Bert De Bievre, Miguel Saravia, Luis Acosta
Chiang Mai, september 2011
Drivers in the Andes
Relevant conditions in Andes
Relevant conditions in Andes (1)
(very) high mountains with a lot of people in them
Extremely variable conditions
Altitude range0 - 6746 (masl)
Bolivia 252 - 6542Colombia 0 - 5750Ecuador 0 - 6267Perú 0 - 6746
Precipitation range
31 – 9000 (mm/year)
Bolivia 200 - 5000Colombia 300 – 9000Ecuador 125 - 6000Perú 31 – 3838
Source: Principales indicadores de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas1998 – 2007 (SGCA, 2008c), (PNUMA & SGCA, 2003), Fondo Mundial para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (WWF).
INDICATOR BOLIVIA COLOMBIA ECUADOR PERÚCAN
(2005)
Population (millions)
9,4 44,9 13,2 27,3 94,8
Urban (%) 64 77 63 73 72Rural (%) 36 23 37 27 28Data from CEPALSTAT (CEPAL, 2008)
Relevant conditions in Andes (2)
Mountain rivers with limited regulation capacity
Very high temporal variability of water availability in sources:Small catchments in case of high altitude offtakesHigh dependence on few regulation mechanisms: peatlands, glaciersLittle regulation infrastructure
Relevant conditions in Andes (3)
Water demand at high altitudesDependent on regulation mechanisms at even higher altitude, where groundwater regulation is almost unexistent
Relevant conditions in Andes (4)
• Water demand in lower river reach very variable (Peru’s coastal desert: very high, Amazon tributaries: very low)
Source: ANA Perú 2010
Relevant conditions in Andes (5)
• Traditional knowledge and technologies to manage natural resources
Important drivers in Andes
Important drivers in Andes (1)
Urbanization: drastic increase in urban population, rural population more or less stable. Causes geographical concentration of water demand
Source: Presentation “Water Management and Climate Change”, by Axel Dourojeanni, Lima 2010.
Source: Estrategia Andina para GIRH, CAN 2010.
Important drivers in Andes (2)
Free trade agreements boost agroindustry for export, but large differences between countries
Important drivers in Andes (3)
Land degradation: loss of regulation capacity in mountain catchments
• Some spontaneous recuperation in abandoned land (migration)• Doubts on reversibility
Important drivers in Andes (3)
Land degradation: loss of regulation capacity in mountain catchments
Source: Wouter Buytaert, 2010.
Proyecto Cerro Negro
Proyecto Maqui Maqui
Proyecto La Quinua
Proyecto CarachugoÌ
Ì Ì
Ì
Ì
Proyecto Yanacocha Norte
ÌProyecto Yanacocha Sur
Cajamarca
#
Ubicación antiguaLaguna Yanacocha
Coordenadas Proyección UTMDatum: Psad 56
LAGUNA YANACOCHA
ANTES DE LAS OPERACIONES MINERAS (1992)
UBICACIÓN (Composit 1999)
AHORA (2006)
N
Important drivers in Andes (3)
Important drivers in Andes (3)
Important drivers in Andes (4)
Climate change: vertical altitudinal moves certain, everything else very uncertain
Important drivers in Andes (4)
Climate change: vertical altitudinal moves certain, everything else very uncertain
GCr Par PnH PnX BMs BMsd Arb PrP
Región A1B.1039
Are
a(K
m2 )
-10
00
10
02
00
30
0
PérdidaEstableGanancia
GCr Par PnH PnX BMs BMsd Arb PrP
Región A1B.4069
Are
a(K
m2 )
-10
00
10
02
00
30
04
00 Pérdida
EstableGanancia
Projected changes in ecosystems area: the higher ecosystems only loose, the lower ones loose and gain (Cuesta et al., 2010)
Important drivers in Andes (4)
Climate change: vertical altitudinal moves certain, everything else very uncertain
Range of projected annual rainfall
Responses for Andes
Responses (1)
Urbanization: focus on catchments supplying water to large cities (e.g. water funds), campaigning for reduction of demand, large infrastructure to bring in water from further away.
Responses (2)
Agroindustry: Interest for catchment, very recent (!), especially Peru
Example: Design of PES in Rio Cañete basin
Responses (3)
Land degradation: conservation of critical ecosystems (paramo, puna wetlands), in lower areas little response
Responses (4)
Climate change: adaptation actions
Whole lot of projects, governmental at national and local scale, and non-governmental
Nothing really new: Integrated Water Resources Management Integrated Catchment Management Typically reforestation with low positive hydrological impact or
even negative impact
Responses (5)
From Payment for Environmental Services to Benefit Sharing: Inventory shows that few cases in Andes
meet criteria to be Payment for Environmental Services
Large variety of Benefit Sharing MechanismsStrong resistance to PES in countries like
Ecuador and Bolivia, now almost forbidden by law
Responses (6)
Integrated Water Resources Management
Efforts to update legislation and institutional framework– New Water Law, without success in most countries– Framework for basin organizations/authorities
In absence of legal framework, Municipalities establish partnerships to manage catchments
Contacts:[email protected]@condesan.orgwww.condesan.org