U N IVE R S ID A D N A C IO N A L E X P E R IM E N TA Lldquo F R A N C IS C O D E M IR A N D A rdquo
A P R E N D IZ A J E D IA LOacute G IC O IN TE R A C TIVO Aacute R E A C IE N C IA S D E LA E D U C A C IOacute N
SANTA ANA DE CORO MARZO DE 2010
LIC YOSELIS VENTURA OLIVET
When people talk with each other they try to converse smoothly and successfully Cooperation is the basis of successful conversations
The two main channels for language interaction
Garciacutea (2005)
Speech is a natural faculty while written language must be learned formally
Speech and writing should not be seen as two completely different and opposing channels of communication but
rather as two ends of a coninuum
bull It is transient
bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise
they could not hear each other
bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct
information of his understanding of the message
bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and
restatements)
bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which
is due to improvisation
bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d
c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e
bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its
production
bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by
drawings graphics letter type titles
bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically
structured and lexiexclcally dense
ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view
because of its permanence
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
When people talk with each other they try to converse smoothly and successfully Cooperation is the basis of successful conversations
The two main channels for language interaction
Garciacutea (2005)
Speech is a natural faculty while written language must be learned formally
Speech and writing should not be seen as two completely different and opposing channels of communication but
rather as two ends of a coninuum
bull It is transient
bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise
they could not hear each other
bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct
information of his understanding of the message
bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and
restatements)
bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which
is due to improvisation
bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d
c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e
bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its
production
bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by
drawings graphics letter type titles
bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically
structured and lexiexclcally dense
ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view
because of its permanence
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
The two main channels for language interaction
Garciacutea (2005)
Speech is a natural faculty while written language must be learned formally
Speech and writing should not be seen as two completely different and opposing channels of communication but
rather as two ends of a coninuum
bull It is transient
bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise
they could not hear each other
bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct
information of his understanding of the message
bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and
restatements)
bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which
is due to improvisation
bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d
c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e
bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its
production
bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by
drawings graphics letter type titles
bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically
structured and lexiexclcally dense
ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view
because of its permanence
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull It is transient
bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise
they could not hear each other
bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct
information of his understanding of the message
bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and
restatements)
bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which
is due to improvisation
bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d
c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e
bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its
production
bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by
drawings graphics letter type titles
bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically
structured and lexiexclcally dense
ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view
because of its permanence
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d
c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e
bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its
production
bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by
drawings graphics letter type titles
bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically
structured and lexiexclcally dense
ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view
because of its permanence
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from
those who participate in communication
The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in
order to the listenerreader understands what heshe
means That is the illocutionary force of hisher
locutionary acts
PAUL PRICE (1975)
proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human
communication
They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS
Yes
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull It recommends not to include much
information than necessary
bull It suggests to be brief
bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or
bored
Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features
that are involved in communication
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible
bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or
be taken as a fool
eg Linguistics is the most important science for human
beings
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible
Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted
you to say (I love you)
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
bull Providing the important information
bull We must say the most relevant information according to
the contextual situation
bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher
experience when visting South America
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)
there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can
violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)
C O N S I D E R
-Two close friends at the movie
-Teachers
-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie
-Te a c h e r s
- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t
a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n
might violate the quality and the manner maxims
tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase
their studentsrsquo understanding
will violate the manner maxim by using technical
vocabulary
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which
are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader
They take a different meaning from its signification because it
takes a different CONNOTATION
They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes
newspapers etc
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
An expression in which something is ocmpared to
something else The comparison is explicitly made by
using funtion words such as LIKE or AS
Eg
bull My hands are as cold as ice
bullMary is as clown as Crostie
bull Robert eats like a horse
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Is an imaginative way of describing something to something
else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to
SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because
the funtion words donrsquot appear
Eg
bull Tony is a rat
bull Mother Teresa is made of love
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Is an exageration used in order to make something
seem more impressive than it really is
Eg
bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class
bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute
bull I always go to the beach
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the
opposite of what we really mean
Eg
bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again
bull I love when you snore all night
bull I really love your annoying voice when singing
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to
another associated with or suggested by the first one
Eg
bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy
bull Man has invented technology
bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel
Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela
Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong
Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
Q U E S T
I O N S
D O U B TS
I S E V E R Y T H I N G
C L E A R
D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND
A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w
Y o r k
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
-