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• During the first section we discussed basics of marine science.
• Now we’ll begin taking a look at marine life and all of it’s diversity.
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The MicrobialWorld
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Introduction
• We begin our survey of ocean life with the smallest of marine organisms, the bacteria and archea.
• Both groups contain members which are capable of photosynthesis an are known as primary producers.
• These primary producers are responsible for directly or indirectly feeding most marine organisms.
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Whale shark, Rhincodon typus
From the largest…
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To the smallest…
Octopus larvae
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Prokaryotes
• The first organisms we will consider will be the prokaryotes.
• Prokaryotes are the smallest, simplest (and oldest) organisms around.
• Unlike other animals we will study, prokaryotes lack a nucleus.
• Two main categories of prokayotes are Archea and Bacteria
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• Marine bacteria take on many shapes, including spheres such as Thiomargarita namibiensis, a benthic bacteria which can be seen with the naked eye.
• Other shapes include rods, rings and spirals.
• Some may form into large calcium containing mounds (stromatolites).
• Still others break down organics and cycle nutrients. Stromatolites, Exuma Cays, B.I
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Life and Death
• Perhaps one of the most interesting evolutions of bacteria cocerns the development of bioluminescence and toxins (tetrodotoxin).
• Whether used as a flashlight fish’s trick for attracting prey, or giving a good buzz to your fugu sushi, bacteria occupy some amazing niches in the marine world!
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Cyanobacteria:Red Tide
• Planktonic spp. such as cyanobacteria (which can cause red tides) often multiply very rapidly. • The contain red pigments!
Go figure…
• Red tides (Karenia brevis)-can be caused by
dinoflagellates too (photo).
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Archaea: Extreme ConditionsArchaea: Extreme Conditions• Archaea are similar to bacteria, but they are able to tolerate
conditions most other bacteria wouldn’t be caught dead around...okay, maybe they would be caught dead hear!
• Some are able to tolerate temperatures near hydrothermal vents (176°F, 80°C).
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Prokaryotic Metabolism
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How do you eat??
• Many bacteria (autotrophs) are perfectly capable of feeding themselves, making their own organic compounds by photo- or chemosynthesis.
• Bacterial photosynthesis can be different than that found in plants (i.e. you might produce S instead of O2).
• Some autotrophs which produce methane as products are being used to meet our energy needs.
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How do you eat (cont.)??• Bacteria which utilize other sources of carbon (organics) to
exist are known as heterotrophs.
• Many heterotrophs are involved in decay processes and some even exist in anoxic (no O2) conditions.
• Still others are actively fixing nitrogen from gas to molecules which other animals can use as food during primary production.
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Unicellular Algae• Being composed of one cell isn’t an evolutionary dead
end.
• Alagae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Radiolarans all have been aound for millions of years (if not billions).
• Being eukaryotic, unicellular organisms such as these use a variety of methods to eat, metabolize, and reproduce.
• As a group these organisms are known as Protist!
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• Diatoms contain many organelles that enable them to exist under potentially harsh conditions.
• Most diatoms constist of strikingly delicate outter shells of SiO2 (frustules) which provide limited protection and light penetration.
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Diatoms reproduce asexually (cell division) and sexually (auxospore), depending on external conditions.
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Dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra
Dinoflagellates exhibit two flagella which permit movement.
Groove
Theca
One flagella is located within thegroove and the otheris located at the lower end (not visible).
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Slilicoflagellates are characterized by star-shaped internalskeletons. Some may be used for aging marine sediments.
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Still others, like these Coccolithophorids are surrounded by shells of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and are responsible for significant primary production!
Umbilicosphaera sibogae
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• Some eukaryotes are more like animals than like plants!
• In fact, having a single cell is about the only thing that these critters have in common with other eukaryotes we have observed.
• Foraminiferans and radiolarans utilize specialized pseudopodia (spine-like projections) to capture food.
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The outer shell, or test,is made of CaCO3 and serves as a protectivestructure.
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Ciliates are protozoans which utilize cillia for feeding and in some cases locomotion.
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Bahia Fosforescente, Puerto Rico
At night this bay is illuminated by Pyrodinium bahamense, a phosphorescent dinoflagellate.
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