J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
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EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, ORGANIC MANURE AND
BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON STRAWBERRY
PLANTS.
I-VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FLOWERING AND
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LEAVES.
El-ARABY, S.M., I.M. GHONEIM, A.I. SHEHATA* and R.A. MOHAMED
Vegetable Crops Dept., Fac. Agri., Alex. Univ.
*Horticulture Inst. ARC.
ABSTRACT
In the two successive summer seasons of 1999/2000 and
2000/2001, studies were carried out on sandy soils under a
drip irrigation system, at the Experimental Station Farm,
South Tahrir, Horticultural Research Station, situated at
Behiera Governorate. The objectives of these experiments
were to investigate the responses of strawberry plants
(Camarosa cultivar) to different levels of nitrogen (0, 200, 300
and 400 kg N fed.-1
), organic manure (0, 15, 20 and 25 m3
fed.-1
) and biofertilizer treatments (inoculation with or
without “Halex-2”) as well as their interactions on vegetative
growth , flowering characters, and chemical constituents of
strawberry plants. The obtained results, generaly, indicated
that the incremental additions of inorganic nitrogen or
chicken manure rates led to significant increases for number
of leaves plant-1
, leaf area plant-1
, fresh and dry masses
plant-1
, No of flower trusses plant-1
, in addition to chlorophyll
and N contents of leaves. Nevertheless, leaf’s K content and
earliness of flowering responded significantly and negatively
to such treatments. The inoculation of strawberry
transplants with “Halex-2” biofertilizer improved all studied
vegetative and flowering traits. Chlorophyll and N contents
of the leaves, also, increased; but leaf’s K content did not
reflect significant differences. In general, under the
conditions of the present study, most of the vegetative growth
and flowering characters of Camarosa cultivar could be
improved through the use of “Halex-2” biofertilizer
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
63
inoculation combined with 300 kg N fed.-1
or 25 m3 chicken
manure fed.-1
.
INTRODUCTION
Strawberry is one of the most important untraditional vegetable
crops grown in Egypt, for fresh consumption, processing and
exportation. It is commonly grown in newly reclaimed sandy soils in
order to obtain early yields with high fruit quality (Mohamed and Gabr,
2002). These soils are generally characterized as very poor in mineral
nutrients and organic matter. Thus, the fertilizer requirements in such
soils are very high.
Strawberry is very responsible to nitrogen fertilizers due to its
shallow root system and high productivity, in relation to plant size. The
use of nitrogen fertilizer in strawberry production was found to have
stimulative effects on the vegetative growth parameters as reported by
many investigators (El-Gizy, 1978; Patrik and Martin, 1981; Moussa et
al., 1993). Nevertheless, the excessive use of such chemical fertilizers
led to some pollutant effects on soil, plants and, in turn, on human
health. Owing to that, the scientists are looking forward to substitute the
chemical fertilizers (partially) by using bio-and organic farming
systems through the use of organic manures and biofertilizers.
The incorporation of organic manures in sandy soils can increase
nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content,
and this, in turn, stimulates plant growth and plant productivity
(El-Nagar, 1996) as well as increases soil microbial activities
(Meisnner-Smejkal, 2000). Many authors documented favourable
effects of organic manures on vegetative growth of strawberry plants
(Nonnecke and Christian, 1997; Mohamed and Gabr, 2002). The same
conclusions were recorded by Ryan et al. (1985) on tomato and
Soliman et al. (1991) on common bean. However, reverse results were
obtained by Encke (1988) and Gliessman et al. (1996), who indicated
that organic manure had no effect on growth and generative characters
of strawberry plants.
Biofertilizers are considered environment friends that can
decrease agricultural costs with maximum out puts. These biofertilizers
are carriers based on preparations, that contain beneficial
micro-organisms in a viable state, intended for seed or soil application,
and designed to improve soil fertility and help plant growth by
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
63
increasing the number and biological activity of desired
microorganisms in root environment (Subba Rao, 1999). Many
investigators studied the effects of the microbial inoculants having
specific strains of bacteria or fungi, on vegetative growth of various
vegetable plants. They stated that biofertilizers were responsible for the
significant increments of most vegetative growth characters (Saber and
Gommaa,1993;Barakat and Gabr, 1998; El- Zeiny et al, 2001 on
tomato; Gabr et al, 2001 on sweet pepper).
Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to study the effects
of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, organic manure and biofertilizer
inoculation, as well as their interactions, on vegetative growth
characters, flowering and chemical constituents of strawberry plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out at the Agricultural Experimental
Station Farm, South Tahrir, Horticultural Research Station, Behiera
Governorate, under a drip irrigation system. Two field experiments
were conducted during the summer seasons of 1999/2000 and
2000/2001, in order to investigate the effects of inorganic nitrogen and
bio-organic fertilization on vegetative growth; flowering and chemical
constituents of strawberry plants.
A representative soil samples were collected from the
experimental sites, before the initiation of each experiment, for the
determination of some important soil properties, according to the
methods described by Black (1965). The results of these analyses are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Physical and chemical analyses of the experimental sites in 1999/2000
and 2000/2001 seasons.
Seasons
Physical properties Chemical properties
Sand
%
Silt
%
Clay
% Texture
EC
(ds/ms) pH
Soluble cation
(meq/l)
Soluble anion
(meq/l) Total N
% Ca++ Mg+ K+ HCO- -
3 Cl- So-4
1999/2000 94 4 2 Sandy 0.16 8.70 0.74 0.54 0.22 0.57 0.40 0.59 0.007
2000/2001 94 5 1 Sandy 0.20 8.90 0.69 0.56 0.19 0.54 0.41 0.57 0.009
Each experiment contained 32 treatments representing the
combinations of four nitrogen levels (0, 200, 300 and 400 kg N fed.-1
),
four organic manure rates (0, 15, 20 and 25 m3 fed.
-1) and two
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biofertilizer treatments (uninoculated and inoculated with “Halex-2”).
The respective N source was ammonium sulphate (20.5% N), which
was added through the drip irrigation system (fertigation) during the
growth season. Chicken manure, as a source of organic fertilizer, was
uniformly added during soil preparation. The chemical analyses of the
utilized organic manure are presented in Table 2. “Halex-2” is a
biofertilizer containing a mixture of N-fixing bacteria of the genera
Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Klebsiella; was supplied by the
Biofertilization Unit, Plant Pathology Department, Alex. Univ, and was
used at the rate of 400g fed.-1
.
Table 2. Chemical properties of the chicken manure during the two growing
seasons of 1999/2000 and 2000/2001.
Properties
Seasons
N
%
P
%
K
%
Fe
ppm
Mn
ppm
Zn
ppm
Cu
ppm
Ec
(ds/ms)
PH
O.M
%
1999/2000 2.92 0.94 1.22 6394 364 115 54 11.7 7.18 40.6
2000/2001 3.13 0.63 1.29 4252 197 120.5 32 10.67 7.44 35.7
The experimental layout was a split-split-plot system in a
randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Nitrogen
fertilizer levels were arranged as the main plots, and the chicken
manure treatments were considered as the sub-plots; while, the
biofertilizer treatments were placed in the sub-sub-plots. Each
sub-sub-plot was 6.25 meters long and 0.7 meter width, having an area
of 4.37 square meters.
Transplants of Camarosa cultivar (under frigo plantation system)
were previously treated with fungicide (Topsin M-70 at the rate of 2
g/liter) for 20 minutes, then the inoculation process was carried out by
immersing the roots of transplants in “Halex-2” cell suspension
(4x107cells/ml); containing 5% Arabic gum, for 15 minutes just before
transplanting. While, the transplants of the uninoculated control were
dipped in distilled water. Then, the transplants were sown on the two
sides of the row on October 1, 1999 and September 25, 2000 with
interrow spacings of 25 cm. After two weeks from transplanting, the
inoculation process was again repeated by sidedressing the inoculum
suspension beside the plants.
All experimental plots received a basal soil dressing, during soil
preparation, at the rates of 46.5 kg P2O5 and 72 kg K2O as calcium
superphosphate (15.5% P2O5) and potassium sulphate (48% K2O),
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
04
orderly. While, during the entire growing season, the rest of phosphorus
and potassium fertilizers were added through the drip irrigation system
at the rates of 80 kg P2O5 fed.-1
in the form of phosphoric acid (80%
P2O5) and 120 kg K2O as potassium sulphate (48% K2O).
Foliar spraying with a commercial foliar fertilizer containing Fe,
3.88%; Mn, 1.73%; Cu, 1.6%; B, 0.8%; Mo, 0.033% and Zn 0.5% in a
chelated form, was sprayed at three weeks intervals, starting from one
month after transplanting and continued all over the growing season.
All other agricultural practices were done as commonly recommended
for strawberry commercial production.
The developed flowers and runners were removed during the first
month to enhance the vegetative growth before flowering. Data recorded Vegetative Growth Characters
Five randomly selected plants were taken from each of the
smallest experimental unit at blooming stage, and measurements of
number of leaves plant-1
, leaf area plant-1
(cm2), foliage fresh weight
plant-1
(g) and foliage dry weight plant-1
(g), were recorded.
Chemical Constituents of Leaves
Total chlorophyll content was colorimetrically estimated
according to Witham et al. (1971). Nitrogen and potassium were
determined in the youngest expanded mature leaves from five selected
plants from each sub-sub-plot. Nitrogen was determined, according to
Evenhuis and Dewaard (1980); while, potassium was estimated, using
flame photometer as outlined by Jackson (1967).
Flowering Traits
Ten randomly chosen plants, from each sub-sub-plot, were
labeled to record the earliness of flowering as the number of days from
transplanting till flowering 25% of the plants, and to count the number
of flower trusses plant-1
till the end of the experiment.
All obtained data were statistically analysed according to Costat
Software (1985) and the Revised L.S.D test was used to compare the
differences among the treatments as outlined by Smith (1978).
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vegetative Growth Characters
The results presented in Table 3, generally, clarified the presence
of some significant increments on all studied vegetative growth
characters of strawberry plants as a result of increasing the rates of
nitrogen application, in both seasons. The gradual increment of N
fertilizer application up to the rate of 300kg N fed.-1
resulted in
significant increases on leaf area plant-1
and foliage fresh mass
plant-1
; while, the highest N rate of 400 kg N fed.-1
was also
accompanied with significant increases on number of leaves plant-1
and
dry mass plant-1
, in the two seasons. The detected pronounced positive
effects of N fertilization on the vegetative parameters might be due to
the relatively low available amounts of total nitrogen in the used soils
of the two experimental sites as shown in Table 1; which were
estimated as 0.007 and 0.009% in the first and second season,
respectively. Such favourable effects of applied N on vegetative growth
characters might be attributed to the promoting influence of N on the
meristimatic activity to produce more tissues and organs (Yagodin,
1984). These results, generally, are matched those reported by Patrick
and Martin (1981), Moussa et al. (1993), and Miner et al. (1997).
Concerning the effects of organic manure rates, the results in
Table 3 showed clearly that the application of 25m3 chicken manure
fed.-1
gave the highest significant mean values of the various studied
vegetative characters, compared to those of the other application rates
(0, 15, and 20 m3 fed.
-1) in both seasons. The only exception was
noticed in the first season, as the foliage fresh mass plant-1
did not
significantly differ due to increasing the applied chicken manure rate
from 15 to 25m3 fed.
-1. The observed enhancement of the organic
manure applications on strawberry plants growth might be attributed to
the improved physico-chemical and biological properties of the sandy
soils (El-Mansi et al., 1999) and to the increased nutrient availability
for a longer period throughout the season; which, in turn, encouraged
the plant growth to go forward (Mohamed and Gabr, 2002). The
obtained results seemed to complement with those reported by Funt
and Bierman (2000) on strawberry, El-Sheikh and
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06
Salama (1997) on tomato, and Abd El-Fattah and Saleh (1999) on
cowpea.
The results in Table 3, clearly, indicated that inoculating
strawberry plants with the biofertilizer “Halex-2” favoured vegetative
growth characters over those of the uninoculated plants. The present
obtained results seemed to confirm those previously obtained by many
investigators (Barakat and Gabr, 1998; Shiboob, 2000; El-Banna et al,
2001; Gabr et al, 2001). Such beneficial effects could be related to the
enhancing effects of the non symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria on the
morphology and/or physiology of the root system which; consequently,
promoted the vegetative growth to go forward. In this respect, Martin et
al. (1989) and Jagnow et al. (1991) indicated that the Azotobacter and
Azospirillum strains produced adequate amounts of IAA and CYT,
which increased the surface area per unit root length and enhanced root
hair branching with an eventual increase in the uptake of nutrients from
the soil.
The results in Tables 4 and 5 illustrate the interaction effects of
the first order between (nitrogen organic), (nitrogen biofertilizer)
and (organic biofertilizer) on the vegetative growth characters of
strawberry plants. In both seasons, significant differences on number of
leaves, leaf area and dry mass plant-1
were detected from the
comparisons among the means of the sixteen treatment combinations
between the different nitrogen rates and organic manures (Table, 4).
The application of chicken manure at the rate of 25m3 fed.
-1, combined
with 400 kg N fed.-1
, resulted in the highest significant mean values for
number of leaves and dry mass plant-1
. Nevertheless, the best treatment
combination for leaf area plant-1
was obtained when the strawberry
plants were fertilized with 300 kg N fed.-1
, coupled with 25m3 chicken
manure fed.-1
. However, the results indicated also the absence of such
an interaction on foliage fresh mass plant-1
, in both seasons. In general,
similar conclusions were previously recorded by Kopanski and
Kawecki (1994a) who stated that the high N rates applied anually with
FYM had some beneficial effects on the vegetative growth of
strawberry plants.
Concerning the interaction effects between nitrogen and
biofertilizer treatments on the vegetative growth character of
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
03
strawberry plants, the obtained results in Table 5 exhibited significant
differences on leaf area, fresh mass and dry mass plant-1
; while, the
detected differences of number of leaves plant-1
appeared insignificant,
in both seasons. The application of 300 kg N fed.-1
combined with
biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2” was found favourable for the
plants to express their best performance on leaf area, foliage fresh mass
and dry mass plant-1
. Several investigators indicated that the combined
application of N fertilizer or NPK at low levels with biofertilizers
increased plant growth than using the high levels of N or NPK whether
combined with biofertilizers or not (Bashan et al., 1989; Gomaa, 1989;
Hewedy, 1999; Dawa et al., 2000; Gabr et al., 2001).
The interaction effects between the different rates of organic
manure and biofertilizer treatments on the studied vegetative characters
of strawberry plants were found significant on both leaf area and dry
mass plant-1
. On the other hand, number of leaves and foliage fresh
mass plant-1
did not differ significantly as a result of using the various
treatment combinations of organic manures and biofertilizers, in both
years. The addition of the highest rate of organic manure 25m3 fed.
-1
coupled by biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2” gave the highest
mean values for leaf area and dry mass plant-1
. Similar results were also
recorded by Dawa et al. (2000), who stated that the highest leaf area of
tomato plants was obtained by using a mixture of organic manure and
biofertilizer. The enhancing effect of organic manure combined with
biofertilizer on plant growth might be attributed to the increment in
bacterial population and its activity, and to the increased availability
and uptake of N-P, which reflected on plant growth (Awad, 1998).
The results presented in Table 6 indicated the presence of the
second-order interaction among the used rates of mineral nitrogen,
organic manure and biofertilizer treatments. The differences among the
mean values of the various treatment combinations, for both number of
leaves and dry mass plant-1
were found significant, in both seasons. The
best interaction effects for the previous mentioned characters were
obtained by using the high nitrogen level (400 kg N fed.-1
), combined
with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.
-1 in addition to biofertilizer inoculation.
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Chemical Constituents of Leaves
The results of Table 7, clearly, showed that the application of
nitrogen at the rate of 300 kg N fed.-1
gave significantly higher mean
values for total chlorophyll content, compared with those of the control
treatment or the other nitrogen rates, in both years. Such a result might
be explained on the basis that nitrogen is a main component of the
chlorophyll compound and is essential for chlorophyll syntheses and
development. Barakat and Gabr (1998) reported positive effects on
chlorophyll content of tomato leaves as a result of increasing N dose.
The presented results in Table 7 illustrated, also that the application of
N-fertilizer, with successive amounts, caused some significant
increases on N-content of leaves, relative to the control treatments. The
highest rate of nitrogen (400 kg N fed.-1
) produced the highest mean
value of nitrogen contents of the leaves, in the two seasons.
Nevertheless, reverse results were noticed for the K-content of the
leaves which decreased gradually by increasing the nitrogen applied
rate; where, the lowest values were obtained in both seasons from the
plants that were fertilized with the highest rate of nitrogen (400 kg N
fed.-1
). Similar findings on the leaf N-contents were reported by
El-Gizy (1978), Patrick and Martin (1981), Jaradeh (1982) and
Ghoniem (1992). The earlier study of Voth et al. (1967) on the leaf
K-content, indicated that there were a negative response on the leaf
potassium contents due to increasing N-application rates.
The effects of various organic manure rates on chlorophyll, N and
K content of strawberry leaves are shown in Table 7. Raising the
organic manure rates up to 25 m2 fed.
-1 was associated with increasing
the chlorophyll contents of the leaves, in both seasons. However, the
application of organic manure (chicken manure) at the two rates of 20
or 25 m2 fed.
-1 gave significantly higher mean values for leaves N
content, compared with those of the control or the rate of 15 m3 fed.
-1.
On the contrary, the detected differences on the K content of leaves as a
result of using the various organic manure rates appeared insignificant;
with an exception in the first season; whereas the control treatment
gave the highest mean values of K content of the leaves. The positive
effects of organic fertilizers application on chlorophyll and N content
of leaves were previously reported by Arisha and
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44
Bardisi (1999) on potato, and by El-Shafeey and Hasan (2000) on
tomato.
The inoculation of strawberry plants with the biofertilizer
“Halex-2” was significantly associated with higher contents of
chlorophyll and N in the leaves relative to the uninoculated plants, in
both seasons (Table 7). However, leaves K content was not affected.
The promoting effects of “Halex-2” biofertilizer on chlorophyll and N
contents of the strawberry leaves might be attributed to the role of
non-symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria on the availability of nutrients and on
the positive modifications of root growth morphology and physiology
through the effects of hormonal exudates of biofertilizer bacteria,
resulting in more efficient absorption of available nutrients which are
main components of photosynthetic pigments. (Jagnow et al., 1991).
The previous results were in general agreement with those reported by
Barakat and Gabr (1998) on tomato. Shiboob (2000) on common bean
and Gabr et al (2001) on pepper.
Flowering Traits
The effects of various nitrogen rates on flowering time (earliness)
and number of flower trusses plant-1
were found significant, with
approximately similar trends, in both years (Table 7). The unfertilized
strawberry plants (control) reflected more earlier flowering than those
supplied with nitrogen fertilizer, irrespective of the used rate.
Furthermore, increasing the N applied rate was associated with
significant delaying of flowering. Such a result might be explained on
the basis that the excessive amounts of nitrogen might modify the
carbohydrates/nitrogen ratio, encouraging the vegetative growth to go
more forward on the expense of flower initiation and to delay the
flowering (Janick et al., 1974). A similar result was reported by Jaradeh
(1982), who stated that the lower N levels (50 and 100 kg N fed.-1
)
resulted in earlier flowering than the higher N levels (150 and 200 kg N
fed.-1
). The results illustrated also that the gradual additions of N up to
300 or 400 kg N fed.-1
increased significantly the number of flower
trusses plant-1
, in the two seasons. The only exeption was noticed in the
second season, where the number of flower trusses plant-1
did not differ
significantly owing to using the rate of 200 kg N fed.-1
compared to the
control treatment. The obtained results are in general agreements with
J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 2 ( 2 ) 2003
44
those reported by El-Gizy (1978), Patrick and Martin (1981), Jaradeh
(1982), and Moussa et al (1993).
Regarding the effect of different organic manure rates on
flowering parameters of strawberry plants as earliness and number of
flower trusses plant-1
, the data in Table 7 indicated that, some earliness
of flowering were detected from the plants which were supplied with 25
m3 chicken manure fed.,
-1 similar to those of the untreated plants. On
the other hand, supplying the plants with chicken manure at the rate of
20 m3 fed.
-1 was significantly associated with the most delay of
flowering, in both seasons. The results in Table 7 illustrated also that
the gradual additions of chicken manure rates up to 25 m3
fed.-1
produced greater numbers of flower trusses plant,-1
as compared with
the unmanured plants. The obtained results seemed to be in general
agreements with those reported by Abdel-Rahman and Hosny (2001),
Abdel-Latif (2002), and Mohamed and Gabr (2002). The observed
enhancement on flowering parameters with the application of the
highest rate of chicken manure (25 m3 fed.
-1) might be attributed to the
increase in nutrient availability for a longer period throughout the
season and would be expected to improve soil physical and chemical
properties, as reported by Funt and Bierman (2000).
The effects of biofertilizer treatments on flowering traits of
strawberry plants are presented in Table 7, and indicated clearly that the
inoculation of strawberry plants with the biofertilizer “Halex-2”
favoured both the earliness and number of flower trusses plant-1
, in both
seasons. Such promoting effects of biofertilization on flowering traits
might be attributed to its stimulating effects on vegetative growth
(Table 3), photosynthetic pigments and on mineral contents (Table 7);
which, in turn, were positively reflected on flowering traits. Barakat
and Gabr (1998) on tomato, and Gabr et al. (2001) on pepper reported
also similar results.
The interaction effects among the used different nitrogen
fertilizer and organic manure rates on the studied chemical constituents
of leaves are shown in Table 8. The comparisons among the means of
the sixteen treatment combinations showed that fertilizing strawberry
plants with 300 kg N fed.,-1
coupled with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.
-1,
resulted in the highest mean value for
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46
chlorophyll content of leaves. The combinations between nitrogen and
organic fertilizers had significant interaction effects on leaf N contents;
but appeared insignificant on K contents of leaves, in both seasons. The
highest mean value of N content were obtained when the plants were
fertilized with 400 kg N fed.-1
and 25 m3 chicken manure fed.
-1. The
obtained results confirmed those obtained by Kopanski and Kawecki
(1994b), who mentioned that the combined treatment of high N rate (90
kg ha-1
) + FYM (40 t ha-1
) had a marked effect on leaf N content; but, it
had no effect on leaf K content.
The comparisons among the means of different combinations of
nitrogen rates x biofertilizer treatments for the chemical constituents of
strawberry leaves are illustrated in Table 9. The chlorophyll content of
leaves were found to be significantly affected by the interactions
between nitrogen rate and biofertilizer treatment. The combined
treatment (300 kg N fed.-1
plus biofertilizer inoculation with “Halex-2”)
produced the highest mean value for chlorophyll content of leaves. The
contents of N and K in leaves were not significantly affected by such a
type of an interaction, in both seasons. Barakat and Gabr (1998)
reported similar results for chlorophyll content of tomato leaves, as the
combined treatment (100 kg N fed.-1
+ mixed biofertilizer) produced
the highest mean value of the obove mentioned character.
Results in Table 9 show some insignificant differences due to the
interaction effects between organic manure rates and biofertilizer
treatments on the contents of N and K in strawberry leaves, in both
years. However, the results indicated also that the combined treatment
of 25m3 chicken manure fed.,
-1 coupled with inoculation by the
biofertilizer “Halex-2”, gave the highest mean value of chlorophyll
content. The interaction effects between nitrogen fertilizer and organic
manure rates on flowering traits; i.e., earliness of flowering and number
of trusses plant-1
; are presented in Table 8. Fertilizing the strawberry
plants with 300 kg N fed.-1
, plus 20 m3 chicken manure fed.
-1, or with
400 kg N fed.-1
, coupled with 25 m3 chicken manure fed.
-1, were
responsible for delaying the flowering, in both seasons. On the other
hand, number of flower trusses plant-1
was not significantly, affected by
this interaction in the two seasons.
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Data in Table 9 showed also the interaction effects between
nitrogen fertilizer rates and biofertilizer treatments on earliness of
flowering and No of flower trusses plant-1
. The treatment combination
of 400 kg N fed.-1
and inoculation with biofertilizer resulted in a
significant delay of flowering, in both years. Likewise, the same
treatment combination gave the highest mean value of No. of flower
trusses plant-1
.
Concerning the interaction effects between organic manure and
biofertilizer inoculation, data in Table 9 revealed that all studied
flowering traits were significantly affected, in both seasons. The
strawberry plants which did not receive any N fertilizer and inoculated
with “Halex-2” flowered earlier than all treatment combinations and
the trend was approximately similar in the two seasons. The best mean
value of No of flower trusses plant-1
was obtained from the treatment
combination of 25 m3 chicken manure fed
-1 coupled with biofertilizer
inoculation. The stimulative effects of the highest rate of chicken
manure plus biofertilizers on No. of flower trusses plant-1
are in
harmony with those reported by Dawa et al. (2000).
Data presented in Table 10 indicated the presence of the second
order interactions among nitrogen fertilizer, organic manure and
biofertilizer treatments. The differences, among the mean values of the
treatment combinations for both the total chlorophyll content of leaves
and flowering traits were found significant; while, those of the mineral
contents of leaves (N and K) appeared insignificant. The best treatment
combination appeared to be that of using 300 kg N fed.-1
+25m3 organic
manure +Halex-2 inoculation, which resulted in the highest mean
values of leaf chlorophyll content and No. of flower trusses plant-1
.
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43
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لملخص العربيا
تأثير التسميد النتروجينى والعضوى والحيوى على نباتات الفراولة النمو الخضرى واإلزهار والمكونات الكيميائية لألوراق-4
سناء مرسى العربىـإبراهيم محمد غنيم ـ*ابو العز عيسى شحاتة ـرمضان عبد العاطى محمد قسم الخضر ـ كمية الزراعة ـ جامعة اإلسكندرية
يد بحوث البساتين ـ مركز البحوث الزراعية*مع
بأرض رممية 0222/0229و 9111/0222أجريت تجربتان خالل الموسمين الصيفيين لعامى بمحطة التجارب الزراعية، جنوب التحرير، التابعة لمعيد بحوث البساتين والواقعة بمحافظة البحيرة، بيدف
، 022زا( لمختمف مستويات التسميد االزوتى )صفر، دراسة استجابة نباتات الفراولة )الصنف كمارو /لمفدان( 0م 01، 02، 91كجم ن/فدان( وألربعة مستويات من التسميد العضوى )صفر، 022، 022
(، باإلضافة إلى التداخل بينيم وذلك 0–وكذلك لمعاممتى التسميد الحيوى )معامل وغير معامل باليالكس وى الكيمائى لنباتات الفراولة. عمى الصفات الخضرية والزىرية والمحت
أظيرت النتائج أن اإلضافات المتزايدة من كل السماد النتروجينى وزرق الدواجن قد أدت إلى زيادة معنوية فى كل من عدد أوراق النبات والمساحة الورقية والوزن الطازج وعدد العناقيد الزىرية لمنبات الواحد
اق من الكموروفيل والنتروجين. وعمى النقيض من ذلك، فان محتوى وذلك باإلضافة إلى زيادة محتوى األور األوراق من البوتاسيوم وكذلك صفو التبكير فى اإلزىار قد تأثرت سمبيا بزيادة مستويات كل من السماد المعدنى النتروجينى والسماد العضوى. وبالنسبة لتأثير التسميد الحيوى، فان نباتات الفراولة الممقحة
". قد أظيرت تحسنًا معنويًا فى معظم الصفات الخضرية والزىرية ومحتوى األوراق من 0س ـ"باليالك الكموروفيل والنتروجين الكمى. بينما لم تظير أى استجابة فى محتوى األوراق من البوتاسيوم.
وعموما فتحت ظروف ىذه الدراسة، فان صفات النمو الخضرى والزىرى لصنف الفراولة كماروزا 0م01كجم ن/ف أو 022" مع إضافة 0تحسنا واضحاً من خالل التمقيح البكتيرى "باليالكس ـ قد عكست
زرق دواجن لمفدان.