E in
E & E
Electro-Technology In Energy & Environment
Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, P.Eng, SM IEEE
UNB, ECE-Department, Fredericton, NB, Canada
Outline
Title Summary Environmental & Environmental Engineering Technologies Environmental-Interactions & Requirements Electro technology Promotional Activities Methodology & Approach Planned Research Activities Dr .Sharaf -Research Activities Current Research Sample Presentations
Environment-Triangle
Engineering
Economics Science
Environmental Engineering & Technology is the Science and
Engineering of mitigation techniques & tools, Remediation Technology &
Standards for :
1. Recycle & Reuse and Reduce
2. Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources including Alternate/Renewable Energy
Sources
3. Optimized designs, Management Tools and Standards to prolong life cycle, safety
and prevent pollution in water, Air and soil.
4. Ensure Personal Safety to personnel and live stock.
5. Reduce waste and especially hazardous waste
6. Enhance quality of living by reducing Environmental/Safety hazards, Noise and all
forms of pollution & Contaminations.
7. Sustainable Development and Green/Conservation Products.
Environmental-Interactions & Requirements Areas:[Mining /Oil & Gas/ Soil Remediation/Transportation /Waste Management/Pollution Abatement]
Soil Water
EnergyAir
Animals Humans
Plants Insects
A
Balanced
B
Harmonious D
Diverse
C
Clean
Electro-technology
The applications of Electrical Engineering Principles and Phenomena in process industries:
Heating, Cooling, smelting and Environmental pollution abatement Systems& Devices with specific
concern to the following
1. Electrical Power Efficiency and Energy Conservation
2. Renewable energy systems (Wind, Photo-voltaic, Fuel Cell, Small Hydro, Hybrid,…..) & utilization
and use in Remote/Isolated Communities.
3. Applications of Electromagnetic (EM) and Electrostatic (ES) fields in process stabilization,
Disinfection, Odor control, Gaseous absorption, Anomaly / Fault / failure, detection using
Electrical Signature FFT Tools, Eddy- Current Mapping/ FFT-Wavelets & Neural Network
Mapping & Identification technologies.
4. Application of AI based-Soft Computing Technologies (ANN, Fuzzy, Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic Algorithms in Fault /Anomaly Detection, Relaying, Control and Safety.
5. Electric Grid Utility Systems :Voltage and Frequency (FACTS-Based) Stabilization, Blackout-Security and Power Quality PQ Enhancement
Promotional Activities
M.Eng / M.Sc.
Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology
Capstone Courses
Courses (PBL) on Environmental Engineering &
Technology
Interdisciplinary & Interfaculty Collaborative Research
Short-Term
Consulting Services office (CSO)
Approach
Student-Annual Environmental design Competition
National International Collaborative Research
Networks of excellence
Seminar U/G Environmental Design projects
Competing in National & International Competitions in Energy & Environmental
NRC (Energy Ambassadors) !! Green-Plug-Winner, OTTAWA 2005
Interfaculty (Science & Engineering) Collaborative Research
Innovative-Teaching by Using Current Research in Teaching !!
Specialized Courses & Programs
C. Courses
“ Environmental Engineering & Technology”
Based on
o Case- Studies
o Invited Guest- Seminars & Lectures
o Project Based Learning -PBL
D. M.Eng / M.Sc. & Research Collaboration
Inter/ Multi-DICPLINARY /Inter-Faculty/Inter-Departmental
Research
(M.Eng /M.Sc) Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology
Environmental Engineering/Technology
Promotion Methodology & Approach
1. Creation of Student-Environmental Innovation Club (SEIC)
2. Annual Green Environmental student Competition
3. Joint Interfaculty Engineering & Science Research using Joint Senior Thesis projects & Co-Supervision of Graduate students
4. Joint Business, Industry and Electric Utility sponsored Value-Added Research.
5. Short-Term Environmental Consulting Services-Office (CESO)
6. National and International Collaborative Research , Research links, Bi-lateral International Research Agreements.
7. Joint International Educational Programs & Research-Initiatives (AL-AHRAM-Cairo-CUC, Middle East, S.E. Asia)
Planned Research Activities
(1) Electricity Power/Energy Conservation & Demand Side Management.
(2) AI-Based Fault Detection and Relaying Protection and Safety Schemes
(3) Harmonic/Noise Mitigation and Power Quality Enhancement
(4) Applications of Ripple orthogonal Pulsating and Rotating Electromagnetic & Electrostatic fields in:-
(a) Germicidal control, sterilization, and Disinfection (Water, Milk, liquids, Hospital, hazardous waste,…)
(b) Zeolite-Enhanced Gaseous-adsorption and Odor control using Air Filters and Muffler systems.
(c) Sick Building mitigation and air filteration systems
(d) Efficient Electro-technology based heating (Resistive, inductive, arc,…) systems
5. Renewable/ alternative dispersed standalone, hybrid and Grid-interconnected electric energy supply systems using wind, small hydro, photovoltaic, fuel cell, Micro Gas turbine, Hybrid Systems.
6. Intelligent Electric Arc/ Fire Detection and Relaying Schemes using harmonic FFT finger printing and Electric Signature Analysis ESA Tools ( for Buildings, commercial Installation, Mining process industries and low- voltage Electric Grid systems..
7. Large Machinery/Motorized and Electromechanical Vibration/Torsional Monitoring and anomaly/failure/fault diagnostics using ANN-Based nonlinear pattern recognition mapping and vector transformations wavelets, Short -Term FFT, Inverse-Cosine, Temporal, Statistical and Abduction Rules.
8. Active Noise (Traffic & Machinery)- Cancellation in Roads & Buildings9. Intelligent Fuzzy logic based decision Making Software.10. Applications of Ground Resistance(-R-ground) Spectra Scans and
Electromagnetic field penetration Mapping in personnel Land-Mine detection & other Archeological Site-Detection
Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities
1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics
2. Wind-Utilization schemes
3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes
4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems
5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)
6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)
7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems
8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control
9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple Electromagnetic
Reformer and Cell Polarization filters
10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Storage/ Reformer Technology using
Plasma(Microwave/Laser/Magnetic Field).
11. LNG/Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells / Micro-Gas turbines)
Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities
1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics
2. Wind-Utilization schemes
3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes
4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems
5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)
6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)
7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems
8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control
9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple Electromagnetic
Reformer and Cell Polarization filters
10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Technology (Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells /
Micro-Gas turbines)
Electrostatic/Electromagnetic Bio-Filter-B Device for Airborne Contaminant
Disinfection
Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, SM IEEE
Summary
Background Methodology
Electrostatic Method Electromagnetic Method
Work Completed Testing
Background
• Reasons for This Project• growing concern for indoor air quality
(e.g. mold, smoke)• allergies, asthma, other respiratory
problems• disease control • threat of biological terrorism, (e.g. Anthrax)
Background• Goal of the Project
• Design and construct a bio-filter using the combined orthogonal electromagnetic and electrostatic EM/EM/ES Principle developed by Dr. Adel M. Sharaf for his Potable Water/Liquid Germicidal/Sterilization/Disinfectant Filters.
Background
HPAC Engineering , January 2002 (http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/pubs/foam.pdf)
Methodology
Electrostatic Effect------E=V/d Process commonly referred to as
“Electrostatic Precipitation” or “Electronic Air Cleaning”
2-stage process; charging stage and collection stage
Effective in filtering particles form .01 to 10 microns
Process consumes relatively low power
Methodology
Dirty Air -
+
-
--
-
-
-- -
--
-
--
-
-
-
-
--
-
AirborneMolecules
NegativeIons
OppositelyCharged Plates
Methodology
Dirty Air -
+
-
--
-
-
-- -
--
-
--
-
-
-
-
--
-
• Airborne molecules collide with negative ions
Methodology• Airborne molecules acquire a negative net charge and collect on the positively charged plate
Dirty Air -
+
-
--
-
-
-- -
- -
-
--
--
-
-
-
-
-
Clean Air
-
--
-
-
-
-
Methodology Electromagnetic Component
FDA study in 2000 demonstrated that many Bacteria/Cysts/Germs/Micro Living organisms could be destroyed by an Oscillating or Pulsed Magnetic Field.
Depends on Applied ripple-frequency, magnetic field strength, and duration of Electric-Pulses.
Pulsed-Non-ionizing Magnetic Low frequency/high frequency magnetic fields PMF-(0-50 kilohertz) can be generated using electromagnetic coils.
Methodology Leading theory states that a
PMF can loosen the covalent bonds between ions and proteins in microorganisms.
Living Micro cells Membrane contains Charged + - ions!!
Ions move in a circular path when entering a perpendicular magnetic field.
The motion causes the protein molecules and ions to oscillate and eventually break the covalent bonds that bind them.
B
Methodology
Initial Design
(DESIGNED BY DR. SHARAF)
OppositelyChargedPlates
NegativeIon
GeneratorNeedles
ElectromagneticCoil
Air Hole
Methodology
Initial Design
(DESIGNED BY DR. SHARAF)Fan
Methodology
Br
E
• E = V/d
E is a function of the Electric Potential divided by the distance between the plates.
Orthogonal Electric and Magnetic Fields
Methodology
l
r d1
d2
B
2r2d1
d1
2r2d2
d2
2l
NIr
μo
μB
l
ANL ro
2
Cross-section of a finite solenoid Magnetic flux density along
the axis of finitely long solenoid.
Inductance of a solenoid
Methodology
• Quick-Field FEM-Software- Simulations
• 2-D finite element analysis program (Free Student Edition)
• Electrostatic simulations based on Poisson’s Equation
• Magnetic simulations are based on vector Poisson’s Equation
Work Completed
Researched several methods of airborne filtration and disinfection including electrostatic and electromagnetic methods.
Simulated magnetic and electric field strengths of the design elements using Quick-Field software.
Initiated the design of dual variable-frequency triggering circuits for electromagnetic coils.
Designed a prototype model using EM/ES with a second enhanced model with UV-ULTRA VIOLET and Sonic Wave generators as an ADD-ON Killing Mechanisms
TESTING
Testing (possibly at NB-RPC or NRC Test facilities.)
Testing for Sterilization/Kill Rate/Germicidal Effect for different:
Applied frequency Flux Density EM- alone EM/ES combined effect EM/ES with ADD-ON UV and US-Ultra-Sonic waves UV-GERMICIDAL Range and US in the range of
20-120 Kilohertz Effect of Air Flow rate
References
1. 1.) Hofmann, G.A. 1985. Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field.
U.S. Patent 4,524,079.2. 3. 2.) Moore, R.L. 1979. Biological effects of magnetic fields. Studies with microorganisms.
Can. J. Microbiol., 25:1145-1151.4. 5. 3.) Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies . U. S.
Food and Drug Administration. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004
6. 7. 4.) Gary Wade and Rifetech. (1998). EXCITING POSSIBILITIES IN PULSED INTENSE
MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY. Rife Healing Energy. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
8. 9. 5.) Aerobiological Engineering: Electrostatic Precipitation. The Pennsylvania State
University Aerobiological Engineering. Available: URL http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/electro.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
10. 11. 6.) What is an Ionizer. What is an Ionizer. Available: URL
http://www.ionizer.com.my/What_is_ionizer.htm. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
QUESTIONS ??
Low Cost Stand-alone RenewablePhotovoltaic/Wind Energy Hybrid-
Utilization Schemes
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf, SM IEEE
Presentation Outline
Introduction
Research Objectives
Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic/Wind Schemes and Error
Driven Controllers
Preliminary Results
Introduction
PV cells
PV modules
PV arrays
PV systems
Stand-alone photovoltaic systems
Hybrid renewable energy systems
The advantages of PV solar energy:
Clean and green energy source that can reduce green
house gases
Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance
Costs little to build and operate
Almost has no environmental polluting impact
Modular and flexible in terms of size, ratings and
applications
Economical uses of stand-alone PV systems:
Small village electricity supply
Water pumping and irrigation systems
Cathodic- protection
Communications
Lighting and small appliances
Emergency power systems and lighting systems
The circuit diagram of the single solar cell
)1( /)(0 xSgg AKTRIVq
phg eIII
I-V characteristics of the single solar cell
gSgphx
g IRI
III
q
AKTV
)ln(
0
0
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear
current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search
and identification of the optimal maximum power operating
point.
MPPT controller is a power electronic DC/DC converter or
DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its
electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching
PV array is able to deliver maximum available solar power
that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy
utilization
I-V and P-V characteristics of a typical PV array at a fixed ambient temperature and solar irradiation condition
I-V characteristics of a typical PV array with various conditions
The performance of any stand-alone PV system depends on:
Electric load operating conditions/Excursions/ Switching
Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)
Solar Insolation/irradiation variations (Sx)
Research Objectives
Develop/test/validate mathematical models for stand-alone photovoltaic PV and PV/wind energy conversion schemes in MATLAB/Simulink/Sim-Power Systems software environment.
Design/test/validate novel maximum photovoltaic power tracking controllers for photovoltaic PV and PV/wind energy conversion schemes namely:
(1) Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive: PV-DC scheme I. (2) Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter: PV-DC scheme II. (3) Photovoltaic DC/AC inverter: PV-AC scheme. (4) Hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme.
Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic/Wind Schemes and Error Driven Controllers
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor
Drive: PV-DC Scheme I
Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter: PV-DC Scheme II
Photovoltaic DC/AC Inverter: PV-AC Scheme
Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor Drive: PV-DC Scheme I
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γw, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-
weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where
is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Dynamic Error Driven Self Adjusting Controller (SAC)
Dynamic tri-loop self adjusting control (SAC) system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γw, γI and γp) and the parameters k0 and β are assigned to minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0
(Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms) t(k)=k·Tsample: Time at step k in seconds
Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter: PV-DC Scheme II
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme for village electricity use
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γw, γi and γv) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-weighted
excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where
is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic error driven sliding mode control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γw and γp) and the parameters C0 and C1 are assigned to
minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0
(Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Photovoltaic DC/AC Inverter: PV-AC Scheme
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/AC inverter scheme for village electricity use
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-
weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where
is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme
Stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to
minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)
where
is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Preliminary Results
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system model using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software
Test Variations of ambient temperature and solar irradiation
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)
For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory
Ig vs. time
Pg vs. time
Vg vs. time
Vg vs. Ig
For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory(Continue)
Pg vs. Ig & Vg
ωref & ωm vs. time
Iam vs. time
ωm vs. Te
For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory
Ig vs. time
Pg vs. time
Vg vs. time
Vg vs. Ig
For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory(Continue)
Pg vs. Ig & Vg
ωref & ωm vs. time
Iam vs. time
ωm vs. Te
The digital simulation results validate the tri-loop dynamic error driven PI controller and ensures:
Good reference speed trajectory tracking with a small overshoot/undershoot and minimum steady state error The motor inrush current Iam is kept to a specified limited value Maximum PV solar power/energy tracking near knee point operation can be also achieved under varying
Insolation /Irradiation Conditions and Load Excursions
Time Line
TaskCurrentProgress
ExpectedEnd Date
Background review
Ongoing Jan. 31, 2005
Model selectingand testing
Ongoing(60%
completed)Feb. 28, 2005
Digital Simulation
Ongoing(50%
completed)Mar. 15, 2005
Thesis writingand compilation
Yet to start Apr. 05, 2005
HIF-ARC FAULT DETECTION
High Impedance Arc-Type Fault-Detection!!!!
(HIF) on Meshed Electrical Distribution/Utilization networks are characterized by an intermittent Arc-type nature and low-level of the fault currents.
Problem to be solve
In the multi-grounded distribution line, there exists a imbalance in three phase loads, therefore, overcurrent ground relays are usually set somewhat high to allow some large neutral currents due to this imbalance.
The detection of low-level ground-currents-GC using any conventional over-current or ground fault type relays is both difficult and sometimes inaccurate.
Each detection method may increase the possibility of the detection for high impedance faults to some extent, but it also has some drawbacks as well. Until now, no technique has offered a complete solution for this HIF Relaying-problem.
The paper presents the application of the cross correlation-Statistical Pattern identification technique as a pattern recognition of high impedance faults (HIFs). The third and fifth harmonics current components are extracted from the fault current using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
Aim of the paper
Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or more inter-Lated variables. The measurement scales used should be at least interval scales, but other correlation coefficients are available to handle other types of data.
CROSS CORRELATION AS AN HIF ARC FAULT-
PATTERN CLASSIFICATION
Following the definition of the cross correlation function between x[n] and y[n] Variables given by (1).
where k is a delay units.
(1)
The cross correlation functions of power signals are redefined such that the summations and integrations are replaced by averages. For two discrete power signals x[n] and y[n] the cross correlation function is defined as (2):
This Summation-Feature of pattern classification is used for HIF ARC FAULT detection on Electric Grids
(2)
The HIF Fault-Detection Technique is based on a novel low frequency (the third and fifth harmonic feature diagnostic vector).
OVERALL PROCEDURE OF THE TECHNIQUE
The instantaneous current values at feeder substation buses shown in Fig. 1 are captured and transformed into frequency domain using one cycle Fast Fourier Transform- FFT.
The FFT harmonic current vectors extraction [i3] and [i5] are processed to obtain a feature vector.
The current pattern is classified using the cross correlation function given in (2).
S R
R1
F2 F1
X km
FFT
Pattern Classification
Fault Vector Feature
HIF
with Linear or Non-linear ARC
The slop of the Cross Correlation Function “XCF“ can be calculated to discriminate between a linear and non-linear arc-type fault conditions
Threshold
• If the slop of “XCF“ goes lower than some THR_SLOP value, the technique will identify that the fault is a linear HIF
• If the slop of “XCF“ goes higher than a THR_SLOP value, HIF is identified as a non-linear arc fault
The Test Electric-Utility Grid system includes a 138 kV. X is taken in per unit length. Data for verifying the proposed technique was generated by modeling the selected system using the Matlab/Simulink model
SYSTEM
The model
ic1v1
if
ic2
p1
is2
p2
1
den(s)
x line
iF
vF
i25
i23
i1
v1
v25
p5
p3
v23
i5
i3
v5
v3
p25
t
p1
p23
v2
i2
p2Source B
Source A
Scope
1
7e-3s+0.7
Rs Ls1
1
7e-3s+0.7
Rs Ls
In1Out1
NLL Linear/NL
In1Out1
LN
1s
1s
-K-
-K-
-K-
-K-
v2
i2
p2
v3v5i3i5
p3p5
FT1
v1
i1
p1
v3v5i3i5
p3p5
FT
-K-
1/(c*x)
-K-
1/(c*(l-x))
1
den(s)
(1-x) line
is1
i1
i2
The Performance of the Proposed Arc detection Scheme is tested for different Arc conditions,distances,Arc Types,..
TEST RESULTS
Performance of the HIF-SAFTEY Relay for a phase-a-to ground fault on the transmission line is shown in the following figure i3-vs-i5
The fault is located at 30% of transmission line length from R1
Effect of Internal Linear Fault
The corresponding computed “XCF“ for R1 has positive value. For the selected threshold boundary THR_SLOP, the “XCF“ slop is lower than this boundary. This indicates that the fault is a linear fault.
The computed [i3] and [i5] pattern is shown in Figure. The corresponding computed “XCF“ for R1 has very rise value 1.6E-02. For the selected threshold boundary, the “XCF“ does cross the selected threshold boundary
Effect of Internal Non-Linear Fault
The paper introduced a novel low order harmonic current pattern for HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT ARC detection and discrimination.
CONCLUSIONS
The technique is based on analyzing the Harmonic i3-vs-i5 current pattern shape.
The suggested technique was tested under different HIF-ARC fault conditions.
The paper introduced a novel low order harmonic current pattern for HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT ARC detection and discrimination.
The great selectivity and reliability are the main features in discrimination between linear and non-linear arc faults.
Electric Utility-Voltage Stabilization And Reactive Compensation Using A Novel FACTS- STATCOM Scheme
Professor Dr. A.M. Sharaf Department of Electrical/Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick
PO Box 4400-UNB, Fredericton, N.B., Canada, E3B 5A3Email : [email protected]
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
• STATCOM Definition
The Static Synchronous Compensator is a shunt-connected reactive
power compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing
reactive power at a given bus location and in which the output can be
varied.
• Structure
It consists of a step-down transformer with leakage reactance , a
three phase GTO voltage source converter (VSC), and a DC side-capacitor.
The AC voltage difference across the interface transformer leakage
reactance XT produces reactive power exchange between the STATCOM
local bus and the power system bus at the point of shunt interface.
OBJECTIVES
• STATCOM-FACTS DEVICE!!!!
• FLEXILE AC TRANSMISSION DEVICE = ELECTRONIC
CONVERTERS+FLEXIBLE CONTROLLER for Electric UTILITY
SECURITY/STABILITY and RELIABILITY Enhancement!!!
• Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;
• Power electromechanical-oscillation damping in power transmission system;
• Transient stability Enhancement;
• Voltage flicker control; and
• Possible control of not only the reactive power Q but also the active power in the
connected line, this requires a sustainable dc side energy source (Battery or DC source).
• THE STATCOM DEVICE is A VOLTAGE STABILIZATION THAT ENHANCES
GRID SYSTEM SECURITY/STABILITY AND RELIABILITY and REDUCES
ROLLING- BLACKOUTS!!!!!!!!!!!
• The exchange of reactive Power Can be controlled by varying the
amplitude of Es.
• If Es>Et, the reactive power flow from the VSC STATCOM to AC
system (Capacitive Operation).
Figure1: The STATCOM principle diagram
• If Es<Et, the reactive power flow from the AC System Bus to the Converter (Inductive Operation).
• If Es = Et, STATCOM is (floating non-active state) only P small flow.
• The net instantaneous power at the ac output terminals must always be equal to the net instantaneous power at dc-input terminals by neglecting switching losses.
• The converter simply interconnects the three phase terminals so that the reactive output phase currents can flow freely among them.
• Although the reactive current is generated by the action of the solid state switches. The capacitor is still needed to provide a circulating current path as well as act as voltage source storage.
Electrical & Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of New Brunswick Digital Simulation Model
Figure 2: Sample three-bus study Grid Utility system with the STATCOM located at Bus B2.
Three Phase AC Source Active Power (PL2) 0.7 [pu]
Rated Voltage 230*1.03[kV] Reactive Power (QL2) 0.5 [pu]
Frequency 60 [Hz] Laod 3
Short Circuit Level 10000 [MVA] Active Power (PL3) 0.6 [pu]
Base Voltage 230 [kV] Reactive Power (Qc3) 0.4 [pu]
X/R 8 STATCOM
Transmission Line Primary Voltage 138 kV
Resistance 0.05 [pu] Secondary Voltage 15 kV
Reactance 0.2 [pu] Nominal Power 100 MVAR
Power Transformer Frequency 60 [Hz]
Nominal Power 300 [MVA] Equivelant Capacitance 750 µF
Frequency 60 [Hz] Coupling Transformer
Prim. Winding Voltage 230 [kV] Nominal Power 100 [MVA]
Sec. Winding Voltage 33 [kV] Frequency 60 [Hz]
Magnitization Resistsnce 500 Prim. Winding Voltage 138 [kV]
Magnitization Reactnace 500 Sec. Winding Voltage 230 [kV]
Three Phase Loads GTO Switches
Laod 1 Snubber Resistance 1e5 [ohm]
Active Power (PL1) 1 [pu] Snubber Capacitance inf
Reactive Power (QL1) 0.8 [pu] Internal Resistance 1e-4 [ohm]
Load 2 No. of Bridge arm 3
Table 1: Table of selected power system parameters
48 Pulse Voltage Source Converter
Figure 3: 48-pulse Voltage Source Converter STATCOM-Building Block.
Figure 4: output phase voltage for the 6, 12 and 48-pulse VSC.
Output Phase Voltage of the 6 pulse VSC STATCOM
Time ... 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 ... ... ...
-1.25
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Phas
e Vo
ltage
VnaOutput phase voltage of the 12 pulse VSC STATCOM
0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 ... ... ...
-1.25
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Phas
e Vo
ltage
Vna
0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
48
pu
lse
con
ver
ter
ou
tpu
t v
olt
age
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
6 pulse VSC 12 pulse VSC 48 pulse VSC
%T
HD
5th 7th
Decoupled (d-q) current controller
Figure 5: Proposed STATCOM Decoupled Current Control System.
PI Controller
Electrical & Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of New Brunswick• The new control system is based on a decoupled current control strategy
using decoupled direct and quadrature current components of the
STATCOM AC current.
• The supplementary additional damping regulator is to correct the phase
angle of the STATCOM device voltage, , with respect to the positive/
negative sign of this variations.
• The operation of the STATCOM-FACTS scheme is Validated for both
capacitive and inductive modes of operations.
Dynamic Performance of the STATCOM
STATCOM ENSURES SYSTEM SECURITY!!!!
The STATCOM Validated for both Capacitive & Inductive modes of operations under
the following System load disturbance.
Load Switching
1- At t = 0.5 Sec, Load 2 (PL2 = 0.7 pu & QL2=0.5 pu) is added to load 1 (PL1 = 1 pu &
QL1=0.8 pu) that connected from beginning.
2- At t = 1 Sec, Capacitive Load 3 (PL3 = 0.6 pu & QL3=0.4 pu) is added to load 1& 2
3- At t = 1.5 Sec., both loads 1 & 2 are removed
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Bus Voltage (B2) Real Transmitted Pow er Reactive Transmitted Pow er
pu
Without STATCOM With STATCOM
Figure 5: Comparison of Bus Voltage VB2, PL and QL for uncompensated and compensated system.
Digital Simulation Results
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.51.5-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Time (sec)
Ph
ase
Dis
pla
cem
ent
(Deg
ree)
Converter Phase Displacement () vs t
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.50.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1Terminal Voltage of the STATCOM
Time (sec)
Ter
min
al V
olt
age
(pu
)
STATCOMConnetced
Load 2Injected
Load 3Injected Load 2,3
Rejected
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.50
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
4 Capacitor dc Voltage
Time (sec)
Vd
c
STATCOMConnetced
Load 2Injected
Load 3Injected
Load 2,3Rejected
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.10.1 0.5 1.51.5-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
P&
Q o
f th
e S
TA
TC
OM
(p
u)
Active & Reactive Power of STATCOM vs t
Q
P
STATCOMConnected
Load 2Connected
Load 3Connected
Load 2, 3Rejected
Capacitive Mode
Inductive Mode
Figure 6 : The digital simulation results of the STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.71.53-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
Vs
& I
s o
f th
e (V
SC
) S
TA
TC
OM
Voltage & Current of the (VSC) STATCOM
VsIsCapacitive Mode Inductive Mode
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Time (sec)
Id&
Iq C
om
po
ne
nts
of t
he
ST
AT
CO
M c
urr
en
t (p
u) direct & quadrature Components of STATCOM currents
Id
Iq
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.5 1.50.1-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Time (sec)
P&
Q o
f T
he T
rans
. Lin
e (p
u)
Active & Reactive Power of Trans.Line vs t
P
Q
STATCOMConnected
Load 2Injected
Load 3Injected
Load 2, 3Rejetced
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time (sec)
Id &
Iq
Com
pone
nts
of th
e T
ran.
Lin
e C
urre
nt (
pu)
direct & quadrature Components of T.L Current
Iq
Id
Figure 7 : The digital simulation results of The STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.
Digital Simulation Results
1,2
NB:(THD) is at minimum value due to the use of 48 pulse (VSC) Converter
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.51.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Time (sec)
Vm
eas.
& V
ref
of
the
ST
AT
CO
M C
on
tro
ller Measured & Reference Voltage of the STATCOM Controller
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (sec)
Iqm
& I
qre
f (p
u)
Measured & Reference Quadrature Current (pu)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.1
Time (sec)
TH
D
Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter Voltage
Figure 8: Reference & Measured Voltage as the input of Voltage regulator.
Figure 9: Reference & Measured current as
the input of current regulator.
Figure 10: The Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter output voltage.
Conclusion
1) This paper presented a novel full STATCOM 48 pulse model of cascade converter and
its use for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. A detailed model of the ±100 MVAR
STATCOM has been developed and connected to the 230 kV AC grid network in order to provide the
required reactive compensation. The full 48 pulse model of STATCOM is controlled by a novel dual
loop current decoupled controller and the STATCOM facts device is validated as an effective reactive
power compensator and Voltage stabilization scheme. The control process has been developed based
on a decoupled current strategy using (D and Q decoupled) STATCOM current.
2) The operation of the STATCOM is validated in both capacitive and inductive operational
modes in the sample power transmission system. The dynamic simulation results have demonstrated
the high quality of the 48 pulse STATCOM for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation
while the system subjected to disturbances such as switching different types of loads. The full 48
pulse model can be utilized in other Facts Based Devices such as :
Active Power Filters APF and new hybrid stabilization topologies using new DPF/SCC!!!
THE proposed device can ensure Dynamic- Voltage Stability, reduce BLACKOUTS and Enhance Grid
system Security and Stability!!!
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf, SM IEEE
University of New Brunswick
May 1-4, 2005
A Novel On-line Intelligent Shaft-Torsional Oscillation Monitor for Large Induction Motors and Synchronous Generators
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Introduction-SSR FAILURE MODES
• Modeling details for -Synchronous generators -Induction motors
• Sample dynamic simulation results
• Conclusions
Introduction
• Sub-Synchronous Resonance is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined electrical and mechanical system below the synchronous frequency of the system.
• Example of SSR oscillations:
• SSR was first discussed in 1937
• Two shaft failures at Mohave Generating Station (Southern Nevada, 1970’s)
What is Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)?
L
Cer x
xf
LCf 0
1
2
1
Where:
- Synchronous Frequency = 60 Hz
- Electrical Frequency
- Inductive Line Reactance - Capacitive Bank Reactance
erssr fff 0
0f
Subsynchronous Frequency:
erf
Lx
Cx
Introduction
• Categories of SSR Interactions:
Torsional Modes: Electrical-Mechanical –Resonance-Interactions:
Induction generator effect
Shaft torque amplification
Combined effect of torsional interaction and induction generator
Self-excitation
• Other sources for excitation of SSR oscillations
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
HVDC Converter
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Variable Speed Drive Converter
Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Figure 1. Sample Series Compensated Turbine-Generator and Infinite Bus System
Sample Study System
Figure 2. Turbine-Generator Shaft Model Table 1. Mechanical Data
Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Figure 3. Matlab/Simulink Unified System Model for the Sample Turbine- Synchronous Generator and Infinite Bus System
Modeling for Induction Motor
Figure 4. Induction Motor Unified Study- System Model
The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme
Figure 5. Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) SchemeDetect SSR Oscillations and Possible Damage to Mechanical System!!!
The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme
Figure 6. Matlab Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) Scheme with Synthesized Special Indicator Signals ( ) ,,,
)cos(sin* 00 twtwis
)cos(sin* 00 twtwis
/
- The result signal of (LPF, HPF, BPF)
0w = 377 –Radians/Second
T0 = 0.15 s, T1 = 0.1 s,
T 2 = 0.1s, T3 = 0.02 s
Control System Design
Figure 7. DFC Device Using Synthesized Damping Signals ( ) Magnitudes ,,
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 8. Monitoring -Synthesized Signals ( ) Under Short Circuit Fault Conditions
without DFC Compensation without DFC Compensation
,,,
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 9. Monitoring Synthesized Signals ( ) Under Short Circuit Fault Conditions ,,,
with DFC Compensation with DFC Compensation
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 10. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response Under Short Circuit Fault Condition
without DFC Compensation without DFC Compensation
Simulation Results for Induction Motor
Without Damping DPF Device With Damping DPF Device
Figure 11. Monitoring Signals P & Q Figure 12. Monitoring Signals P & Q
Simulation Results for Induction
Motor Without Damping DPF Device With Damping DPF Device
Figure 13. Shaft Torque Oscillatory Dynamic Response
Figure 14. Load Power versus Current, Voltage Phase Portrait
Conclusions
• For both synchronous generators and induction motor drives, the SSR shaft Unstable-Torsional oscillations can be monitored using the online Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) scheme.
• The ISM monitor is based on the shape of these 2-d and 3-dimensional phase portraits recognition and polarity of synthesized signals
• The proposed Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) scheme is validated for SSR torsional modes damping
• Transformed / Synthesized Signals atre used in Detection of Faults/Safety/Anomaly detection using Pattern Recognition Tools.
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