SOUTHERN ECONOMY
• CITIES: Still found in South; region predominantly developed as a rural society of self-sufficient plantations– Reduced importance of ports, shops, bakeries,
markets
CASH CROPSGrown for sale rather than for feed
• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina:– Tobacco
• South Carolina, Georgia: – Rice– Indigo
TRIANGULAR TRADE
• Triangular Trade- goods and enslaved people were exchanged across the Atlantic Ocean- Middle Passage- voyage bringing Africans to West
Indies and N. AmericaEuropean traders would brand Africans in West Africa to identification purposes
13% of Africans who boarded ships crossing the middle passage died (quote pg. 33)
TRIANGULAR TRADE
AFRICAN SLAVERY
• 80-90% of Africans worked plantation fields– Others were domestic servants
• African Culture did not diminish in the Americas– Music, Dance, Storytelling traditions continued– Slave resistance occurred as early as 1739• Stono Rebellion (Pg. 33)
NORTHERN ECONOMY
• Based on manufacturing and trade– By 1770’s 1/3 of British ships were built in colonies– Boston, New York, Philadelphia: major trade ports
• 1700’s: 463,000 Europeans migrate to America• Farming in North– Cash crops produced such as wheat and corn– Slavery still existed in N. and Middle Colonies
ENGLIGHTENMENT
• Renaissance- emphasis on reason and rational thought to solve world’s problems– Less reliance on God, Bible
• Result: discovery of natural laws/principles that governed world and human behavior– Copernicus: Sun is center of universe– Galileo: Father of modern science/astronomy– Newton: 3 laws of motion
ENLIGHTENMENT CT’D
• Works during Renaissance resulted in Enlightenment- philosophic value placed on reason and scientific method
• Popular in Colonies– Books and Pamphlets produced containing ideas– High literacy rate amongst Northerners
• Enlightenment: Science and logic replace bible and church authority
• Is it logical that all humans are born with natural rights? (John Locke, Thomas Jefferson)
GREAT AWAKENING
• Series of religious revivals aimed at restoring intensity of Puritan church
• Coincided with Enlightenment (Mid 18th C.)• Great Awakening message from Puritan
Preacher Jonathan Edwards- Pg. 36– Example of aggressive revival– Emotion, fear used as tools
RESULTS OF MOVEMENTS
• ENLIGHTENMENTReason-basedTraditional authority was questionedConcept of Natural Rights resulted in Colonists questioning Britain’s right to rule them
• GREAT AWAKENINGEmotion, FearLoyalty to Puritan/Anglican religions was abandoned due to newer, more emotional religions
• Example: Baptists, Methodists
TENSIONS WITH FRANCE
• France: Empire expanding in N. America– Controlled lands west of English Colonies
• Ohio River Valley: West of Pennsylvania and Virginia– Fertile farmland with large river ways draining to
New Orleans– 1754: French Colonists build Fort Duquesne in
region• PROBLEM: Virginia Gov granted land to English farmers
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• VA Governor: Sends militia to remove French at Fort Duquesne in 1754– Begins French and Indian War
• French defeat Virginian Militia– Led by 22-yr old George Washington
• 1 year later, British send 1,500 soldiers to attack Fort Duquesne – French formed alliance Native Americans– Ambushed British; forced retreat
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• British King George II appointed William Pitt as key political/military advisor
• British began winning series of battles against French; gained alliance of Iroquois Tribe
• 1759- British win key battle at Quebec City; win war• 1763- Treaty of Paris signed– G.B claims Canada, N. America east of Miss. River– Spain claims lands W. of Miss. River– France all but eliminated from N. American claims
EUROPEAN CLAIMS IN AMERICA1754 1763
NATIVE AMERICAN IMPACT
• French Colonists were more hospitable to Native Americans than British were
• Pontiac: Native American leader who captured 8 forts in Ohio valley
• Proclamation of 1763: Established line along Appalachian Mountains – Forbid English from settling in Ohio Valley– Largely Ignored; Tensions continued
