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Meera Warrier
Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation
and Poverty
University of Sussex
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Presentation Outline
• Overview• Key Issues• Migration Flows Over History• Perceptions of Labour Migration• Skilled Migration• Student Migration• Emerging Landscapes
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Overview
• 200 mn international migrants, 3% of world population
• 60% in worlds most developed countries
• Principle forces driving migration– development, demography and democracy (GCIM)
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Key Issues
• Working within the paradigm of the nation state
• Outer Face: Labour Needs/ Humanitarian Considerations/Development
• Internal Face: Marrying various interests – citizens/trade unions/private enterprises/individuals
Note: Internal and External not exclusive of each other
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Major Migration Flows Over History
• 1500-1800 mercantile period
• 1800-1925 industrial period
• 1925-1950s – limited migration
• 1950s onwards – post industrial migration
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1500-1850: The Mercantile Period
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1850-1925The Industrial Period
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1950s Onwards:Post-Industrial Migration
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Perceptions of Labour Migration
• Concerns with immigration mainly related to permanent settlement and its consequences for integration and race relations
• Little on the internationalisation of education and the movements of students
• Little on forms of immigrant entrepreneurship
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Skilled Migration
• Global integration of the highly skilled – pool of substitutable labour with English as lingua franca, common skills, internationalised values and professional networks that cut across national borders
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Student Migration
• Internationalisation of higher education. Numbers substantial and increasing
• Major business today and multi-million dollar industry – both directly through fees received and indirectly through establishment of links with other countries
• Studies on economics of labour – education positively influences the probability and speed of absorption in the labour market
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Emerging Landscapes
• Labour shortages
• Development imperatives
• Demographic pressures
• Changes in policy
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Dependency Ratios
Dependency ratios
40
50
60
70
80
Over
60s
pop
. divi
ded
by w
orkin
g ag
e po
p.
Western Europe
Canada
Australia
UK
USA
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Changes in Policy
• Shift in discourse from humanitarian towards demand for skills
• Shift to increasing highly skilled migration, and wariness of semi-unskilled migration
• Shift from permanent to temporary immigration policies