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Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause fatality.
—Royal society for the prevention of accidents
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High anger drivers are likely to drive faster and are twice as likely to crash.
—Deffenbacher,2002
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Design Practice Drive HappyGroup 1
: )
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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Problem Situation
● Studies have shown emotions can affect driving performance and behaviour. !
● Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause fatality.!
● Men under 30 have the highest risk of falling asleep at the wheel.
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Literature Review• Jackson et al (2013): Drivers deprived of sleep for 24
hours had significant cognitive impairment and more incidents whilst driving compared to awake drivers.!
• Blazejewski et al (2012): Drowsy driving increases your chances of being involved in an accident almost as much as drunk driving. !
• National Sleep Foundation (2005): 60% of American drivers admit to driving drowsy within the past year, also 37% have fallen asleep at the wheel at least once (and 13% of those admit to doing it at least once a month).
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Literature Review!
● Zillman (1971) : High anger drivers are more likely to be in an angry state when getting in the car and react badly to provocative events.!
● Deffenbacher (2002) : High anger drivers are likely to drive faster and are twice as likely to crash.!
● Underwood (1999) : Trait driving anger correlates with amount of traffic violations.
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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“The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 1: Steering Wheel Cover with sensors to monitor !
● Heart Rate
● Pressure
● Facial Expressions
!
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“The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 2: Smartphone/Web App !
● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful” routes
● User Statistics
● Plug-in to Google Maps
!
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“The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 3: Billboard at Petrol / Service Stations !
● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful” routes
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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Design Process: Initial Sketches
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Design Process: Initial Sketches
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Design Process: Research
Sleepiness !
● 95% want to be made aware.!
● 71% prefer light and audio feedback.!
● 29% prefer audio feedback.
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Design Process: Research
Anger / Stress !
● 24% want to be made aware.!
● 69% prefer light, 6% prefer audio, 25% prefer light and sound.!
● Calming strategies: 56% prefer music or breathing exercises.
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Design Process: Physical Prototype
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Design Process: Physical Prototype
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Design Process: Physical Prototype
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Design Process: User Testing
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Design Process: User Testing
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Interfaces: Web app
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Interfaces: Mobile app
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Interfaces: Billboard Mockup
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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Scenario 1: Sleepy Driver
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Scenario 2: Angry Driver
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Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work
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Further Work
● Further user testing – in-car testing !
● Higher fidelity prototypes - skin conductance !
● In-app navigation / overlay to Google Maps !
● Further research into security / privacy issues
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Questions?
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: )
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References
• Blazejewski, S., Girodet, P.-O., Orriols, L., Capelli, A., Moore, N. (2012); "Factors associated with serious traffic crashes: a prospective study in southwest France"; Archives of internal medicine, 2012, Vol.172(13), pp.1039-41!!
• Deffenbacher J. L., Deffenbacher D. M., Lynch R.S., Richards T. L. (2003); "Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: a comparison of high and low anger drivers"; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003, Vol.41(6), pp.701-718!!
• DePasquale, J. P., Geller, E. S., Clarke, S. W., Littleton, L. C. (2001); "Measuring road rage: development of the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale"; Journal of Safety Research, 2001, Vol.32(1), pp.1-16!!
• Dukes, R. L., Clayton, S. L., Jenkins, L. T., Miller, T. L., Rodgers, S. E. (2001); "Effects of aggressive driving and driver characteristics on road rage"; The Social Science Journal, 2001, Vol.38(2), pp.323-331!!
• Galovski, T. E., Blanchard, E. B. (2004); "Road rage: a domain for psychological intervention?"; Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2004, Vol.9(2), pp.105-127!!
• Glenn Gunzelmann , L. Richard Moore Jr. , Dario D. Salvucci , Kevin A. Gluck (2010); “Sleep loss and driver performance: Quantitative predictions with zero free parameters”; Cognitive Systems Research 12 (2011) 154–163
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References
!• Gulian E., Glendon A. I., Matthews G., Davies D. R., Debney L. M. (1990); "The stress of driving: A diary
study"; Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work,Health & Organisations, 4:1, 7-16!!
• Healey, J., Picard, R. (2000); "SmartCar: detecting driver stress"; Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Sept. 2000, Vol.4, pp.218-221!!
• Jackson, M. L., Croft, R. J., Kennedy, G. A., Owens, K., Howard, M. E. (2013); "Cognitive components of simulated driving performance: Sleep loss effects and predictors"; Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2013, Vol.50, pp.438-444!!
• Jeff Robbins(2010);”GPS Navigation...But What is it Doing To Us?”;IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society!!
• Krajewski, J., Golz, M., Schnieder, S., Schnupp, T., Heinze, C., Sommer, D. (2010); “Detecting Fatigue from Steering Behaviour Applying Continuous Wavelet Transform”; ACM 2010 ISBN: 978-1-60558-926-8/10/08!!
• Michael Biermann, M., Hoppe,T., Dittmann,J., Vielhauer, C. (2008); “Vehicle Systems: Comfort & Security Enhancement of Face/Speech Fusion with Compensational Biometric Modalities”; ACM 978-1-60558-058-6/08/9!
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References
• National Sleep Foundation (2005) "Sleep in America Poll, Summary of Findings”!!
• Novaco, R., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., Stokols, J. (1979); "Transportation, Stress, and Community Psychology"; American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979, Vol.7(4), pp.361-380!!
• The World Bank. (2013). The World Bank. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from The World Bank Web Site: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3/countr ies/1W-GB?display=default!!
• Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Wright, S., Crundall, D. (1999); "Anger While Driving”; Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 1999, Vol.2(1), pp.55-68 !!
• Zillmann, D. (1971); "Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior"; Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1971, Vol.7(4), pp.419-434!
!• Driver Fatigue and Road Accidents. (n.d.). The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Retrieved
November 20, 2013 from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Web Site: http://www.rospa.com/roadsafety/adviceandinformation/driving/driverfatigue/factsheet.aspx!!
• Think Direct. (n.d); Retrieved November 20, 2013, from The Think Direct Web Site: http://think.direct.gov.uk/fatigue.html