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MEASURING FISCAL STIMULUSEC4006 Guest Lecture 3
Stephen Kinsella | [email protected] | www.stephenkinsella.net
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LAST TIMEWhether wage reductions stimulate output depends on changes in effective demand and the ratio of levels of rK: wN: rL Changing wN dents domestic consumption and probably won’t increase competitiveness in short run.
It’s clear we want to change effective demand to increase X/Y.
What changes effective demand (again, determined by Factor Cost+User Cost)
MEC (sort of) + Liq. Preferences + changes in User cost.
Support people with no money but a good idea, you change User cost.
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TODAY
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TODAYFISCAL
STIMULUS
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TODAYFISCAL
STIMULUS
MULTIPLIERS
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TODAYFISCAL
STIMULUS
MULTIPLIERS
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
& M
EA
SUR
EM
EN
T
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IRISH GOVTSPENDING
79bn on:
25%
35%
39%
Public Sector Pay & PensionsTransfersOther Stuff
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IN TODAY’S NEWS• NESC (see website) have written a report on our 5 fold crisis:
1.A banking crisis
2.A fiscal crisis
3.An economic crisis
4.A social crisis
5.A reputational crisis
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MEASURING FISCAL STIMULUS
Fiscal what?
Budget on April 17th
Let’s talk about consumption.
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RECALL
The multiplier is the number that relates the initial increase in expenditure to the final change in GNP (when all rounds have been taken into account).
Size of the multiplier depends on the following 3 leakages: savings, taxation and imports.
Ignore the tax and import leakages for the moment.
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RECALLConsumption function: C = MPC × NI
MPC = marginal propensity to consume.
0 < MPC ≤ 1
Savings function: S = MPS × NI
MPS = marginal propensity to save.
0 ≤ MPS < 1.
The MPC and MPS must add up to one.
1 = MPC + MPS
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RECALLCan be shown:
Multiplier = 1/(1 - MPC) or 1/MPS
Example: MPC Multiplier
0.9 10
0.8 5
Final change
in GNP = Multiplier x Initial Expenditure
€5b = 5 × €1b
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AND FINALLY…Define:
T = MPT × NI
Where T = taxation and MPT is the marginal propensity to tax.
M = MPM × NI
Where M = imports and MPM is the marginal propensity to import.
Can be shown:
Multiplier = 1/(MPS + MPT + MPM)
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IRELAND’S MULTIPLIEREstimates for the Irish economy are
MPS = 0.2 and rising
MPT = 0.3
MPM = 0.4
Multiplier = 1.11
Small due to the relatively high combined tax and import leakages.
For the UK and US economies the multiplier is closer to 3.5. Due to low taxes and relatively “closed” economies.
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NOW FOR SOMETHING COMPLETELY DIFFERENT….
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BUDGET PROBLEM: ACCOUNTING METHODS
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BUDGET PROBLEM: ACCOUNTING METHODS
Irish budgets are cash flow budgets, a budget where revenues and expenses are counted only when cash is received and spent.
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BUDGET PROBLEM: ACCOUNTING METHODS
Irish budgets are cash flow budgets, a budget where revenues and expenses are counted only when cash is received and spent.
An obligation budget includes the expected value of future expenditures and revenues.
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BUDGET PROBLEM: ACCOUNTING METHODS
Irish budgets are cash flow budgets, a budget where revenues and expenses are counted only when cash is received and spent.
An obligation budget includes the expected value of future expenditures and revenues.
Which one is more appropriate for considering the fiscal impact of the deficit?
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BUDGET PROBLEM: ACCOUNTING METHODS
Irish budgets are cash flow budgets, a budget where revenues and expenses are counted only when cash is received and spent.
An obligation budget includes the expected value of future expenditures and revenues.
Which one is more appropriate for considering the fiscal impact of the deficit?
Predicting revenues and expenses.
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UNCERTAINTY ABOUT POTENTIAL OUTPUT
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UNCERTAINTY ABOUT POTENTIAL OUTPUT
One macroeconomic policy goal is to keep output as close to potential as possible. But, what is potential output?
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UNCERTAINTY ABOUT POTENTIAL OUTPUT
One macroeconomic policy goal is to keep output as close to potential as possible. But, what is potential output?
If policymakers use contractionary policy when the economy is actually below potential, they create ‘unnecessary’ unemployment.
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UNCERTAINTY ABOUT POTENTIAL OUTPUT
One macroeconomic policy goal is to keep output as close to potential as possible. But, what is potential output?
If policymakers use contractionary policy when the economy is actually below potential, they create ‘unnecessary’ unemployment.
Using expansionary policy above potential output will cause inflation.
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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION LAG
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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION LAG
The policy implementation lag is the delay between the time policy makers recognize the need for a policy action and when the policy is instituted.
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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION LAG
The policy implementation lag is the delay between the time policy makers recognize the need for a policy action and when the policy is instituted.
Irish fiscal policy has a long implementation lag relative to other OECD countries.
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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION LAG
The policy implementation lag is the delay between the time policy makers recognize the need for a policy action and when the policy is instituted.
Irish fiscal policy has a long implementation lag relative to other OECD countries.
Monetary policy has a much shorter implementation lag because the ECB decides monetary policy and implements it immediately.
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SOOO....