Drill Core
Airborne
PIMA/TERRASPEC
FieldSatellite
UWA 3rd year
HyLogger
Spectral Sensing Instruments –Spectral Sensing Instruments –
Remote SystemsRemote Systems
UWA 3rd year
Types of Remote Spectral Sensing Systems
• The trade off: spectral vs radiometric vs spatial resolution.
• Profiling (e.g. Hylogger) vs imaging (HyChips, HyMap)
• Single element FTIR vs linear array vs area array
• Whiskbroom (linear array, e.g. HyMap vs pushbroom (area array, e.g. ASTER) with higher signal/ratio
UWA 3rd year
Remote Sensing Systems – Spectral Resolution
-12
13.5
39
64.5
90
115.5
0.35 0.85 1.35 1.85 2.35
-12
13.5
39
64.5
90
115.5
7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35
Electro-Magnetic Spectrum - Wavelength in Micrometer
Gro
und
Ref
lectanc
e (offse
t fo
r clarit
y)
Gro
und
Em
issivity (o
ffse
t fo
r clarit
y)
dark soil
green vegetation
green vegetation
dark soil
limestone
limestone
sandstone
sandstone
dry vegetationdry vegetation
ARGUS
Hymap
Aster
Landsat TM
Spectral Coverage
0.45
0.65
0.85
1.05
1.25
1.45
1.65
1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
Wavelength (micrometer) =>
Laboratory
ARGUS / AVIRIS
HYMAP
ASTER
Landsat TM
Spectral Resolution
mu
ltis
pec
tral
hyp
er-
Choosing the right technology for your requirement!
UWA 3rd year
Atmospheric Windowsatmospheric transmittance: windows for remote sensing
“Reflected Wavelengths” “Emitted Wavelengths”
Atm
osp
her
ic
Tra
nsm
iss
ion
UWA 3rd year
UWA 3rd year
Airborne HyMap
Spectral Configuration – 128 channels
Module Spectral range Bandwidthacross module
Average spectralsampling interval
VIS 0.45 – 0.89 um 15 – 16 nm 15 nmNIR 0.89 – 1.35 um 15 – 16 nm 15 nm
SWIR1 1.40 – 1.80 um 15 – 16 nm 13 nmSWIR2 1.95 – 2.48 um 18 – 20 nm 17 nm
www.hyvista.com
• Australian sensor• Sydney-based• NASA-approved• high SNR• 126 bands• 0.4-2.5 m• 3-30 m pixel• 512 pixel swath• whiskbroom• fully calibrated
UWA 3rd year
Airborne HyMap
HyMap products delivered for the Qld Next Generation Mineral Mapping Project (excerpt) (http://www.em.csiro.au/NGMM/):
• Natural colour basemap;• False colour basemap; • Green vegetation content;• Dry vegetation content;• Iron oxide content;• Hematite/Goethite ratio;• Ferrous iron content; • Kaolin content;• Kaolin crystallinity;• Al-smectite content;• Al-smectite composition;• White mica (par-ms-phengite) content;• White mica composition;• White mica crystallinity;• MgOH (cc/dol/chl/ep/amph) content;• MgOH (cc/dol/chl/ep/amph) composition;• Ferric iron and MgOH;• Ferrous iron and MgOH;• Chlorite-Epidote content;• Epidote content;• Opaques;• Hydrated silica
false colour white mica composition
2190 nm
2215nmAl-rich Al-poor
5kmBlock H
UWA 3rd year
C3DMM Kalgoorlie Terrain 3D model
Geoscience Australia’spmd*CRC GOCAD modelEastern Goldfields
Ferrous iron in MgOH minerals
actinolitetalctremolite
UWA 3rd year
SEBASSTIR
• Airborne pushbroom• Liquid He cooled• Area array • 124 bands by 128 pixels • 7.6 and 13.5 m• 50 nm FWHM• S:N >1000:1 • 3.5 m pixels (300 m
swath)
• Airborne pushbroom• Liquid He cooled• Area array • 124 bands by 128 pixels • 7.6 and 13.5 m• 50 nm FWHM• S:N >1000:1 • 3.5 m pixels (300 m
swath)
UWA 3rd year
ARGUS
• VISNIR: 370 - 1050 nm @ > 5nm res. => 136 ch : VINI..PS
• SWIR: 900 - 2500 nm @ > 10nm res => 145 ch. : SWI..PS
• TIR: 8 - 13 mm @ 30-60 nm res. => 120 ch. : TI..PS
Mineral Mapping Magnetics
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
“geophysics integrated spectrometry”
UWA 3rd year
HYPERION
• NASA Technology Demonstrator
• Spaceborne hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR pushbroom imager, launched 2000
• Area array
• 242 spectral bands by 256 pixels
• 400-2500 nm
• SWIR SNR <40:1
• Data available from USGS
UWA 3rd year
ASTER
(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflective Radiometer)
• “Next generation” geology-tuned satellite sensor:
• 14 spectral bands including 6 SWIR and 5 TIR geological bands (+ DEM)
• 15 m VNIR
• 30 m SWIR
• 90 m TIR
• Pushbroom for VNIR and SWIR• Whiskbroom for TIR • Significant Instrument/Data Issues
• atmospheric correction, SWIR X-talk, TES
www.asterweb.jpl.nasa.govwww.science.aster.ersdac.or.jp
UWA 3rd year
ASTER Geological Products from Band Combinations
• 3/2 : green vegetation
• 2/1, 4/1, 4/3 : iron oxide abundance
• 7/4, 5/4 : ferric/ferrous iron (in silicate/carbonate) ratio
• (5+7)/6 : Al-OH abundance
• (6+9)/(7+8) : Mg-OH + carbonate abundance
• 7/5,7/6,6/5 (RGB) or KWIK Residuals of 5,6,7 or 7/5 with mask of
(5+7)/6 : Al-OH type (Group 1: alunite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite,
dickite); Group 2: muscovite; Group 3: phengite)
• 11/(10+12), 11/10, 13/12 and 13/10 : SiO2 abundance
• 13/14 : carbonate abundance
• 12/13 : “basic” minerals (garnet, CPX, epidote, chlorite)
Use close spaced TIR bands to minimise T effect
UWA 3rd year
C-SatMAP ASTER processing : Mt Isa
CSIRO’s C-SatMap software
Airborne & Satellite multispectral data coverage
• ASTER L1B imagery (crosstalk corrected)• 130 scenes• >1 terrabyte of data• cross-calibrated• reduced to reflectance• 12 geoscience products• 1 weeks processing• calibrated to HyMap reflectance
100 km
ASTER
False colour 321
UWA 3rd year
raw datacalibrated dataProcessed geological product
Al-clay content
100 km
ASTER
AlOH content :
(B5 + B7) / B6
Linear histogram stretch :
2.06 (blue-low) to 2.4 (red-high)
C-SatMAP ASTER processing : Mt Isa
CSIRO’s C-SatMap software
UWA 3rd year
C-SatMAP ASTER processing : Mt Isa
CSIRO’s C-SatMap software
ASTER
CSIRO Regolith product :
R : B3/B2G: B3/B7B: B5/B7
Interpretation:
Red : iron oxidesGreen : non mafic rocksBlue : clays
UWA 3rd year
CSIRO’s C-SatMap software
ASTER
Ferrous iron content withinMgOH-carbonate :
e.g.
B5 / B4 - Ferrous iron content
masked by areas interpreted ashigher content of MgOH-carbonate
(B6+B9) / (B7+B8)
C-SatMAP ASTER processing : Mt Isa
UWA 3rd year
C-SatMAP ASTER processing : Mt Isa
UWA 3rd year
50 km grid cell
Image spatial resolution
5 km grid cell5 km grid cell 500 m grid cell500 m grid cell size 50 m grid cell size500 m grid cell 50 m grid cellHyMap 4.5m pixelASTER 30m pixel
Mount Isa Inlier
UWA 3rd year
Spectral Resolution –Relative mineral information content
HyMap false colourASTER false colour HyMap mica contentASTER AlOH content
2185
nm
2215 nm
Al-rich Al-poor
composition
?
HyMap kaolin content
25%*content
5%* 25%*content
5%*
HyMap smectite abundancePublished geology
Wonga “biotite” granite
Burstall granite
granodiorite
Mount Isa Inlier
UWA 3rd year
WA ASTER Map
200 km
high
low
UWA 3rd year
Future Satellite systems
MSMISat, South Africa (2010)200 bands, 400-2400 nm, 14 m pixel, 15 km swath
EnMap, Germany (2012)~200 bands, 420-2450 nm, 30m pixel, 30 km
swath
Hyper, Japan (2013) 220 bands, 400-2500 nm, 30m pixel, 60 km swath
HyspIRI, USA (2016) 210 bands, 400-2500nm , 60 m pixel, 90 km swath
www.isiswg.org
UWA 3rd year
Integrated analysis for mapping & exploration
UWA 3rd year
Software
• ENVI (Environment for Visualising Images) (www.ittvis.com)
• Hyperspectral images• Field spectra
• Neil Pendock Suite• ASTER and hyperspectral images
• CSIRO/HyVista Suite• ASTER and hyperspectral multi-scene processing
• C-HyperMAP
• C-SatMAP
• IDL based
• ERMapper (www.ermapper.com)
• ASTER wizard
UWA 3rd year
Spectral In-House Training @ CET, UWA, Crawley -01.03.2010 – GP2, second floor, Rm111, 3rd year Geology Lab
9:00 Mineral Spectroscopy Theory : Wavelength coverage, EMR-matter interaction, vibrational spectroscopy; VNIR-SWIR-TIR mineralogy and mineral groups; mineral disorder/abundance/chemistry; spectral libraries
Spectral Sensing Instruments – Proximal Systems : Spectral/radiometric/spatial resolution of field/lab systems; Hylogging
10:30 – 11:xx Lots of questions and Coffee
11:xx ASD &/or PIMA @ Lab and/or outside:
The Spectral Geologist (TSG) Software introduction : Applications, Interpretation of afore scanned data
12:30 – 13:30 Lunch
13:30 Spectral Sensing Instruments – Remote Systems : Spectral/radiometric/spatial resolution of remote systems; satellite vs airborne; imaging vs line profiling; multispectral vs hyperspectral; VNIR vs SWIR vs TIR
Alteration and Regolith Spectral-Mineral Models : Critical for successful use of spectral technology; Regolith mapping and Au (and Ni sulphide) exploration in the Kalgoorlie area; Mapping of ultramafic rocks; Alteration mapping using hyperspectral techniques.
15:00 – 15:xx Lots of questions & Afternoon Tea
Theory &
Proximal
Systems
ASD, PIMA, TSG
Remote Systems
Application to
Mineral Systems