Download - DNA PROFILING
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Lesson ObjectivesAt the end of this lesson you should be able
to
1.Outline the four stages involved in DNA profiling
2.Define the process of DNA profiling3.Give two applications of DNA profiling4.Define genetic screening
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DNA PROFILING1980 - American researchers discovered non-coding regions of DNA1984 - Professor Alec Jeffries developed the process of DNA profiling
1987 - First conviction based on DNA evidence
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Principle of DNA ProfilingAll human chromosomes have sections of DNA with no known functions
These sections have short base sequences
These sequences repeat over and over
They are inherited from parents
Their length and position are unique to each person
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DNA PROFILING A process or technique of analysis
revealing unique patterns of an individual’s DNA
involving non-coding regions
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NON-CODING REGIONS
(VNTR)
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STAGES INVOLVED1. Cells broken down to release DNA2. DNA strands cut into fragments3. Fragments separated4. Pattern of fragments analysed
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1. DNA EXTRACTION
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2. DNA CUTTING
The DNA is cut up into fragments using restriction enzymesThis gives lots of fragmentsThe fragments are different sizes
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3. FRAGMENT SEPARATION
Samples containing the fragments are placed into individual wells in a gel using a pipette
This is known as electrophoresis
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ELECTROPHORESISFragments separated by length
DNA (negatively charged)
Moves towards +ve terminal
Shorter fragments move faster
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4.DNA TRANSFERDNA is split into single strands using an alkaline solution
DNA fragments transferred from gel to filter paper or nylon membrane
The Gel, with filter paper attached, is removed & separated
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5. ANALYSIS
Radioactive probe in solution binds to DNA Revealing a pattern
of bands
X-ray film
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Applications of Genetic Screening
Paternity disputes
Forensic Science
Genetic Screening
Genetic Archaeology
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FORENSIC SCIENCE
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
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COMMON CONCERNSQuality of sampleMistakes and inaccuracyInterpretationPrivacyEvidence from criminal investigations Who should use DNA fingerprintingCost effectiveEthnic problems
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Genetic Screening
Genetic Screening is used to :
Test individuals who are at high risk of having or passing on a specific genetic disorder
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Screening TestsAntenatal serum screening for Down
SyndromeAntenatal carrier screening for Sickle Cell
AnaemiaPredictive testing for hereditary cancersPredictive testing for cystic fibrosisNewborn screening for phenylketonuria,
cystic fibrosis and hypothyroidism.
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/lab01.html
Creating DNA Fingerprint simulation
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What have you learned?Can you ………………
1.Discuss the stages involved in DNA profiling
2.Define the process of DNA profiling3.Give two applications of DNA profiling4.Define genetic screening
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