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Earth - Home Sweet Home
1
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From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous:Formation of the Solar Systems and Planets
2
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Perspective on our place in the The Milky Way Galaxy video
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Perspective on our place in the The Milky Way Galaxy video
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Perspective on our place in the The Milky Way Galaxy video
4
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Perspective on our place in the The Milky Way Galaxy video
4
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ARE WE ALONE?
5
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ARE WE ALONE?
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
5
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ARE WE ALONE?
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
5
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Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
5
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Inside the Milky Way Galaxy
7
Mt. ShastaMt. Lasen
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UNIVERSE FORMS—13.7 Billion Years Ago—
THE BIG BANG
8
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How We Know the Universe is 13.7 Billion Years Ago 9
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How We Know the Universe is 13.7 Billion Years Ago 10
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How we got to Today (Lecture Manual)
11
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THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
Era System and Series Began mybp Relative Time (1 dot or character = 1 million years)
Cen
ozo
ic
Quaternary Holocene 0.01 Pleistocene 1.8 Xz
Tertiary
Pliocene 5 zWz Miocene 23 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Oligocene 34 zzzzzzzzzzz Eocene 57 zzzzVzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzUzT
Paleocene 65 zzSzzzRQ
Mes
ozo
ic Cretaceous 144 zzzzPzzzzOzzzzzzNzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzMzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
zzzzzzzzzzzzzz Jurassic 208 zzzLzKzJzzIzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Triassic 245 zHzzzzzzzzzzGzzzzzzFzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Pal
eozo
ic
Permian 286 Ezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Carbonifer-ous Systems
Pennsylvanian 320 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Mississippian 360 zzzzzzzzzDzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Devonian 408 zzzzCzzzzBzzzzAzzzzzzzzz9zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Silurian 438 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Ordovician 505 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz8zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zz7
Cambrian 544 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Prec
ambrian
Prote
rozo
ic E
ra
2,500
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz6zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz5zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Arc
hea
n E
ra
3,800
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz4zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz3zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz2
Had
ean E
ra
4,600
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz1zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz0
www.uky.edu/KGS
Events
0 Earth formed 1 Life originates 2 Oldest age-dated rocks 3 Blue-green algae 4 Bacteria 5 Cells with a nucleus 6 Multicellular life 7 Fish 8 Land plants 9 Insects A Amphibians B Sharks C Plants with seeds (ferns) D Reptiles E End-Permian extinction F Early dinosaurs (such as
Eoraptor) G Mammals (shrew-like) H Turtles I Archeopteryx J Apatosaurus K Allosaurus L Stegosaurus M Flowering plants N Duck-billed dinosaurs O Tricerotops P Tyrannosaurus rex Q End-Cretaceous extinction R Dogs and cats S Grasses widespread T Pigs and deer U Horses (Eohippus) V Monkeys W Hominids X First of four ice ages
Eart
h H
isto
ry -
Ge
olo
gic
Tim
e
12
65 Ma245 Ma
550 Ma
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
2500 Ma
3800 Ma
4560 Ma
Proterozoic
Archean
Hadean
Today
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Geologic Time Scale (not to scale) Eon Era Period Epoch Age Events Phanerozoic Cenozoic Quarternary Holocene 10 Ka Pleistocene
1.6 Ma
Wisconsin ice age (10-25 Ka) Fort Funston marine terrace formed (100 Ka) (CALIF) Illinoisian ice age (130-270 Ka) Homo Sapiens first appear (100-300 Ka)
Eruption of Mt. Lassen spews ash across state (400 Ka) (CALIF) Kansan ice age (350-600 Ka) San Francisco Bay forms (400 Ka) (CALIF) Nebraskan ice age (1-2 Ma) Merced formation begins accumulating (1 Ma) (CALIF)
Tertiary Pliocene
5.3 Ma
Ancient hominids first appear (3.4-3.8 Ma) Purisima Formation deposited (Moss Beach) (3-5 Ma) (CALIF)
Uplift of Coast Ranges and Mt. Diablo begins (5 Ma) (CALIF) Miocene 23.7 Ma Oligocene 36.6 Ma San Andreas fault formed (25 Ma) (CALIF) Eocene 57.8 Ma Paleocene 66.4 Ma Mesozoic Cretaceous Upper
97.5 Ma Last dinosaur (66.4 Ma) Montara Mountain granite forms in Sierras (88 Ma) (CALIF) First modern mammal (90 Ma)
Lower 144 Ma Marin Headlands Terrane accretes in Franciscan Subduction Zone (100 Ma) (CALIF) Jurassic
208 Ma
Pangaea break up (Atlantic Ocean) (175 Ma) Franciscan subduction zone (65-175 Ma) (CALIF) Marin Headlands Chert and Shale accumulate on seafloor (100-200 Ma) (CALIF)
Marin Headlands Pillow Basalt forms at spreading center (200 Ma) (CALIF) Triassic
245 Ma Pangaea formation is complete (225 Ma) Smartville subduction zone (175-225 Ma) (CALIF) First dinosaur (228 Ma)
Paleozoic Permian 286 Ma Mass extinction event (245 Ma) Carboniferous Pennsylvanian 320 Ma First reptiles Mississippian 360 Ma First bony fish (360 Ma) Devonian
408 Ma First amphibians Sonomia subduction zone (225- 375 Ma) (CALIF) First forests and insects (400 Ma)
Silurian 438 Ma First land plants Ordovician 505 Ma First primitive fishes Cambrian
570 Ma First trilobite (540 Ma) First organisms with shells (570 Ma)
Precambrian Proterozoic Late 900 Ma
First multicelled organisms (670 Ma) North American western margin is passive (900-400 Ma) (CALIF)
Middle 1.6 Ga Early 2.5 Ga First one-celled organisms with nucleus (2.2 Ga) Archean Late 3.0 Ga Middle 3.4 Ga Early 3.8 Ga First evidence of photosynthesis (stromatolites) (3.5 Ga)
First evidence of life (bacteria – single celled with no nucleus) (3.8 Ga) Hadean
4.6 Ga Formation of oceans and oldest known rocks (4.4 Ga) Formation of Earth and its immediate differentiation into layers (4.6 Ga)
*Age is when division begins: Ka = thousands of years old; Ma = millions of years old; Ga = billions of years old.
How we got to Today (Lecture Manual)
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Solar Nebula Hypothesis
Orion nebula (stellar nursery)
Star Birth 14
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Solar Nebula Hypothesis
4.56 Ga
Orion nebula (stellar nursery)
Star Birth 15
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Solar Nebula Hypothesis
4.56 Ga
Orion nebula (stellar nursery)
Star Birth 15
Homogeneous nebula(74% H, 24% He, 2% other)
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Solar Nebula Hypothesis
4.56 Ga
Orion nebula (stellar nursery)
Star Birth 15
98.8% of solar system mass is in the sun
Homogeneous nebula(74% H, 24% He, 2% other)
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Differentiation of the solar system by the Solar Wind
16
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Accretionary disk around a Proto-star
17
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Solar Nebula Hypothesis
4.55 Ga
Orion nebula (stellar nursery)
Star Birth
18
98.8% of solar system mass is in the sun
Homogeneous nebula(74% H, 24% He, 2% other)
Heterogeneousproto-solar
system
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Planetary Formation by Accretion
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Planetary Formation by Accretion
Magma Ocean Hypothesis
19
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PlanetaryDifferentiation leads to a planet
that is compositional
layered
20
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Density and composition of our Neighbors
Planet Average Density (g/cm^3) CompositionMercury 5.3 70% Iron - 30% Silicate rock
Venus 4.4 60% Iron - 40% Silicate rock
Earth 4.4 35% Iron - 65% Silicate rock
Our moon 3.4 20% Iron - 80% Silicate rock
Mars 3.9 25% Iron - 75% Silicate rock
Jupiter 1.4 Mostly H, He, O, N, F, S
Saturn 0.69 Mostly H, He, O, N, F, S
Uranus 1.27 Mostly H, He, O, N, F, S
21
You and your group are curious about the the general patterns of the average density and composition of the planets with respect to their proximity to the sun. What are your observations and what hypothesis might they lead you to propose?
Terr
estr
ial
Jovi
an
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Lunar Formation ~4 Ga
Proto-planet22
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Lunar Formation ~4 Ga
Proto-planet22
Interstellar velocities
Sunday, August 18, 13
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Lunar Formation ~4 Ga
Proto-planet22
Interstellar velocities 30,000 to 60,000 mph (do not need to know)
Sunday, August 18, 13
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Time Series of Mars size impactor
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Earth with Rings
24
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Formation of the Solar System, Earth, and Moon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mcC8kFacrk&feature=related
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How does our star (The Sun) size up to others in the Milky Way Galaxy
26
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How does our star (The Sun) size up to others in the Milky Way Galaxy
26
Sunday, August 18, 13
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In your group, From what we have learned about
the solar system today,deduce what the the 4 main
compositional types of extraterrestrial objects (meteors)?
27
Deductive Reasoning Skills
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Chondritic meteorite
Comets (“icy” CO2, H2O)
Iron alloy meteorites
Silicate “stoney” meteorites
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Earths Interior
Sunday, August 18, 13
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Earth - Home Sweet Home
30
Next Quiz
1) Vocabulary Chapters 1a and 112) Review Questions Chp 1a and Lecture
Sunday, August 18, 13