung se extragea creierul.
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Tot corpul era acoperit si umplut cu natron, iar resturile de la imbalsamare erau ingropate odata cu corpul.
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Dupa 40 de zile trupul era spalat din nou cu apa din Nil, si era acoperit cu uleiuri.
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Organele interne uscate erau impachetate in panza si puse inapoi in corp. Corpul era umplut cu materiale uscate: frunze, rumegus, panza pentru a arata ca viu. Apoi era uns cu uleiuri frumos mirositoare.
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Organele mai erau puse si in patru vase (canope). Pe capac sunt sculptate chipurile celor patru fii ai lui Horus (zeii celor patru puncte cardinale):
Imseti – zeul sudului, cu cap de om, apara ficatul
Quebek-senuf – zeul vestului, cu cap de soim, pazeste intestinele
Hapi – zeul nordului cu cap de babuin, pazeste plamanii
Duamonef – zeul estului cu cap de caine sau sacal, pazeste stomacul
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Trupurile apoi erau infasurate in panza
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Membrele erau infasurate separat. Erau puse amulete (crucea ankh) la diferitele niveluri pt a-l proteja pe defunct in lumea de dincolo.
Ankh – “crucea egipteana” – simbolul vietii eterne
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Se rosteau incantatii in timpul imbalsamarii, pentru alungarea spiritelor rele.
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Bratele si picioarele erau legate impreuna. Un sul de papirus cu texte din “Cartea mortilor” era pus intre maini.
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Trupul era apoi infasurat in fasii de panza unse cu rasina
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Trupul era infasurat intr-o haina pe care era pictat chipul lui Osiris.
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La final mumia era invelita intr-o alta haina, apoi legata cu fasii de panza.
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Era apoi asezata intr-o prima racla, care era apoi asezata intr-o alta mai mare (sarcofag)
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sarcofag
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Familia (imbracata in alb) priveghea pe cel decedat si se oficiau funerariile.
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Ritualul: hranirea defunctului
Erau ingropate alimente, bauturi, haine, obiecte diverse alaturi de sarcofag, pentru a-i fi necesare dupa moarte.
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Scena funerara: defunctul insotit de Anubis era judecat in fata lui Osiris.
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Inima – sediul faptelor bune si rele era pusa pe o balanta
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7. TEMPLELE EGIPTENE
Templele sunt locuinţele zeilor. Sunt construite la malul Nilului, iar faţada lor este întotdeauna paralelă cu fluviul.
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Templul din Luxor
O lungă alee străjuită de sfincşi duce la intrarea monumentală.
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Intrare templu: piloni, obelisc
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Vedere de ansamblu
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Pilonii, statuile faraonului
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Curtea interioara
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Holul hipostil: camera semiintunecata cu multe coloane in forma de sul de papirus
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Al doilea hol: intra doar faraonul si marele preot
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Sanctuarul care adapostea statuia zeului
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Apa sacra (apa din Nil) - simbol al apei primordiale; folosita la diverse ritualuri
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Mormintele primilor faraoni numite mastaba, sunt nişte mari edificii joase şi rectangulare. În mastaba se află un puţ adânc care duce la încăperea unde odihneşte mortul. Deasupra se află camera ofrandelor.
8. MORMINTELE
a. mastaba
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Saqqara: mastaba
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Evolutia arhitecturii mormintelor
mastaba
Piramida in trepte Piramida cu pereti netezi
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Saqqara: Piramida in trepte
simboliza o scară gigantica ce il ajuta pe faraon sa urce in lumea lui Ra
b. Piramidele in trepte
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Piramidele curbate, pereti oblici (Dahshur)
c. Piramidele cu pereti oblici
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Platoul Giza (El Giseh) (piramidele faraonilor Kheops, Khefren, Mykerinos)
Singura din cele 7 minuni ale lumii care se mai pastreaza si astazi
d. Piramidele cu pereti netezi
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Platoul El Giseh
Piramidele:
- simbol al muntelui primordial: Ben-Ben;
- peretii oblici – simbol al urcusului faraonului catre cer, catre viata vesnica;
- simbolul razelor solare
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Piramida faraonului Cheops (Khufu) (c.2585-2560 `.Hr.)
Ce mai mare dintre piramide are 137.2 m. `n\l]ime
Initial au avut peretii exteriori din piatra slefuita, dar dinastiile ulterioare le-au folosit drept “cariere de piatra”, sustragandu-le si folosindu-le in constructia altor piramide.
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SFINXULUnele teorii sustin ca Sfinxul a fost construit in timpul celei de a IV-a Dinastii de catre Khaf-Ra
(Kefren), in anul 2.500 i.Hr., dupa constructia piramidei acestuia.Dovezi arheologice si geologice arata ca eroziunea Sfinxului se datoreaza in principal apei, si
mai putin nisipului, si ca ar fi fost construit cu 7.000 - 10.000 de ani in urma, fiind doar restaurat de Khaf-Ra. Nu exista nici o inscriptie sau scriere care sa indice clar data constructiei. Exista doar indicii care sustin ipoteza ca Sfinx-ul ar fi existat inaintea piramidelor.
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Cum se construia o piramida
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Primul nivel
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Alaturi de primul nivel se construia rampa.
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Timp de 20 de ani, sute de muncitori construiau fiecare nivel si inaltau rampa.
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Deasupra blocurile de piatra erau slefuite si se punea un metal care stralucea
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Ansamblul unei piramide
Grupate in jurul piramidei faraonului erau multe mastaba, care devenisera mormintele nobililor egipteni
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Interiorul piramidei: camera subterana, camera reginei, camera regelui
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e. Morminte subterane (hipogeu): Valea Regilor incepand cu 1500 i.Hr
- hipogeele sunt alcătuite dintr-o încăpere de cult care cuprinde mai multe săli foarte mari, ornate cu basoreliefuri sau cu picturi. Un puţ tainic duce la camera sarcofagului.
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Valea Regilor: Morminte ale faraonilor din dinastiile XVIII, XIX si XX
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Peretii interiori contin numeroase imagini: Horus, Ramses I, Anubis
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Pereti interiori – morminte hipogeu
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Sarcofagul si masca mortuara ale faraonului Tutankhamun
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Tronul faraonului
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Tutankhamun cca. 1341 i.Hr 1323 i.Hr.
Ankhesenpaaten, sotia lui Tutankhamun
Detalii de pe tron
Mormantul faraonului Tutankhamun s-a descoperit intact, obiectele, sarcofagul cu mumia tanarului faraon se afla astazi la muzeul din Cairo
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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
www.ancientegypt.co.uk www.ancient-egypt.org
Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt Resources
History of Ancient Egypt Page Egyptian Hieroglyphs Illustrated
www.crystalinks.com/egyptnews.htmlwww.touregypt.net
www.ancient civilizationswww.angelfire.com/wi/egypt
Concept si adaptare:prof. niculina filat
[email protected] National “Iulia Hasdeu”, Bucuresti
Martie 2007