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Dinosaurs New insights from creationist research Paul Garner UK Creation Mega Conference West Bromwich October 24-26 2019 www.biblicalcreationtrust.org
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• Taxonomy = the branch of science concerned with classification (systematics). – Discovering dinosaur kinds
• Taphonomy = the branch of science that deals with the processes around fossilization. – An Allosaurus called Ebenezer – A dinosaur bone bed in Wyoming
Outline
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Dinosaur taxonomy • Dinosaurs first discovered and
described by scientists in 1820s-1830s. – Megalosaurus (Buckland, 1824). – Iguanodon (Mantell, 1825). – Hylaeosaurus (Mantell, 1833).
• In 1842, Richard Owen coined the name Dinosauria (‘fearfully great reptiles’).
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Dinosaur taxonomy • ‘Dinosaur Renaissance’ of late 1960s-
present has led to a more dynamic perception of dinosaurs and a surge of new discoveries.
• Today there are more than 1,000 recognized dinosaur species.
• More than 85% of those species have been named since 1990.
• About 50 new species described every year.
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Dinosaur kinds • How many created kinds
(baramins) of dinosaurs? • Creationists have suggested
that the taxonomic rank of family may approximate the created kind.
• Given this assumption, it’s estimated there may have been about 50-60 created kinds of dinosaurs.
Credit: ck12.org.
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Interspecific hybridization
• Frank Lewis Marsh proposed hybridization between species (‘cross-breeding’) as test for determining which species belonged to same baramin.
• Creationists have applied this principle to many groups.
• However, Marsh’s test can’t be applied to organisms known only from fossils.
Frank Lewis Marsh (1899-1992)
Credit: Adventist Heritage Center, Andrews University.
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Introducing baraminology
• Modern baraminologists use many different criteria – not just hybridization – to try to identify the created kinds.
• These include additive criteria – that put species together into the same kind – and subtractive criteria – that separate species into different kinds.
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Successive approximation works by splitting up bigger groups … and adding to smaller ones.
THEROPOD APOBARAMIN
SPINOSAUR MONOBARAMIN
ALLOSAUR MONOBARAMIN
MEGALOSAUR MONOBARAMIN
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The goal • To converge on the holobaramin:
– Includes all members of the created kind in question. – Includes no members of any other created kind.
SPINOSAUR HOLOBARAMIN
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Statistical baraminology • The new toolkit of baraminology includes
some statistical methods that can help to identify the created kinds, including: – Baraminic distance, which measures the
percentage of characters that two organisms have in common to determine how similar or dissimilar they are.
– Multidimensional scaling, which allows patterns of similarity and difference between organisms to be visualized in three-dimensional space.
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Dinosaur baraminology • First baraminology study of dinosaurs given at
the annual meeting of the Creation Biology Society in 2011.
• First full-length paper on dinosaur baraminology – a study of tyrannosaurs – published in Answers Research Journal in 2014.
• More extensive study of dinosaur baraminology presented at the Eighth International Conference on Creationism in 2018.
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Dinosaur holobaramins (1)
Kentrosaurus
Tuojiangosaurus
Stegosaurus
Huayangosaurus
Wuerhosaurus
Dacentrurus Lexovisaurus
STEGOSAUR HOLOBARAMIN
PACHYCEPHALOSAUR HOLOBARAMIN
Stegoceras Homalocephale Prenocephale
Pachycephalosaurus Tylocephale
Goyocephale
Hesperosaurus
Dracorex
Stygimoloch
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Dinosaur holobaramins (2) TYRANNOSAUR HOLOBARAMIN
Tyrannosaurus
Eotyrannus
Alioramus
Appalachiosaurus
Albertosaurus
Tarbosaurus
Gorgosaurus
Alectrosaurus
Daspletosaurus
HADROSAUR HOLOBARAMIN
Edmontosaurus Corythosaurus
Tsintaosaurus
Saurolophus
Lambeosaurus
Maiasaura
Parasaurolophus
Gryposaurus
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Dinosaur kinds • So far about 20 distinct dinosaur kinds
identified. • Total number will be greater than this,
because some dinosaur groups have not been studied in detail or have given inconclusive results.
• Studies tend to confirm that the created kind is at or around the taxonomic rank of family.
• There’s much more work to do!
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Photo by Paul Garner
Ebenezer the Allosaurus
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History and significance
• Discovered in 2000. • Excavated
2001-2002. • 139 bones out of
250 recovered (56% complete).
• 97% complete skull (includes 53 teeth and hyoid bone).
Photo by Answers in Genesis
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Research on Ebenezer • Site Investigation
– March 2014 with Cedarville University geology students.
– Stratigraphic section measured. – Sampling of dig site.
• Creation Museum – Professional restoration. – On display from 24 May 2014. – Computer tomography scans (November
2016).
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Morrison Formation • Upper Jurassic, perhaps
extending into Cretaceous. • Widespread across western
United States from Canada to New Mexico.
• Many fossil graveyards including Dinosaur National Monument in Utah.
• Famous for sauropods, stegosaurs and allosaurs.
From Austin and Hoesch (2004).
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Ebenezer dig site
dip
Morrison Fm Brushy Basin Mbr
Skull Creek area, Moffatt County, Colorado
Photo by Andrew Snelling
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Sedimentology of Morrison Formation at Skull Creek
• Poorly sorted sandstones.
• Angular quartz grains.
• Volcanic clays and chert pebbles.
• Large bone fragments.
Photo by Andrew Snelling
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Taphonomy of Ebenezer
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Proposed model
2. Carcass ripped apart and buried
3. Carcass exposed by outcrop erosion
1. Carcass trapped in debris flow
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Scanning Ebenezer’s skull • In November 2016, 3D
Engineering Solutions in Cincinnati, Ohio, conducted a computer tomography (CT) scan of the skull.
• The company’s industrial scanner is one of only five or six like it in USA.
Photo by Answers in Genesis
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Right lateral view of the skull
Dorsal view of the skull
Posterior view of the skull
Brain cavity
Allosaurus skull CMP 279 (‘Ebenezer’)
Images courtesy of Dr Andrew Snelling, Answers in Genesis
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Pho
tos
by A
rt C
hadw
ick
Wyoming dinosaur dig
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Pioneering dinosaur research • Geographical Information
System (GIS) software reconstructs a 3D image of the original positions and orientations of the bones in the ground from high-resolution GPS data and digital photographs.
Photos by Art Chadwick.
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Cumulative bone discoveries in North Quarry (2015)
Huge concentration of bones
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Single layer of mudstone
From Weeks (2016).
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Site 2 0.0 - 0.2 metres
Bones sorted vertically by size
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Site 2 0.2 - 0.4 metres
Bones sorted vertically by size
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Site 2 0.4 - 0.6 metres
Bones sorted vertically by size
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Site 2 0.6 - 0.8 metres
Bones sorted vertically by size
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Bones mostly disarticulated
Georeferenced images of bones from four quarries showing the lateral distribution of bones within the bed. From Weeks (2016).
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Bones in pristine condition Four bones from the main bonebed showing the good preservation condition. A: caudal vertebra. B: pubis. C: surangular. D: ulna. All scales in cm. All bones from Edmontosaurus. From Weeks (2016).
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Standard bone bed model • The bone bed represents seasonal accumulation
of carcasses over a long period of time. • Some members of migrating herds would have
been drowned while crossing a river and swept downstream to accumulate on a river bar or bank.
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Data and inferences • Bones encased in mudstone – not a sediment
typically associated with fast-flowing rivers. • Bones suspended in the mud – suggesting both
mud and bones were carried as a single mass. • Bones in one layer and sorted vertically by
size – indicating they were deposited in one event.
• Multitudes of disconnected bones – not like carcasses that had accumulated one-by-one on a sand bar.
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New model • The bone bed represents a catastrophically
deposited mudflow. • Tens of thousands of dinosaurs killed en masse
in a freshwater setting where they rotted and were scavenged for a time.
• The putrid mass was then re-suspended by a fast-moving mudflow and swept southwards into deep water where the bones came to rest encased in the mud.
• See http://dinosaurproject.swau.edu/
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Conclusions • Creationists are doing cutting-edge research to
understand dinosaurs: – Statistical studies of fossil datasets to determine the
number of created dinosaur kinds. – Examination of world-class dinosaur specimens with the
application of computer imaging techniques. – Field research to understand how dinosaurs died, and were
transported and buried during the Flood. – Long-term excavation projects to unravel the origin and
depositional history of major dinosaur bone beds.
• These projects contribute to the creation model, expand our scientific knowledge and demonstrate that creationism is a fruitful framework for research.
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Thank you Dr Andrew Snelling for CT scans of Ebenezer and field photos of the Colorado excavation site. Dr Arthur Chadwick and Summer Rose Weeks for field and lab photos of the Wyoming bone bed.
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How to handle evolution at school or college
Paul Garner
I’m a creationist…
get me out of here!
Biblical Creation Basics
No. 1: I’m a creationist … get me out of here! (£1)
No. 2: Adam or death: which came first? (£3)
No. 3: 99% missing, or where on earth did the time go? (£4)
Booklets
The dark matter of sedimentology
Paul Garner
Paul Garner BSc MSc FGS is a full time researcher and lecturer for Biblical Creation Trust. He has a masters degree in geoscience from University College London, where he specialised in palaeobiology. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of London and a member of several other scientific societies. His first book, The New Creationism: Building Scientific Theories on a Biblical Foundation, was published by Evangelical Press in 2009. He is married with two grown-up children and resides in Cambridgeshire, England.
The evidence presented in this booklet suggests the standard radiometric time scale faces a plausibility problem in accounting for the Earth’s sedimentary rock record, and that the Bible’s short chronology provides a better explanation.
Published by Biblical Creation Trust, PO Box 325, Ely, CB7 5YHRegistered Charity No: 1094782
www.biblicalcreationtrust.orgbiblicalcreationtrust @bct_origins
E-Mail: [email protected] Tel: 01353 721578
About the author
© Biblical Creation Trust 2019
99% missing, or where on earth did the time go? 99% missing,
or where on earth did the time go?
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(My 2017 Mega Conference talk)