Download - Ecosystem Ecology. Ecology “study of the interactions between the organisms and their environment”
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Ecosystem Ecology
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Ecology• “study of the interactions between the
organisms and their environment”
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Biotic AbioticLiving
organismsNonliving organisms
Wildflower, animals, bacteria
Sunlight, precipitation, temperature,
soil, rock
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Flow of Energy
• Photosynthesis a. Sun + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
b. performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/overview.html
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• Cellular Respiration a. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Energy + 6 H20 + 6 CO2
b. fuels own metabolism and growth c. aerobic v. anaerobic
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#t_668210____
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Trophic Levels/Feeding Levels
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Food Chain v. Food Web
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#t_668210____ (modified
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#t_668210____ (modified)
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• Scavengers a. consume dead animals (vulture)
• Detritivores a. break down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles (dung beetles)
• Decomposers a. complete the breakdown process by recycling the nutrients from dead tissues back into the ecosystem (fungi, bacteria)
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•Gross Primary Productivity ex) total paycheck•Net Primary Productivity ex) paycheck after taxes
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Energy Flow• Biomass: total mass of all living matter in an ecosystem• Energy is lost at each level (heat) a. 10% gained; 90% lost b. ecological efficiency
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Matter Cycles Through the Biosphere
• Biosphere: combination of all ecosystems on Earth
• Biogeochemical Cycles: movements of matter within and between ecosystems that involved
biological, geological, and chemical processes
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The Hydrologic Cycle
1. Evaporation2. Transpiration3. Infiltration4. Precipitation5. Condensation6. evapotranspiration7. Runoff
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#t_668210____
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• Human Activities a. harvesting trees - decreased evapotranspiration, increased runoff b. construction
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The Carbon Cycle1. Photosynthesis2. Respiration3. Exchange4. Sedimentation and burial5. Extraction6. Combustion
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#t_668210____
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• Humans and the carbon cycle a. combustion of fossil fuels b. deforestation
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The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen a. proteins and nucleic acids b. useable form nitrates and nitrites c. earth’s atmosphere 78% nitrogen gas d. most abundant element in the atmosphere
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• Steps a. nitrogen fixation (nitrogen gas-N2) into ammonia-NH3) b. nitrification (ammonia to nitrites and nitrates) c. ammonification (decomposers) d. denitrification e. leaching
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/friedlandapes/#668210__690858__
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Human affect
• Deforestation• Fertilizers• runoff
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Phosphorous Cycle
• Major component of DNA, RNA and ATP
• Doesn’t exist in atmosphere a. limited to soil and H2O
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• Steps a. weathering of phosphate rocks b. plants take up phosphate from soil and animals eat the plants c. decomposers release phosphate back in to soil d. animal excretion
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Human Influence
• Fertilizers• Runoff into aquatic ecosystem a. excess growth of algae (algal bloom) resulting in hypoxia• Found in detergents
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Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sulfur
• Important in transmitting signal between cells
• Derived mostly from rocks and decomposed vegetation
• Calcium and Magnesium – limestone and marble
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The Sulfur Cycle
• Similar to phosphorous cycle
• Important for proteins
• Found mainly in rocks and soil (coal, oil) as minerals
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• Steps a. Weathering b. plants and animals relationship c. decomposers - sulfates convert to hydrogen sulfide gas which escapes into atmosphere, water, soil, marine sediments * result in acid rain
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Human Influence
• Emissions from coal-burning power plants
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Ecosystem Disturbances
• Disturbance: event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents that results in changes in population size
a. natural and anthropogenic
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• Understanding Biogeochemical Cycles a. helps in determining change by disturbance b. watershed studies - watershed: all of the land in a given landscape that drains into a stream, river, lake, or wetland
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• Resistance v. Resilience a. resistance: measure of how much a
disturbance can affect the flows of energy and matter
b. resilience: rate at which an ecosystem can bounce back
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• Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis a. rare disturbances low diversity b. frequent disturbances low diversity c. intermediate disturbances highest diversity
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Ecosystem Services
• Instrumental Value a. value in terms of how much economic benefit b. ecosystem services c. provisions
• Intrinsic Value a. moral value of an animal’s life