ECOLOGY (Ch. 50-53) 1
THE REVIEW!!!
Fig. 52-2Organismalecology
Populationecology
Communityecology
Ecosystemecology
Landscapeecology
Globalecology
Species dispersal and distributionWhy is species X absent
from an area?
Does dispersallimit its
distribution? Does behaviorlimit its
distribution?
Area inaccessibleor insufficient time
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Habitat selection
Do biotic factors(other species)
limit itsdistribution?
Predation, parasitism,competition, disease
Do abiotic factorslimit its
distribution?
Chemicalfactors
Physicalfactors
WaterOxygenSalinitypHSoil nutrients, etc.
TemperatureLightSoil structureFireMoisture, etc.
Problems with Introduced Species
• Different factors may determine the distribution of a species on different scales– Refer to the biomes and biome characteristics
• Most species have small geographic ranges
9
Animal Behaviors
• Defensive, Mating, etc.
• Behavioral has both proximate and ultimate causes– Proximate: elicit a behavior– Ultimate: evolutionary significance
• Behavior results from both genes and environmental factors
•
Fig. 53-12
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
00 5 10 15
Number of generations
Po
pu
lati
on
siz
e (N
)
Exponentialgrowth
1.0N=dN
dt
1.0N=dN
dt
K = 1,500
Logistic growth1,500 – N
1,500
How populations are linked 23
Trophic levels
Food Chain
Food Web
Energy Pyramids
Producers, Consumers, Heterotrophs, Autotrophs (photo, chemo)
25
Ch. 54-Ecosystems
• All of the biotic and abiotic factors interacting.• NPP=GPP-R• Limiting Factors
A General Model of Chemical Cycling
Biological Magnification
• When toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web.
Ch. 55 Conservation Biology
• Endangered Species
• Introduced Species– Invasive species