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Dr. Joseph N. Daniel Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Jefferson Medical College Foot and Ankle Service, The Rothman Institute
Philadelphia, PA Residency Program Director
Rowan University SOM Stratford, NJ
Differential Diagnosis and Management of Lateral Ankle Pain
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Disclosure
Stryker Wright Medical
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Objectives
• Basic Ankle Anatomy + Biomechanics • History + Physical Examination • Imaging; Modalities of Work Up • Initial Management; Recommendations for Referral
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Anatomy and Biomechanics
• Ankle Joint – hinge design – complex of bony anatomy + soft tissue structures • tibia, talus, fibula • ligaments, tendons, capsule + retinaculum
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Incidence
• Most common orthopaedic injury • 30,000 acute ankle sprains daily in USA • 20 - 40% of ankle sprains result in chronic instability
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• Not all laterally based ankle pain is an ankle sprain
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History
• Accurate Description of MOI – important to determine if additional pathology exists – twisting injury • PF + I – daily activity – sporting events » basketball » soccer » football » volleyball
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History
• VAS • Recurrent injury / treatment
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Differential Diagnosis
• Keep it Simple – fracture – ligament – tendon – osteochondral pathology – nerve – combination
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Radiographs
• Ottowa Rules for Imaging – TTP bone – deformity / ecchymosis – unable to ambulate > 5 steps
• WB (assumed WB) AP, lateral, Mortise views ankle • WB (assumed WB) AP, lateral, oblique views foot
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Physical Examination
• Soft Tissue Envelope – swelling – ecchymosis – skin tenting – fracture blisters – compartments – deformity
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Physical Examination
• Vascular Status • Neurologic Status – sensation – motor function
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Physical Examination
• Palpation – bone landmarks • both malleoli • lateral process talus • anterior process calcaneus • cuboid • 5th MT base
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Physical Examination
• Palpation – soft tissue • lateral ligament complex • deltoid ligaments • AITFL • peroneal tendons
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Physical Examination
• ROM Ankle + Subtalar Joints • Ankle Anterior Drawer Test – internal + external rotation
• Subtalar anterior Drawer Test – neutral rotation
• External Rotation Test / Hopkinson Squeeze Test • Plantar Flexion + Inversion Test
• * clinical Dx • # MRI assisted Dx
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Differential Diagnosis
• Fracture • Ligament • Tendon • Osteochondral Pathology • Nerve • Combination
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Differential Diagnosis
• Fractures – avulsion fracture distal fibula – lateral process talus fracture – anterior process calcaneus fracture – cuboid fracture – 5th MT base fracture * plain films; rarely MRI
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Differential Diagnosis
• Ligament Injury – ATFL * • TTP • anterior drawer N + 20 degrees PF
– calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) * • TTP • anterior drawer N + 20 degrees DF
– posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) # • TTP • anterior drawer in all positions
• * clinical Dx • # MRI assisted Dx
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Differential Diagnosis
• Ligament Injury – cervical ligament (CL) # • TTP sinus tarsi • Anterior drawer N
• * clinical Dx • # MRI assisted Dx
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Differential Diagnosis
• Ligament Injury – distal tibiofibular syndesmotic complex • anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) * – TTP – external rotation test / Hopkinson squeeze test
• posterior tibiofibular ligament # • transverse tibiofibular ligament # • interosseous ligament #
• * clinical Dx • # MRI assisted Dx
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Differential Diagnosis
• Tendon Injuries – Peroneus Brevis / Peroneus Longus • inflammation * • degeneration # • intra-substance tears # $ • complete ruptures * • subluxation / dislocation * $ – plantar flexion + inversion test
• * clinical Dx • # MRI assisted Dx • $ dynamic US
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Differential Diagnosis
• Osteochondral Pathology – ankle joint – subtalar joint • TTP • catching; clicking
* not evident on plain film → CT * evident on plain film → MRI
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Differential Diagnosis
• Neural Injuries – superficial peroneal nn * ^ – sural nn * ^ • Tinel’s sign
The Superficial Peroneal Nerve
• * clinical Dx • ^ EMG assisted Dx
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DIAGNOSIS INITIAL TREATMENT WORK-‐UP P.T. REFER
lateral malleolus fracture immobilize / NWB yes
lateral process talus fracture immobilize / NWB CT yes
anterior process calcaneus fracture immobilize / NWB CT yes
cuboid fracture immobilize / NWB CT yes
5th MT fracture Immobilize / WBAT yes
effusion immobilize / NWB no
ankle sprain (ATFL +/-‐ CFL) immobilize / NWB yes +/-‐
CL immobilize / NWB MRI yes
syndesmosis immobilize / NWB yes
peroneal inflammaTon immobilize / WBAT yes no
peroneal degeneraTon immobilize / WBAT MRI yes yes
peroneal intra-‐substance tear immobilize / NWB MRI, US yes
peroneal rupture immobilize / NWB MRI yes
peroneal sublux /disloc immobilize / NWB MRI, UIS yes
OCD ankle joint immobilize / NWB MRI / CT yes
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“BE ASHAMED TO DIE UNTIL YOU HAVE DONE SOMETHING GOOD FOR MANKIND”
Dr. Vernon Johnson, American Pastor during the Revolutionary War