![Page 1: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Mohamed N. Ahmed, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Introduction
• An image may be defined as 2D function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial coordinates.
• The amplitude of f at any pair (x,y) is called the intensity at that point.
When x, y, and f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
So, a digital image is composed of finite numberof elements called picture elements or pixels
![Page 3: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• The field of image processing is related to two other fields:image analysis and computer vision
Introduction
Image Processing Computer Vision
![Page 4: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Introduction
• There are three of processes in the continuum• Low Level Processes
» Preprocessing, filtering, enhancement» sharpening
Low Levelimageimage
![Page 5: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Introduction
• There are three of processes in the continuum• Low Level Processes
» Preprocessing, filtering, enhancement» sharpening
• Mid Level Processes» segmentation
Low Levelimageimage
Mid Levelimageattributes
![Page 6: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Introduction
• There are three of processes in the continuum• Low Level Processes
» Preprocessing, filtering, enhancement» sharpening
• Mid Level Processes» segmentation
• High Level Processes» Recognition
Low Levelimageimage
Mid Levelimageattributes
High Levelattributesrecognition
![Page 7: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Origins of DIP
• Newspaper Industry: pictures were sent by Bartlane cable picture between London and New York in early 1920.
The introduction of the Bartlane Cable reduced the transmission time from a weekto three hours
Specialized printing equipment coded picturesfor transmission and then reconstructed them at the receiving end.
Visual Quality problems
1921
![Page 8: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
In 1922, a technique based on photographic reproduction made from tapes perforated at the
telegraph receiving terminal was used.
This method had better tonal quality and Resolution
Had only five gray levels
Origins of DIP
1922
![Page 9: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Origins of DIP
Unretouched cable picture of Generals Pershing and Foch transmittedBetween London and New York in 1929 Using 15-tone equipment
![Page 10: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Origins of DIP
The first picture of the moon by a US Spacecraft.
Ranger 7 took this image On July 31st in 1964.
This saw the first use of a digital computer to correct for various types of image distortions inherent in the on-board television camera
![Page 11: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Applications
• X-ray ImagingX-rays are among the oldest sourcesof EM radiation used for imaging
Main usage is in medical imaging (X-rays, CAT scans, angiography)
The figure shows some of the applications of X-ray imaging
![Page 12: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Applications
• Inspection SystemsSome examples of manufactured goods
often checked using digital image processing
![Page 13: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Applications
• Finger Prints• Counterfeiting• License Plate
Reading
![Page 14: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Components of an Image Processing System
![Page 15: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Steps in Digital Image Processing
![Page 16: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
2. Digital Image Fundamentals
![Page 17: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Structure of the Human Eye
The eye is nearly a sphere with an Average diameter of 20mm
Three membranes enclose the eye:Cornea/Sclera, choroid, and retina.
The Cornea is a tough transparent tissueCovering the anterior part of the eyeSclera is an opaque membrane that Covers the rest of the eye
The Choroid has the blood supply to the eye
![Page 18: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Continuous with the choroid is the iris which contracts or expands to control the amount of light entering the eye
• The lens contains 60 to 70 % water, 6% fat, and protein.
• The lens is colored slightly yellow that increases with age
• The Lens absorbs 8% of the visible light. The lens also absorbs high amount of infrared and ultra violet of which excessive amounts can damage the eye
Structure of the Human Eye
![Page 19: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• The innermost membrane is the retina
• When light is properly focused, the image of an outside object is imaged on the retina
• There are discrete light receptors that line the retina: cones and rods
The Retina
![Page 20: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Rods and Cones
• The cones (7 million) are located in the central portion of the retina (fovea). They are highly sensitive to color
• The rods are much larger (75-150 million). They are responsible for giving a general overall picture of the field of view. They are not involved in color vision
![Page 21: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Formation in the Eye
![Page 22: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 23: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Acquisition
![Page 24: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Single Imaging Sensor
Line sensor
Array of Sensors
![Page 25: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Single Imaging Sensor
Photo Diode
Sensor
Film
![Page 26: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Line sensor
Image Area
Linear Motion
![Page 27: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Line sensor
Image Area
Linear Motion
![Page 28: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Line sensor
Image Area
Linear Motion
![Page 29: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Line sensor
Image Area
Linear Motion
![Page 30: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Line sensor
Image Area
Linear Motion
![Page 31: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sensors
Array of Sensors
CCD Camera
![Page 32: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Formation Model
f(x,y)=i(x,y)r(x,y)
where1) i(x,y) the amount of illumination
incident to the scene
2) r(x,y) the reflectance from the objects 1),(0
),(0
<<
∞<<
yxr
yxi
![Page 33: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Formation Model
• For Monochrome Images : l = f(x,y)where
» l_min < l < l_max» l_min > 0» l_max should be finite
The Interval [l_min, l_max] is called the gray scaleIn practice, the gray scale is from 0 to L-1, where L is the # of gray levels
0 > BlackL-1 > White
![Page 34: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Sampling is the quantization of coordinates• Quantization is the quantization of gray
levels
Sampling &Quantization
Continuous Discrete
![Page 35: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Sampling and Quantization
![Page 36: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Sampling and Quantization
Continuous Image projected onto a sensor array
Results of Sampling andQuantization
![Page 37: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Effect of Sampling
A 1024x1024 image is sub-sampled to 32x32. Number of gray levels is the same
Images up-sampled to 1024x1024Starting from 1024, 512,256,128,64, and 32
![Page 38: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Effect of Quantization
An X-ray Image represented by different number of gray levels: 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, and 2.
![Page 39: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Representing Digital Images
The result of Sampling and Quantization is a matrix of realNumbers. Here we have an image f(x,y) that was sampled To produce M rows and N columns.
⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
−−
−
⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
−
=
)1,1(......
)1,0(
...)0,1(
......
...)1,1(...
...)1,0()0,0(
),(
NMf
Nf
Mf
fff
yxf
![Page 40: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Representing Digital Images
• There is no requirements about M and N• Usually L= 2k
• Dynamic Range : [0, L-1]
The number of bits required to store an image
b = M x N x k where k is the number of bits/pixel
Example : The size of a 1024 x 1024 8bits/pixel image is 220 bytes = 1 MBytes
![Page 41: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Storage
The number of storage bits depending on width and height (NxN), and the number Of bits/pixel k.
The number of bits required to store an image
b = M x N x k where k is the number of bits/pixel
![Page 42: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
File Formats
• PGM/PPM• RAW• JPEG• GIF• TIFF• PDF• EPS
![Page 43: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
File Formats
• The TIFF FileTIFF -- or Tag Image File Format -- was developed by Aldus Corporation in 1986, specifically for saving images from scanners, frame grabbers, and paint/photo-retouching programs.
Today, it is probably the most versatile, reliable, and widely supported bit-mapped format. It is capable of describing bi-level, grayscale, palette-color, and full-color image data in several color spaces.
It includes a number of compression schemes and is not tied to specific scanners, printers, or computer display hardware.
The TIFF format does have several variations, however, which means that occasionally an application may have trouble opening a TIFF file created by another application or on a different platform
![Page 44: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
File Formats
• The GIF FileGIF -- or Graphics Interchange Format -- files define a protocol intended for
the on-line transmission and interchange of raster graphic data in a way that is independent of the hardware used in their creation or display.
• The GIF format was developed in 1987 by CompuServe for compressing eight-bit images that could be telecommunicated through their service and exchanged among users.
• The GIF file is defined in terms of blocks and sub-blocks which contain relevant parameters and data used in the reproduction of a graphic. A GIF data stream is a sequence of protocol blocks and sub-blocks representing a collection of graphics
![Page 45: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
File Formats• The JPEG File
JPEG is a standardized image compression mechanism. The name derives from the Joint Photographic Experts Group, the original name of the committee that wrote the standard. In reality, JPEG is not a file format, but rather a method of data encoding used to reduce the size of a data file. It is most commonly used within file formats such as JFIF and TIFF.
• JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) is a minimal file format which enables JPEGbitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. This minimal format does not include any of the advanced features found in the TIFF JPEG specification or any application specific file format.
• JPEG is designed for compressing either full-color or grayscale images of natural, real-world scenes. It works well on photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material, but not so well on lettering or simple line art. It is also commonly used for on-line display/transmission; such as on web sites.
• A 24-bit image saved in JPEG format can be reduced to about one-twentieth of its original size.
![Page 46: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Neighbors of a Pixel
• A pixel p at coordinates (x,y) has 4 neighbors: (x-1,y), (x+1,y), (x,y-1), (x,y+1).
• These pixels are called N4(p)
• N8(p) are the eight immediate neighbors of p
p
![Page 47: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Adjacency and Connectivity
• Two pixels are connected if:• They are neighbors• Their gray levels satisfy certain conditions (e.g. :
g1= g2)
∗Two pixels p, q are 4 adjacent if *Two pixels p, q are 8 adjacent if
)(4 pNq∈)(8 pNq∈
![Page 48: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Adjacency and Connectivity
• Path :– A digital path from p to q is the set of pixel
coordinates linking p and q.
• Region:– A region is a connected set of pixels
q
p
![Page 49: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Distance Measures
Assume we have 3 pixels: p:(x,y), q:(s,t) and z:(v,w)A distance function D is a metric that satisfies the following
conditions:
Example: Euclidean Distance :
),(),(),()),(),()
0),(,0),()
zqDqpDzpDcpqDqpDb
qpiffqpDqpDa
+≤=
==≥
22 )()(),( tysxqpD −+−=
![Page 50: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Distance Measures
• City Block Distance :
• Chess Board Distance
|)|,max(|),(
||||),(
8
4
tysxqpD
tysxqpD
−−=
−+−=
2 2 1 2
2 1 0 1 22 1 2
2
2 2 1 2
2 1 0 1 22 1 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 22 1 0 1 22 1 1 1 22 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 22 1 0 1 22 1 1 1 22 2 2 2 2
44 1 ND ⇔=
88 1 ND ⇔=
![Page 51: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Pixel Replication• Bilinear Interpolation• Bicubic Interpolation
Image Scaling
![Page 52: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Pixel Replication:Use the nearest neighbor to construct the zoomed image
Useful in doubling the image size
Image Interpolation
![Page 53: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Bilinear InterpolationUse 4 nearest neighbors to calculate the image value.
Image Interpolation
(u,v)
(i+1,j+1)
(i,j+1)(i,j)
(i+1,j)
))(1,1())(1)(1,(),1())(,1())(1)(,(),(
))(,1())(1)(,(),(
jvjifjvjifvifjvjifjvjifvif
iuvifiuvifvuf
−+++−−+=+−++−−=
−++−−=
(i,v)
(i+1,v)
![Page 54: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Interpolation
• Cubic InterpolationUse 16 nearest neighborsThe contribution of each pixel depends on its distance from the output pixelUsually we use spline curve to give smoother output.
where
1,0
)()()()(
)(
)()(),(
4
3
2
1
<<
⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
=
=
vu
upupupup
uP
uPFvPvuf T
![Page 55: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Interpolation
• Cubic Interpolation
2/)()(
2/)43()(
2/)253()(
2/)2()(
234
233
232
231
2,1,2
,
,11,1
tttp
ttttp
tttp
ttttp
ff
f
ff
F
jiji
ji
jiji
−=
++−=
+−=
−+−=
⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
=
+++
−−−
![Page 56: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Interpolation
4x Bilinear Interpolation 4x Bicubic Interpolation
![Page 57: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Interpolation
4x BiCubic Interpolation 4x Edge Directed Interpolation
![Page 58: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Interpolation
![Page 59: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
3. Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain
![Page 60: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Enhancement
The objective of Image Enhancement is to process image data so that the result is more suitable than the original image
EnhancementOperator
Original Image EnhancedImage
![Page 61: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image EnhancementImage Enhancement
Spatial Domain Frequency Domain
![Page 62: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Spatial Domain Enhancement
• Let f(x,y) be the original imageand g(x,y) be the processed image
Then
where T is an operator over a certain neighborhood of the image centered at (x,y)
Usually, we operate on a small rectangular region around (x,y)
)),((),( yxfTyxg =
![Page 63: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Intensity Mapping
• The simplest form of T is when the neighborhood is 1 x 1 pixel (single pixel)
• In this case, g depends only on the gray level at (x,y)
)),((),( yxfTyxg =
)(rTs =
Input Gray levelOutput Gray level
Intensity Mapping
![Page 64: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Intensity MappingIntensity mapping is used to :
a)Increase Contrastb)Vary range of gray Levels
![Page 65: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Mapping
• A) Image Negative
Example: L=256
rLs −−= )1(
rs −= 255
This operation enhances details in dark regions
![Page 66: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Mapping
• B) Log Transformations
)1log( rcs +=
![Page 67: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Mapping
Fourier Spectrum and Result of applying log transformation c=1
![Page 68: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Mapping
• C) Power Transformation
γcrs =
![Page 69: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Gamma Correction
![Page 70: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Gamma Correction6.0=γ
4.0=γ 3.0=γ
![Page 71: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Gamma Correction3=γ
4=γ 5=γ
![Page 72: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Contrast Stretching
![Page 73: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Contrast Stretching
![Page 74: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Workshop
Using Photoshop1. Image ->Adjustments->
perform: a) Image negative, b) Approx gamma=0.3, gamma=2.4, c) Clipping at 200
2. Use the Brightness and Contrast curves to increase the level of brightness of the image
4. Threshold Image: Image->Adjustments->Threshold
![Page 75: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram
• The Histogram of a digital image is a function :
where rk is the kth gray levelnk is the number of pixels having gray level rk
kk nrh =)(
![Page 76: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram
• Example:
4322431152112200
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
#of pixels
![Page 77: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Normalized Histogram
• Normally, we normalize h(rk) by
• So, we have
• p(rk) can be sought of as the probability of a pixel to have a certain value rk
1)(
)()(
1
0
1
0==
==
∑∑−
=
−
=
L
k
kL
kk
kkk
nnrp
nn
nrhrp
![Page 78: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Normalized Histogram
• Example: n=16
4322431152112200
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
#of pixels
![Page 79: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram
Note: Images with uniformly Distributed histograms have higherContrast and high dynamic range
![Page 80: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
• Define a transformation s= T(r)with
where pr(r) is the probability histogram of image r
dwwprTr
r )()(0∫=
![Page 81: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
• Now lets calculate ps(s)
)(
)()(
)()(
0
rpdrds
dwwpdrdrT
drd
drds
dsdrrpsp
r
r
r
rs
=
==
=
∫
![Page 82: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
• So,
Then
Which means that using the transformation the resulting probability is uniform independent of the original image
1)(
1)()(
)(1
=⋅=
=
rprpsp
rpdsdr
rrs
r
dwwprTr
r )()(0∫=
![Page 83: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
∑∑==
−≤≤==k
j
jj
k
jrk Lk
nn
rps00
10)(
In discrete form :
![Page 84: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
Transformation Functions
![Page 85: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
![Page 86: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Histogram Equalization
![Page 87: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Workshop
2. Calculate the Histogram: Image->Histogram
3. Perform Histogram Equalization
43224311521122001. Obtain the histogram equalization
curve for the following example
Using PhotoShop
![Page 88: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Local Enhancement
• Instead of calculating the histogram for the whole image and then do histogram equalization, – First divide the image into blocks– Perform histogram equalization on each block
![Page 89: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Local Histogram Equalization
![Page 90: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Local Statistics
• From the local histogram, we can compute the nth moment
where
( )
( ) 21
0
22
1
0
1
0
1
0
)(
01
)(
)()(
σµ
µµ
µ
=−=
==
=
−=
∑
∑
∑
−
=
−
=
−
=
i
L
ii
i
L
ii
i
L
i
nin
rpmr
rprm
rpmrr
Variance
![Page 91: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Assume we want to change only dark areas in the image and leave light areas unchanged
Enhancement By Local Statistics
⎩⎨⎧
=),(
),(),(
yxfyxf
yxgα Thmmif xyxy ≤≤ σ
otherwise
![Page 92: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Enhancement By Local Statistics
![Page 93: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Enhancement By Arithmetic Operations
![Page 94: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image Averaging
),(1),(1
yxfK
yxgK
ii∑
=
=
![Page 95: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Spatial filtering is performed by convolving the image with a mask or a kernel
• Spatial filters include sharpening, smoothing, edge detection, noise removal, etc.
Spatial Filtering
![Page 96: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Basics of Spatial Filtering
![Page 97: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• In general, linear filtering of an image f of size M x N with filter size m x n is given by the expression
Basics of Spatial Filtering
2/)1(,2/)1(
),(),(),(
−=−=
++= ∑ ∑−= −=
nbma
tysxftswyxga
as
b
bt
![Page 98: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• The output of a smoothing spatial filter is simply the average of the pixels contained in the neighborhood of the filter mask.
• These filters are sometimes called averaging filters and also lowpass filters
• By replacing the value of the pixel with the average of a window around it, the result is a n image with reduced sharp transitions
Smoothing Spatial Filters
![Page 99: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Smoothing Spatial Filters
∑ ∑
∑ ∑
−= −=
−= −=
++= a
as
b
bt
a
as
b
bt
tsw
tysxftswyxg
),(
),(),(),(
In general
![Page 100: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Smoothing Spatial Filters
![Page 101: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Smoothing Spatial Filters
![Page 102: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
• Order statistics filters are nonlinear spatial filters whose response is based on ordering (ranking) the pixels contained in an area covered by the filter
• The best known example in this category in median filter
• Median filters replace the value of the pixel by the median of the gray levels in the neighborhood of that pixel
Order Statistics Filters
![Page 103: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Median Filter
• Example10 20 20 20 15 20
20 25 100
Order10 15 20 20 20 20 20 25 100
Median value
10 20 20 20 20 20
20 25 100
![Page 104: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Median Filter
![Page 105: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Multi Pass Median Filter
![Page 106: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Image+Pepper Noise Image+Salt Noise
Other Order Statistics Filters
![Page 107: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Other Order Statistics Filters
Max Filter Min Filter
![Page 108: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Adaptive Median Filter
• We want to preserve the detail while smoothing non impulse noise.• Vary the size of the window.• Algorithm:
Let
xymed
xy
xy
Singraylevelmedianz
Singraylevelz
Singraylevelz
=
=
=
max
min
max
min
![Page 109: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
med
xy
xy
xy
xy
med
med
zoutputElse
zoutputBANDBif
zzB
zzB
zoutputElseAGotoSsizewindowIf
sizewindowincreaseElseBGotoAANDAif
zzAzzA
,0201
2
1
,
020121
max
min
max
max
min
<>
−=
−=
<
<>−=−=A:
B:
Adaptive Median Filter
![Page 110: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Adaptive Median Filter
![Page 111: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Sharpening Spatial Filters
• The principal objective of sharpening is to highlight fine details in an image or to to enhance details that has been blurred.
• We saw before that image blurring could be accomplished by pixel averaging, which is analogous to integration.
• Sharpening could be accomplished by spatial differentiation
• In this section, we will define operators for sharpening by digital differentiation
• Fundamentally, the strength of the response of the operator should be proportional to the degree of discontinuity (presence of edges).
![Page 112: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Digital Differentiation
• A basic definition of the first-order derivative at one dimensional function f(x) is the difference
• The second order derivative
)()1( xfxfxf
−+=∂∂
)1()(2)1(2
2
−+−+=∂∂ xfxfxf
xf
![Page 113: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Digital Differentiation
![Page 114: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
The Laplacian
• The Laplacian of an image is define as
),(4)]1,()1,(),1(),1([
)1,(),((2)1,(
),1(),((2),1(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
yxfyxfyxfyxfyxff
yxfyxfyxfy
f
yxfyxfyxfx
fy
fx
ff
−−+++−++=∇
−+−+=∂∂
−+−+=∂∂
∂∂
+∂∂
=∇
f2∇
![Page 115: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
The Laplacian f2∇
![Page 116: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Sharpening Mask
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
++∇
+−∇=+
)()(
)(2
2
yxffyxff
yxg
![Page 117: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
![Page 118: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Sharpening Spatial Filters
![Page 119: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Unsharp Masking
• A process used for many years in the publishing industry to sharpen images.
• It consists of subtracting a blurred version of the image from the image itself
),(~),(),( yxfyxfyxfs −=
![Page 120: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
High Boost Filters
),(~),(),( yxfyxfAyxfhb −=
A slight generalization of unsharp masking is called high boost filters
![Page 121: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
High Boost Filters
![Page 122: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Edge Detection
![Page 123: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Edge Detection
![Page 124: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
The idea is to filter within the object not across boundaries
Therefore, image details remain unblurred while achieving Smoothness within objects
The filtering is modeled as a diffusion process that stops at image boundaries
Anisotropic Diffusion Filter
![Page 125: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Anisotropic Diffusion Filter
2),(
)(
)),().((),(
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡∇−
=
∇=∂
∂
Ktxf
exc
txfxcdivt
txf
![Page 126: Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Enhancement in the ...dylucknow.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/1/6731187/spatial_domain... · 8/28/20 04 University of Louisville Digital Image ProcessingDigital](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022805/5cb14aa788c99386208b5a07/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
8/28/2004 University of LouisvilleUniversity of Louisville
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
Thank You