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Dismantlement Technologies
Lawrence E. BoingArgonne National Laboratory
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Outline
Reasons for dismantlement
Typical applications
– Segmentation
– One piece removals
Parameters for selecting a specific technology
Mature technologies
Evolving technologies
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Dismantling
Dismantling is defined as the removal of equipment or structures (clean or radioactive) typically to allow for the completion of the decommissioning process (or of the contracted work scope) by use of any of or some combination of thermal, mechanical, or electrical removal methods
In some cases no dismantling will be required to complete decommissioning and in other cases only minimal dismantling will be required; dependent upon desired end‐state
Some techniques useful ex‐situ while others are useful in‐situ
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Reasons for Dismantling
Removal of components or structures – partially or completely
Removal of highly activated items Size reduction Decontamination Packaging and/or shipping constraints
– Is intact/one‐piece a viable removal option ?– Is entombment in place a viable option ?
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Demolition End Result
Total Greenfield ? Slab on grade ? Demolish to 3’ below grade ? Backfill with clean demolition rubble ?
– Is fixing residual items ‘in place’ required ?Can innovative ‘methods’ be used ‐ with approvals ‐to reduce the overall project risk ?– Example ‐ at the DOE‐Hanford Site, some WWII vintage building demolition projects were performed without having to remove non‐friable cement asbestos board materials prior to the demolition
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Typical Applications
Interior and Exterior work spaces
Metal structures and components
Concrete structures and foundations
Tanks, equipment, piping and pumps
Gloveboxes
Concrete shielding
Pressure vessels including RPVs
Reactor vessel internals
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DOE-Fernald Site / Plants 2 and 3
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DOE-Fernald Site - Plants #2 and #3 were “Large Industrial Radiological Facilities”
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Reactor Vessels / Reactor Pools
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One of a Kind Structures
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Former Vit Cell @DOE - West Valley PFP Glovebox @ DOE-Hanford
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Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
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TFTR Facility at DOE-PPPL, Princeton, NJ circa 1997
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Technique Selection & Optimization
Material to be cut– Type, thickness and geometry– Reinforcement if concrete– Reactionary forces
Environment– Type of facility– In air or underwater– Contamination / activation
levels and dose rates– Pollution controls ‐ air and
water
Waste management Generated quantityDisposal site ‐ where
Schedule / lead time / cost Highly unlikely that only
one technique can be used for the project
– ‐Review, evaluate and learn from what others have already done !
– ‐SIMPLER IS BETTER !
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0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
thickness steel (mm)
cutting speed (cm/min)Plasma cutting
flame cutting
arc sawgrinding
mech. saw
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
thickness steel (mm)
Aerosols (g/m) flame cutting arc saw
grindingplasma cutting
mech. saw
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
thickness steel (mm)
cutting speed (cm/min)Plasma cutting
flame cutting
arc sawgrinding
mech. saw
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
thickness steel (mm)
Aerosols (g/m) flame cutting arc saw
grindingplasma cutting
mech. saw
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BR-3 Decommissioning Project in Belgium
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Training & Mock-Up Testing
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Typical Cutting Scenarios
High contact dose rates
– More remote, semi‐remote, standoff type approaches
Low contact dose rate, but high contamination levels
– More hands on, size reduction station approach, worker protective equipment issues
Low dose rate and contamination levels
– Production rate priority, safety aspects are classic industrial safety ones
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Load Out / Staging Area
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Coatings and fixatives
Strippable Coatings– Poly‐urea packaging system – large waste items
Other Fixatives– A variety – lockdown agents, urethanes, epoxies, foams, grouts, coatings, waxes ‐ for stabilizing and/or immobilizing contaminants: radiological, beryllium, asbestos & others
‐ Piping, ductwork, stacks, gloveboxes & debris / rubble‐ Sludges, residues & soils
Insta‐Cote, Bartlett, Pentek, DeconGel, Williams ‐ are some of the vendors
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Dismantling – Support Systems/Items
Things to Remember….• Equipment and Workers• Containment Structure• Ventilation Systems• Detection Equipment/Sampling Equipment• Cameras, Lights and Sound• Decontamination Equipment• Material Handling Equipment and Laydown areas• Tool Carrier or Deployment fixture• Service Utilities and Supply• Spare Parts
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One-Piece Removal
Reactor vessels, steam generators, heat exchangers and pressurizers (25 ton – 1100 ton)
Factors to consider– Burial rates – RPV ‐ $4‐7 M USD– Characterization data– Safety analyses– Transportation issues– Preparations ‐ inside and outside facility ‐ dredging
Use of fillers and coatings– Grouts – used as a void filler– Poly‐urea coatings – used as a fixative over shrink wrap
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Facility Preparations
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Self-Propelled Modular Transporters (SPMT)
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La Crosse NPP RV
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Trojan NPP RPV Package
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Small Research Reactor One-Piece Component Removal
Heat Exchanger from the 5 MW CP‐5 Research Reactor
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Big Rock Point NPP Reactor Vessel
Shipped to Barnwell Site for disposal
Shipping container: 25’ long, 13’ diameter with walls up to 7” thick
Vessel and canister were filled with 114,000 pounds of concrete
Entire package weighed over 565,000 pounds
October 7, 2003 – left plant site
October 30, 2003 – arrived @ disposal site
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Contamination Control Methods
‘Defense in depth’ approachSprayed Fixatives Before –Interior & exterior
Apply Fixatives During
Misting During Demolition
Systematic Facility Demolition
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Dismantlement Technology Groupings
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Dismantlement Technology Groupings
Metal Cutting Technologies
– Mechanical
– Thermal
– Electrical
– Other
Concrete Cutting Technologies
– Mechanical
– Thermal
– Other
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Metal Cutting Technologies
Mechanical
Thermal
Electrical
Others
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Mechanical Metal Cutting Technologies
Shears and nibblers
Saws ‐ circular, reciprocating and band
Abrasive wheels
Diamond wire
Milling
Circular cutters
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Common Saws
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Circular Saw Port-a-Band Saw
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Nibblers by Trumpf
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Shears
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High Speed Clamshell Pipe Cutter
Can make remote cuts up to 250 feet away
No applied heat or flame results in no smoke generation
Does not generate airborne contaminants
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Plunging Pipe Crimper/Cutter
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Rancho Seco RPV Head Segment
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Diamond wire sawing used to perform cutting operations
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TFTR Vacuum Vessel Segments
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Special Designs
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Segmented Pieces of Cyclotron
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Cable Tensioning for Structural Demolition
Cable tensioning – pull structures down with cables attached to supporting structural members – being used at many DOE sites
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Thermal Metal Cutting Technologies
Plasma Arc (Electrical/Gas) Torch – 1000 Amps Oxy‐fuel Torch
– Oxy‐acetylene – ferrous metals <1500 F– Oxy‐gasoline – 1500 F
Thermite Reaction Lance – 4,000‐10,000 F Metal Powder “Flame” Cutters – 16,000 F Controlled Explosives
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Plasma Arc Cutting Technology
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•Torch is an energy converter from an electric arc (pilot arc) to a plasma gas (usually Argon) and a second arc is transferred to the work piece.
• Conversion process is only about 50% efficient – the balance is radiant light and sound.
extracted from www.plasmateam.com website
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Oxy-acetylene and Plasma Arc Torches
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Plasma Arc Cutting Technology
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http://www.thefabricator.com
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Oxy-Gasoline Cutting
Oxygen and a 2.5 gallon tank of gasoline
Cuts the equivalent of what a 250 cu ft cylinder of acetylene can cut
240% savings and gasoline is available everywhere and anytime
Cuts thicker steel 200‐400% faster
http://petrogen.com
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Controlled Explosive Demolition
Uranium mill structural demolition, Canada
USDOE
– Hanford Site, Production Reactor stacks
– Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Shield wall structure
– INL Site, Numerous decommissioning sites
– Fernald Site, Building structures
Maine Yankee NPP Containment Building demolition
Commercial NPS ‐ Cooling towers
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Explosive Demolition of the IET Exhaust Line –DOE-INL Site
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Electrical Metal Cutting Technologies
Metal Disintegration Machining (MDM)
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Arc Saw ‐ 6000 Amps
Electric Arc Gouging
Consumable electrode cutting (in development)
Contact arc metal cutting (in development)
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Other Metal Cutting Technologies
Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) Laser
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AWJ Cutting was used for several NPP reactor internals size reduction Tasks – San Onofre, Connecticut Yankee and Maine Yankee
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Laser Cutting Capabilities
Laser TypeCutting Capability
(thickness)Speed
(mm / min)Power (in kW) Condition Source
CO Laser 30‐150 mm(SUS‐304)
10‐260 21 UW NUPEC
CO laser 200‐310 mm(SUS‐304)
20‐30 21 In Air NUPEC
YAG laser 281 mm(CS / insulator / Al)
100 7.5 In Air NUPEC
YAG laser 40 mm(SUS)
100 7.5 UW NUPEC
YAG laser 3 mm(SUS lining)
2500 0.5‐1.0 In Air NUPEC
Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL)
23 mm(SUS‐304)
0.5 1.0 UW RANDEC
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Concrete Cutting Technologies
Mechanical
Thermal
Other
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Mechanical Concrete Cutting Technologies
Diamond Wire Saw
Other Saws
Hydraulic or Pneumatic Hammers / Hoe Rams
Crushers and Shears
Rock Splitters
Wrecking Ball
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Demolition of former Pu Production Facilitiesat Rocky Flats
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www.demcodemolition.com
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Diamond Wire Cutting -1
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Diamond Wire Cutting - 2
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Battelle Columbus Labs Decomm Project – old Research Reactor Facility
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Brokk
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BROKK 330
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Brokk End Effectors
57Breaker Hammer Scabbler
Concrete Crusher Bucket Grapples with rotator
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BROKK Technical DataWeight(lbs)
Work Area Radius(inches)
Reach Overhead w/att(inches)
TransportWidth x Length x
Height(inches)
Min‐Max Lift Capacity (lbs)
Model 40 794 w/att +66
95 96 24 x 47 x 37 264‐1056
Model 90 2050 w/att+265
142 156 31 x 72 x 48 374‐1452
Model 180 4190 w/att +550
179 186 31 x 98 x 54 814‐4400
Model 250 6750 w/att +660
236 252 47 x 142 x 59 ‐‐‐‐‐
Model 330 9240 w/att +1200
256 264 59 x 154 x 60 1650‐8250
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Thermal Concrete Cutting Technologies
Flame Cutting
Oxygen Lance
Explosives
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Hanford Reactor Stack Explosive Demolition - 2010
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Explosive Demolition
Used on taller and larger structures which could or might pose industrial safety demolition issues– Modeling of scenario is critical
– Explosives management is critical
– Safety authorization basis is critical
Sequence– Decontamination– Modeling– Water Spray– Monitoring– Testing– Implementation
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A Demolition Statistic
DOE Savannah River Site – K‐Reactor Cooling Tower explosive demolition took place in May 2010
– Tower went into operation in 1992– Measured 450’ tall; 345’ wide and had a weight in excess of 52 million pounds
– 1300 pounds of explosives placed at more than 3800 locations
– Biggest challenge – getting ready to do the job – planning took two years, the demolition itself took about 10 seconds
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Other Concrete Cutting Technologies
Abrasive Water Jet
Lasers
Concrete Fracturing Products / Expansive Grout – similar products sold under a variety of names– Bristar
– Bustar
– DEXPAN
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Abrasive Water Jet
Abrasive Water Jet Cutting ‐used extensively for size reduction/cutting of concrete structures and a wide spectrum of other materials in various industries
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Abrasive Water Jet
Used at DOE‐Hanford Site Tank Farms ‐ cut 55” diameter hole through 15” thick concrete & steel rebar HLW tank ‐ remote control 300’ away
One year of detailed planning with cut rate of 8”per hour
Abrasive jet of ‘garnet grit’ mixed with 3 gallons of water per minute @ 48,000 psi
Biggest challenge was the distance away from the work site
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Concrete Fracturing Products
A non‐explosive controlled demolition agent
Expansive Grout – similar products sold under a variety of names used for fracturing the concrete and then rubblizing it further
– Bristar, Bustar, DEXPAN
Useful in areas with smaller sized concrete pad structures or in areas where noise and shock techniques (explosive demolition) are not viable
Mix with water, pour into drilled holes, expand and demolish; 18,000 lbs / cubic inch expansive strength when mixed with water
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Innovative Processes
Some recent emerging dismantlement technologies include more evolutionary than revolutionary technologies:
– Lasers – needs further development, but getting close
– Tele‐operated Systems – various industrial
– Oxy‐gas Cutting System ‐ construction
– Liquefied gas cutting
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Conclusions - 1
Large variety of dismantling tools available spanning a wide range of costs
The tool needs to be evaluated for the job taking into consideration ‐ safety, radiation dose, environmental impacts and other site specific parameters
Remote operations can and will bring numerous problems along with them
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Conclusions - 2
Two parting thoughts ‐ ‐
– “Keep it simple stupid.”
– “Those who do not learn from history are condemned to repeat it.”
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Suggested Reading
IAEA Technical Reports Series #395
IAEA Technical Reports Series #440
Health Physics Society ‘1999 Summer School on Decommissioning’
European Commission ‘Decommissioning Handbook’
U S Department of Energy ‘Decommissioning Handbook’
American Welding Society, ‘Welding Handbook, Volume 2, Welding Processes’
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MECHANICAL METAL CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
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PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESSHEARS & NIBBLERSBlade/PunchCutting HeadElectric, Hydraulic, Pneumatic Powered
First Controlled CuttingVery Low Waste GenerationRemote OperationCuts Mild Steel & Stainless SteelIn Air & Underwater
Limited Thickness CutLimited Material TypeReaction ForcesSpace Envelope
SAWSCircular BladeReciprocating BladeBandElectric, Hydraulic, Pneumatic Powered
Controlled CuttingLow Waste GenerationNo Off-gas or FumesManual or RemoveOperationIn Air & Underwater
Limited Thickness CutLimited Material typeReaction ForcesSlow CuttingBlade StickingBlades Wear
ABRASIVE WHEELSCircular WheelCutting headElectric, Hydraulic Pneumatic Powered
Manual or Remote OperationIn Air & Underwater
Limited Thickness CutLimited Material TypeReaction ForcesAirborne/Underwater ParticlesPossible SparkingBlades Wear Quickly
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MECHANICAL METAL CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESDIAMOND WIREWirePulley SystemWater Lube SystemElectric, Hydraulic Powered
Cut Various ShapesCuts Very Thick ObjectsRemote Operation
Requires 360 Degree AccessWater DischargeWire Sticking & BreakingSlow Cutting
MILLINGMilling HeadMilling Support FrameLube SystemElectric, Hydraulic Powered
Cuts Intricate GeometriesControlled CuttingRemote OperationIn Air & Underwater
Limited Thickness CutSlow CuttingTool Sticking & BreakingLubricant DischargeReaction Forces
CIRCULAR CUTTERSOD or ID MountedCircular Saw TypeSingle Point TypeCircular Machine FrameElectric, Hydraulic, Pneumatic Powered
Cuts Hollow Circular ShapesControlled CuttingRemote OperationLow Reaction Forces
Limited Thickness CutSlow CuttingBlade or Bit Sticking & Breaking Lubricant Discharge
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THERMAL METAL CUTTING TECHNOLOGIESPROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
PLASMA ARCTorchElectric Power SupplyGas SourceMotion Control
Fast Controlled CuttingManual or Remote OperationCuts Thick PlatesCuts Carbon & Stainless SteelIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Off-gas & FumesVery Murky WaterDebris ControlLimited Geometries
OXY – FUEL TORCHTorchElectric StarterGas SourceMotion Control
Fast Controlled CuttingManual or Remote OperationCuts Thick PlatesCuts Carbon SteelIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Off-gas & FumesVery Murky WaterDebris ControlLimited GeometriesDoes not Cut Stainless Steel
CONTROLLED EXPLOSIVESShaped Explosive ChargeIgnition System
Fast Cutting Remote ApplicationCuts Thick SectionsCuts Any MetalIn Air & Underwater
Off-gas & FumesDust ControlDebris ControlShock & VibrationPlacing Charges
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ELECTRICAL METAL CUTTING TECHNOLOGIESPROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
MDMElectrodeCutting HeadElectric Power SupplyFlush SystemMotion Control
Cuts Various ShapesCuts Very Thick ObjectsRemote OperationControlled CuttingIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Off-gas & FumesVery Murky WaterDebris Control Slow CuttingFlush Discharge
EDMElectrodeCutting HeadElectric Power SupplyFlush SystemMotion Control
Cuts Various ShapesCuts Intricate GeometriesControlled CuttingIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction ForcesSample Cutting
Some Off-gas & FumesVery Slow CuttingFlush Discharge
ARC SAWCircular Blade ElectrodeCutting HeadElectric Power SupplyMotion Control
Cuts Various ShapesControlled CuttingIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Off-gas & FumesSlow CuttingDebris ControlFlush System in Air
ELECTRIC ARC GOUGINGConsumable ElectrodeGas or Water Source
Manual OperationIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Force
Off-gas & FumesDebris Control
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OTHER METAL CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
ABRASIVE WATER JETFocusing NozzleWater SourceAbrasive SourceHigh Pressure Generator
Cuts Thick PlateRemote OperationControlled CuttingIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Abrasive WasteDebris Control
LASERLaser Beam GeneratorBeam & Focus OpticsGas SourceCutting NozzleMotion Control
Remote OperationControlled CuttingLow Reaction Forces
In Air OnlyDebris ControlExpensive EquipmentUsually Thin PlatesSlow cutting – but improving
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MECHANICAL CONCRETE CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
DIAMOND WIREWirePulley SystemWater Lube SystemElectric, Hydraulic Powered
Cut Various ShapesCuts Very Thick ObjectsCuts Through RebarRemote Operation
Requires 360 Degree AccessWater DischargeWire Sticking & BreakingSlow Cutting
SAWSCircular BladeElectric Hydraulic Powered
Controlled CuttingLow Waste Generation No Off-gas or FumesManual or Remote OperationIn Air
Limited Thickness CutReaction ForcesSlow cuttingBlade StickingBlade WearDifficult Rebar cutting
HAMMERSChisel/Spade BitHammer DeviceHydraulic or Pneumatic Powered
No Off-gas or FumesManual or Remote OperationIn Air
Uncontrolled CuttingDust & Debris ControlSlow & Labor IntensiveWorker FatigueVibrationRebar Not Cut
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MECHANICAL CONCRETE CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CRUSHERS / SHEARSJawsHydraulic PoweredDelivery Device
No Off-gas or FumesRemote OperationIn Air
Non ExplosiveLow Tech Solution
Semi-Controlled CuttingDust & Debris ControlReaction ForcesVibration & Shock
SPLITTERSRock SplitterHydraulic CylinderHydraulic Powered
Non ExplosiveVibration ForceNo Reaction ForcesRemote OperationLow Tech Solution
Semi-Controlled CuttingRebar Not CutSlow MethodHole Drilling
WRECKING BALLBallCrane or Boom
Non ExplosiveInexpensiveLow Tech Solution
Uncontrolled CuttingRebar Not CutReaction ForcesVibration & Shock
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THERMAL CONCRETE CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESFLAME CUTTINGTorchOxygen SourcePowdered Iron/AluminumElectric Ignitor
Remote OperationConcrete & Rebar CutNo Reaction Forces
Off-gas, Fumes, SmokeSemi-Controlled Cutting
OXYGEN LANCEConsumable Lance (Pipe with Rods)Oxygen SourceElectric Ignitor
Cuts AnythingManual Operation
Off-gas, Fumes, SmokeSemi-controlled Cutting
CONTROLLED EXPLOSIVESExplosive ChargesIgnition System
Fast CuttingRemote ApplicationCuts Thick SectionsIn Air & Underwater
Off-gas & FumesDebris ControlShock & VibrationCharge PlacementDrill HolesRebar Not out
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OTHER CONCRETE CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESABRASIVE WATER JETFocusing NozzleWater SourceAbrasive SourceHigh Pressure Generator
Cuts Thick PlateRemote OperationControlled CuttingIn Air & UnderwaterLow Reaction Forces
Abrasive WasteDebris Control
LASERLaser Beam GeneratorBeam & Focus OpticsGas SourceCutting NozzleMotion Control
Remote OperationControlled CuttingLow Reaction Forces
In Air OnlyDebris ControlExpensive EquipmentUsually Thin PlatesSlow cutting – but improving
EXPANSIVE GROUTGrout MixtureConcrete Drill
Low tech processEasy to UseInexpensive
Slow processLabor intensive
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Demolition-1
The old saying goes – “Anyone can knock a building down but can you do it without killing yourself and still make money at it on a consistent basis?”
– A good demolition contractor can or they won’t be in that business very long….
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Demolition-2
Misconceptions; Facts– Demolition contractors primarily implode buildings; lessthan 1% of the cases
– Demolition is an unsophisticated business; safe andsuccessful demolition requires a working knowledge ofboth construction and the law
– Demolition methods never change; demolition practicestoday are not only quicker but safer and more costeffective
– Demolition contractors are basically all the same;contractors are trained to varying degrees in a variety ofspecialties
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