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Crop Alternatives for Declining Water Resources
Dr. Sangu Angadi Crop Stress Physiologist
New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Clovis
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Outline Introduction Current & Future Challenges Why Alternative Crops? What Crops? Lessons Learned
Canola Research Safflower Research
Summary
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Dec 12, 06
Transpiration Evaporation
Conservation
Plant Uptake
Rainfall
“More Crop per Drop”
Irrigation
Leaching
Introduction
Runoff
Market???
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Current and Future Challenges Ogallala Aquifer/Irrigation Situation Uncertain Rainfall Wind Temperature Future Climate
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NM
TX
OK
CO KS
SD WY
NB
Clovis
Ogallala Aquifer
Ogallala Water Situation
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Ogallala Water Situation
(From Google Earth)
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(From Google Earth)
Ogallala Water Situation
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8
Hectares Irrigated by Method - USA
Source: 1998, 2003, 2008 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Surveys USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service (2012 estimates by Valmont Irrig.)
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Well Depth
Texas Ground Water Districts limiting
pumping to 15 to 20 inches
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Clovis
18 inches
Low and Uncertain Rainfall
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Rai
n (in
)
135
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
135 2007
1950-2005
135 2009
(16.8 in)
(18.5 in)
(17.5 in)
135
(8.2 in)135
2011
2012 (9.5 in)
135
135
2013 (13.8 in)
2014 (8.8 in)
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Seasonal Wind Patterns
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Abiotic Stresses –Wind
(Clovis, 05/28/13)
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Win
d (m
ph)
6
9
12
15
Daily Max Wind Speed (Mean of 2011 &12)
Threshold Wind Speed for Saltation
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Daily Wind Velocity
Winter Wheat is the only annual crop at this time
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Abiotic Stresses –Wind
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Sand Blasting
Reseeding Or
>50% evaporation
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Tumble Weed Attack
(CNJ, Clovis, Jan 28, 2014)
Exposed Clovis to National Media
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Temperature Extremes
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(Clovis, 2013)
Temperature Extremes: Cold!!!
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Temperature Extremes R
adia
tion
(mj m
-2)
9
15
21
27
Daily Mean Solar Radiation (Mean of 2011 & 12)
Mean Daily Max Temperature
Mean Daily Min Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Tem
p (o F)
0
20
40
60
80
100
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Day1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
Air
Tem
pera
ture
(o F)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Heat Stress
Killing Frost
Multiple Abiotic Stresses (Clovis, 2013)
April 8, 2013
May 7, 2013
Field day
Extreme Wind
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Rain Storms
Runoff (Clovis 7th June 2014)
Future Climate
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Why Alternative Crops? Improve Crop Diversity Rotational Benefits Buffer Seasonal Extremes Natural Resources Conservation Sustainable Use of Limited Resources
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Why Alternative Crops? (contd)
Improve Resource Use Efficiency Value Addition & Virtual Water Changing Consumer Demand Opportunistic or Alternative Uses Market Fluctuation
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Improve Crop Diversity
Stress Tolerant Cereals
Deep rooted Oil seeds
N Fixing & P solubilizing Legumes
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W-W 10bu/ac C-W 25bu/ac
Same Planting Date, Variety, and Fertility in the middle of the drought
Rotational Benefits: Wheat Yields
“Canola production makes wheat farmer a better wheat farmer”….
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(WSU, FS068E)
Rotational Benefits: Weed Control
Roundup Osprey No herbicide
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Buffer Seasonal Extremes: ‘Low and high rainfall’, ‘hail storm’, ‘wind storm’, ‘heat and freeze
temperatures’
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Hail Storm, Clovis (June 8, 2014)
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Canola and Wheat at Harvest
≈ 50% canola yield (combined)
Not harvested
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Safflower Hail Damage and Regrowth
Hail Damaged Regrowth vs. Replanted
Replanted Regrowth
(June 9, 2014) (Aug 17, 2014)
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Alternative Crops: Hail Damage
Corn: Hail damaged Safflower: Zero Hail damage Canola: Hail damaged
(Clovis, 8/8/2012)
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Canola Freeze Injury & Recovery
(Clovis, NM)
Late Spring Frost
(Mar 28, 09)
Freeze Injury
(Apr 17, 09)
Recovery
(Apr 30, 09)
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Day1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
Air
Tem
pera
ture
(o F)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Heat Stress
Killing Frost
Multiple Abiotic Stresses (Clovis, 2013)
April 8, 2013
May 7, 2013
Field day
Extreme Wind
W. wheat: failed completely… W. Canola: Avg. of 50 cvs 2707 lbs Range 3494 to 1680 lbs
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Herbicide Drift Injury and Recovery
Guar (Drift from neighbor, unknown herbicide, July 10, 2014)
Safflower is fairly tolerant to herbicide drift and recovers very well.
Guar (Recovered, Aug 15, 2014)
We have not seen herbicide drift issues with Winter Canola.
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Dec 12, 06
Resource Use Efficiency
Shallow Rooted Crop
Deep Rooted Crop Nutrients,
water
Multispecies cover cropping uses similar principle.
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Value Addition and Virtual Water Movement
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Changing Consumer Demand: ‘healthy food’, ‘more fiber’, ‘nutrient profile’, ‘disease prevention’
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Changing Consumer Demand: Food for ‘Energy, etc’ vs. ‘Nutrition, healthy living’
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Healthy Chips Isle: Market Place, Lubbock
Oat Products: Sams, Lubbock
Breakfast I am tired of
Flax Spread: Laxmi Delights
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Even in Walmart
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Opportunistic or Alternative Uses: ‘guar for fracking’, ‘canola meal for cattle’
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Canola Production
Canola Production
Canola Production
Processing
Processing
New Processing
Oil Export
Biodiesel Export
Meal distribution to local dairies
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What Crops?? What is my ideal crop?? Spring vs. Winter Crops Dual Purpose Crops Low Input Requirement and Stress Tolerant Crop
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Water Use
Prod
uctiv
ity
Ideal Crop for the Region
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Months
Wat
er U
se
Biomass Crops Water Use
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Glycerin
Protein supplement
Mustard Safflower
Camelina
Canola Sunflower Seeds
Alternate Biodiesel Crops
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Quinoa
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Chia
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Sesame
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Amaranth
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Lessons Learned Winter Crops Irrigation Trial Dual Purpose Canola Production Safflower Water Management
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Winter Canola: Deficit Irrigation Management
Develop water use and yield relationships for oilseed crops Compare water productivity with winter wheat
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Canola Seeding Date (Our Experience)
Sept 1 Sept 15 Oct 1
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(Clovis, 2014)
Winter Canola Root System and Water Needs
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16 19 22 25 28
Soil
dept
h (c
m)
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
Soil Moisture Content (m3 m-3)16 19 22 25 28 16 19 22 25 28
12 in
BeginingEnd of season
6 in 0 in
1.86 in 1.55 in 0.56 in
2.33 in 2.22 in 2.02 in
(Clovis, 2009)
Water Extraction (Winter Canola) (Winter Canola & Wheat)
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(Clovis, 2009-11)
Water Use and Forage Production By Winter Canola & Wheat
Seed
Yie
ld (M
g ha
-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Canola (DKW41-10)
20102009 2011
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Bio
mas
s Yie
ld (M
g ha
-1)
579
1113151719
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Canola (Rally)Wheat (TAM 111)
Total Water Use (mm)
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Dual Purpose Crops
What’s for me!!!
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Why Canola!!!
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(Clovis, 2013)
Winter Survival Canola vs. Wheat
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(Clovis, 2012-13)
Forage Productivity
Forage Harvest
Fora
ge B
iom
ass (
t ac-1
)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0 Griffin DKW 44-10SaffronWheat
1st 2nd 3rd 4th (Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13) (Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)
Regrowth Harvest (Apr 17, 14)
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(Clovis, 2012-13)
Forage Quality
1st 2nd 3rd 4th (Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13)
Forage Harvest
Rel
ativ
e Fe
ed Q
ualit
y (R
FQ)
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
GriffinDKW 44-10SafranWheat (Tam 111)
(Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)
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(Clovis, 2012-13)
Forage Nitrate Content
Forage Harvest
Nitr
ate
(ppm
)
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0 GriffinDKW 44-10SafranWheat (TAM 111)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th (Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13) (Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)
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Forage Harvest
Seed
Yie
ld (l
b ac
-1)
1000.0
2000.0
3000.0
4000.0
GriffinDKW 44-10
SaffronWheat
1st 2nd 3rd 4th (Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13) (Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)
No Forage Harvest
Control
(Clovis, 2012-13)
Grain Production
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Minimally Irrigated
Rainfed Pivot Corner
Winter Canola: Farmer Experience
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Tips for grazing • Use untreated canola seed. • Adjust rate so new growth is consumed, and
remove cattle when 50% of original growth remains.
• Have a minimum of 25% high-fiber hay. • Treat as a concentrate – use a bloat preventer. • Closely monitor livestock. • Test forage for nitrate. • Graze after a hard freeze.
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A New Generation of Desert Crops
Safflower
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• Experimental Design: Split Plot
– Main plot: Soil Profile
1. Pre-irrigation (PI) (160 mm)
2. No-pre-irrigation (NPI) (depleted soil profile)
– Sub plot: cultivars and irrigation levels
Cultivars: 2 (S333 & PI8311)
Irrigation levels: 5
I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5
(75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mm)
Drip & central pivot irrigation
NPI PI
6-12’ Buffer
Pre-season and in-season irrigation management in safflower
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cv. S333
cv. PI8311
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
00
Plan
t Hei
ght (
cm)
I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 Irrigation Levels
No Pre-irrigation Pre-irrigation
Safflower response to pre- and in-season irrigation
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Treatment Heads plant -1
Seeds head-1
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Oil yield (kg ha-1)
Heads plant -1
Seeds head-1
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Oil yield (kg ha-1)
PI 7.3 a 25.9 a 1459 a 525.2 a 5.5 a 23.6 a 1284 a —
NPI 5.5 b 22.7 b 1047 b 372.0 b 3.7 b 18.3 b 589 b —
Irrigation levels
I1 4.9 d 21.2 c 880 d 319.9 d 3.2 d 18.4 b 510 c —
I2 5.3 d 22.7 bc 1079 cd 391.7 cd 4.3 c 19.1 b 584 c —
I3 6.2 c 24.6 ab 1253 bc 447.2 bc 4.6 c 21.5 a 936 b —
I4 7.1 b 26.1 a 1426 ab 513.0 ab 5.2 b 22.3 a 1269 a —
I5 8.4 a 26.7 a 1626 a 571.2 a 5.8 a 23.7 a 1383 a —
Cultivars
PI8311 6.6 a 22.7 b 1280 a 458.8 a 4.6 a 21.9 a 995 a —
S333 6.2 a 25.9 a 1226 a 438.5 a 4.6 a 20.0 b 878 b —
2012 2013
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Pre-irrigation was beneficial to improve WUE and HI, however increase in irrigation level does not always aid to WUE and HI.
Safflower yield responded positively to pre-irrigation and increased irrigation levels in both the years.
Increase in yield was due to increase in head numbers, seeds per head and photosynthesis.
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Safflower: Farmer Experience
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(Clovis, 2013)
Thank You