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How much load can one theory carry!
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Rise of Dynamic Equivalence
1964-1986
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Formula for Dynamic Equivalence:
. . . the receptor in the circle culture should beable, within his own culture, to respond to themessage as given in his language, in
substantially the same manner as the receptorin the triangle culture responded, within thecontext of his own culture, to the message ascommunicated to him in his own language.
(Nida, 1964 TST p. 149)
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Dynamic Equivalence Model of
Analysis Transfer Restructuring
(Nida, Taber, 1969 p. 33)
A (Source) B (Receptor)
(Analysis) (Restructuring)
X (Transfer) Y
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Is translating, for example, an art or a science? Is it askill which can only be acquired by practice, or arethere certain procedures which can be described andstudied? The truth is that practice in translating has far
outdistanced theory; and though no one will deny theartistic elements in good translating, linguists andphilologists are becoming increasingly aware that theprocesses of translation are amenable to rigorous
description. When we speak of the science oftranslating, we are of course concerned with thedescriptive aspect; for just as linguistics may beclassified as a descriptive science, so the transferenceof a message from one language to another is likewise
a valid subject for scientific description. Those whohave insisted that translation is an art, and nothingmore, have often failed to probe beneath the surface ofthe obvious principles and procedures that govern itsfunctioning. (Nida 1964, TST p. 3)
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Major Publications in Bible Translation
Theory and Practice:Nida, Eugene Bible Translating (1947, 1961)Nida, Eugene Toward a Science of Translating (1964)Nida, Eugene, Charles Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation(1969)Beekman, John, John Callow Translating the Word of God. (1974)Barnwell, Katharine Introduction to Semantics and Translation: with special
reference to Bible translation. (1980)Nida, Eugene, William Reyburn Meaning Across Cultures (1981)Nida, Eugene, Jan de Waard From One Language to Another (1986)Price James D. Complete Equivalence in Bible Translation. (1987)Barnwell, Katharine Bible Translation: An Introductory Course for Mother-Tongue Translators. (1990)
Gutt, Ernst-August Relevance Theory: A Guide to SuccessfulCommunication in Translation.(1991)Wilt, Timothy (ed.) Bible Translation: Frames of Reference (2003)Price, James D. A Theory for Bible Translation: An Optimal EquivalenceModel. (2007)Wendland, Ernst Contextual Frames of Reference in Translation (2008)
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TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory deepstructureanalysis
translationprocess
classes oflexicalsymbols
target audience reader response
dynamicequivalence
kernels analysis-transfer-restructuring
object words,event words,abstracts,relationals
non-Christian adequacy of the translation mustbe judged in terms of the waypeople respond to it
functional
equivalence
kernels analysis-transfer-restructuring
object words,event words,abstracts,
relationals
Christian sociosemiotic approach tomeaning understanding impacton original hearers
meaning-based
translation
Beekman-Callow
Barnwell
Larson
propositions discover,transfermeaning
Thing, Event,Abstraction,Relation
someone whohas had little or nocontact withChristianity
dynamic fidelity does not requirean answer to all the questionswhich might be raised about atopic under discussion
propositions discover,
transfermeaning
events,
attributes
as intelligible as
possible to non-Christians, whilerecognizing thatcertain parts ofScripture areaddressedspecifically toChristians
hearers from the Receptor
Language culture will be able tounderstand correctly the meaningthat the original author intendedto communicate
propositions discover,transfermeaning
things, events,attributes,relations
any averagespeaker of thelanguage
how can you really measureresponse?
optimal
equivalence
kernels analysis-transfer-restructuring
nouns, verbs,adjectives,adverbs,
prepositions,conjunctions
the audienceselected by theproject guidelines
not a necessary ingredient of atranslation theory if translationaccurate, response is purely the
outcome of free will
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Communication Theories
Code Model vs. Inference Model ofCommunication
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Major Publications for Relevance
Theory
Sperber D and Wilson D 1986. Relevance:Communication and Cognition. HarvardUniversity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Gutt Ernst-August 1991. Translation andRelevance : Cognition and Context.Oxford, UK ; Cambridge, Mass., USA : B.
Blackwell, 1991
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Observations andConclusions about Bible
Translation and Theory
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Equivalence Theories
Schools of general translation studies havemostly rejected equivalence as not possibleDynamic equivalence, intended to bedescriptive, has become prescriptive andpolarizedEquivalence tends to a microscopic look attranslation rather than holistic look
Useful primarily as a pedagogical approach,and to help in restructuring betweenlanguagesBest understood as a palette of possibilities
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Equivalence as a Bible translation
norm, a palette or cline
Formal Functional Dynamic Cultural
Optimal
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Scientific Translation
A scientific method is a repeatable procedurewith the same results each time
Scientific translation is more a description of
machine translation than of humantranslation
We still know very little if anything about the
actual mental process of translation, certainlynot enough to describe it scientifically
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Descriptive Translation
The establishment of norms rather thanrules is one of the goals of descriptivetranslation studies (DTS)
DTS promotes the study of translations morethan of translation
DTS utilizes a broad definition of translationthat would also include storying andadaptation
DTS in Bible translation studies is very new,so the results are still not in
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Functionalist Approach to
Translation and Skopostheorie
The translation brief is an intelligentway of laying out the goals andfunctions of the translation project
Skopostheorie tends to have a marketaspect tied into it, since in general
translation so much depends on theclients wishes and intentions
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The Cultural Turn
All theories and writings over the last 20+years have swung much more to social andcultural issues related to translation
A translator should not just be bilingual butalso bicultural as much as possibleThe mediation of the translation process bywestern personnel is a potential danger to
the cultural transferA major goal of training approaches shouldbe to help the translator to understand theancient culture of the biblical world
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What about Relevance Theory?
Is it relevant?No major school of generaltranslation studies has adopted it
Applies best to live conversation
Applies clearly to the process of
teaching and interpreting the Bible,but not as clearly to translating it astranslation has been understood in
the past
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Possible Ways to Cope with Bible
Translation Theories
Pick one and hang on for dear life
Chuck them all and be an artist
Take a dab of this and a dab of that
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Hebrews 4:13 (Geneva Bible)
For the worde of God is liuely, andmightie in operation, and sharper thenany two edged sword, and entreththrough, euen vnto the diuiding asunderof the soule and the spirit, and of the
ioints, and the marow, and is a discernerof the thoughtes, and the intents of theheart.