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Diverting Women Offenders from Prison
Nena Messina, PhD, UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse ProgramsNancy Chand Esq., Los Angeles County Public Defender’s Office
Association of Criminal Justice Research October 22, 2010
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Changing AOD Treatment Populations and Policies
Changing Criminal Justice Policies: Dramatic increases in the number of women under CJ
supervision over past 2 decades (8% increase in women in prison vs. 6% increase in men)
Zero tolerance policies surrounding drug crimes
Result: An Influx of Women into Prison & Community Programs
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Women Pose Complex Issues for Treatment Practitioners
Compared with men, women:1. Have patterns of drug abuse that are more socially
embedded – revolving around their relationshipsa. Drug use is often initiated by sexual partnersb. Continue to use drugs to cope with abusive relationships
2. Have more severe histories of sexual/physical abuse
3. Have a higher prevalence of psychological and physical health problems
4. Have limited education/employment histories5. Are typically primary caregivers for minor children
Messina, Burdon, & Prendergast (2003).
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Theoretical Developments:The Relational Model
Recognizes the different ways in which women and men develop psychologically.
Suggests that healthy connections with other people are fundamental to women’s psychological well-being. Incarcerated women continue to maintain a
relational context in their lives (develop closeness with other inmates, create pseudo-families)
Theory provides a conceptual basis for planning treatment services for women.
Miller (1976) & Covington (1997; 1998).
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Women-Focused Programs: Women are more likely to discuss certain issues in
a growth-fostering environment (prostitution and abuse);
Have gender-specific role models. Include curricula and philosophy that attends to
women’s specific needs.Traditional Therapeutic Community Programs: Were designed initially for men; May hinder growth and recovery among women.
The Relational Model: Guide for Treatment
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Treatment Components Associated with Better Outcomes for Women
Review of 38 studies with randomized and non-randomized comparison group designs:– child care– prenatal care– women-only admissions– supplemental services & workshops on
women’s focused topics– mental health services– comprehensive programming
Source: Ashley, Marsden, & Brady , 2003. Slide provided by Christine Grella, Ph.D.
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Treatment Retention in Residential Programs by Program Characteristics
97
33
83
22
0
20
40
60
80
100
w/childcare
w/o childcare
women-only
mixed-gender
Days
Source: Brady & Ashley, 2005, SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies. Slide provided by Christine Grella, Ph.D.
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Randomized Study of Women in G-R Prison Treatment Decreased Reincarceration
31.0
45.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TOTAL TIME TO RETURN TO CUSTODY
GRT TAU (p<.05)
Source: Messina, Grella, Cartier & Torres, 2010
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The 2nd Chance Women’s Re-Entry Court Program
• Drug Court ModelWomen are on paroleCharged with new felonyNo option but prison
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A Unique Collaborative Effort
• Prototypes Centers for Change• CA Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation • CA Endowment • Los Angeles County Government & Community
Agencies • UCLA ISAP
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Treatment Curriculum• Gender Responsive
– Helping Women Recover• Trauma Informed
– Seeking Safety
Two minor children allowed Children receive specialized treatment
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Current EvaluationProcess evaluation:
Barriers to implementation & multi-agency collaborations
Perceptions of success/failure of program from staff and clients
Records based follow-up to assess:Program attendance & completion statusSanctions, court records, and incarcerationControlling for participant demographics
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CA Endowment Funded EvaluationMatched comparison outcome evaluation:
1 to 1 matched comparison group from VSPW In depth interviews
Program entry for Prototypes 6 months to parole for VSPW women 6 month follow up interview
Outcomes Program completion/retention Health status and access to health care Psychological status and Self-Efficacy Employment and/or continued education Parental attitudes/parental reunification Drug use (urinalysis results and self-report) Recidivism (CDCR)
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Subject Characteristics (N=145):
White (30%), Black (43%) or Latina (23%) Never married (59%) or previously married (30%) Mean age 37 (9.6) Mean education 11 years (1.9) Primary drug –cocaine/crack (38%),
methamphetamine (29% ), heroin (17%) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (51%) Hepatitis (25%) HIV Positive (6%)
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Criminal History and Current Sentence
Range Mean (SD)
Average number of arrests 2 – 85 18 (16.4)Felony convictions 0 – 14 4 (4.2)Misdemeanor convictions 0 – 42 7 (8.6)Prison commitments 1 – 10 3 (1.9)
Maximum exposure in years 2 – 24 8 (4.9)Estimated Offer in years -- 4 (4.0)Projected actual time served -- 3 (3.0)
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Pregnancy & Children in Program
• 78% Have children (N=145) with 20% CPS involvement
• Average number of children = 3 (1.9)
• 11% Currently pregnant
• 47% came into program with no prenatal care
• To date, 12 babies born during treatment
• To date, 21 children in residence
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Program Status for Clients
Program Status (N=145)
Graduated 36 25%Currently in Residential 35 24%Currently in Outpatient 20 14%Transferred 8 06%Bench Warrant 18 13%Returned to State Prison 25 17%Deceased 2 01%
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Time in Treatment
N RangeMean (SD)
Months in Residential 118 1 – 19 8 (4.5)
Months in Outpatient 43 1 – 13 8 (2.9)
Graduate’s Months in Residential 36 2 – 16 9 (3.5)
Graduate’s Months in Outpatient 36 4 – 13 8 (2.1)
Total Months in Treatment for Graduates 36 11 – 24 15 (3.2)
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Predictors of Program SuccessCharacteristic Prison/BW (n=43) Grad/Outpatient (n=56) Race/Ethnicity
Caucasian 33%33%
African American 38%29%
Hispanic/Latina 24%29%Other 5%
9%Criminal Justice Supervision
Parole 70%59%Probation 30%
41%Primary Drug
Heroin 23%11%Methamphetamine 23%43%Cocaine/Crack 35%33%Other 20%
13%Any Mental Health Diagnosis* 94%
75%Childhood Sexual Abuse 40%
34%Adult Rape Victim 40%
36%Age* 35 (9.2)
37 (9.5)Months in Residential Treatment** 6.2 (4.3)
10 (4.1)
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Re-Entry Court Successes!• Improved & ongoing collaborations
– Benefit of over 5 years of multiagency collaborations
• Reduced costs for CDCR– If not for re-entry program, CDCR would have all 145
women in prison
• Prevention & health care for children– If not for re-entry program, CDCR would have 12
babies born in prison with more children in CPS
• Enormous State & County Savings
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This study is funded by the
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
& The California Endowment
Thank you!