Development Agencies
Haley Born & Laura Sampson
April 10, 2012
International Water Relations and Humanitarian Projects
Millennium Development Goals
Focus on…Target 7B: By 2010, a significant reduction
in the rate of loss • Proportion of fish stocks within safe
biological limits• Proportion of total water resources used• Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas
protected• Proportion of species threatened with
extinctionTarget 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of
the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Progress MDGR (2010)
UNESCO
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• The International Committee on Intellectual Co-operation was officially created on 4 January 1922-predacesor
• UNESCO: November 1946• 196 member states
UNESCO
• Purpose: To contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter
Work With Water
• International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE)
• World Water Assessment Program (WWAP)
• International Hydrological Program (IHP)
IHE
• Largest water education facility in the world established in 2003
• Carries out research & education in the fields of water, environment and infrastructure
• The only institution in the UN system authorized to confer accredited MSc degrees
Work With Water
• International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE)
• World Water Assessment Program (WWAP)
• International Hydrological Program (IHP)
WWAP
• Coordinates 28 UN-Water members to develop the World Water Development Report (WWDR)– The WWDR is a triennial review providing an
authoritative picture of the state, use and management of the world’s freshwater resources.
• Seek to equip water managers and key decision-makers with the information, tools and skills needed to develop effective policies
Work With Water
• International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE)
• World Water Assessment Program (WWAP)
• International Hydrological Program (IHP)
IHP
• Promoting leading edge research that provides policy-relevant advice to Member States
• Facilitating education and capacity development as a response to the growing needs linked to sustainable development
• Enhancing governance in water resources management to achieve ecosystem sustainability
Programs
• FRIEND – Flow Regimes from International
Experimental and Network Data– Sets up regional networks for analyzing
hydrological data through the exchange of regional knowledge/techniques
– Provides support to researchers and staff in developing countries helping them manage their own national water resources
Programs
• IFI (2005)– International Flood Initiative– An interagency initiative– promotes an integrated approach to
flood management which takes advantage of the benefits of floods and the use of flood plains, while reducing social, environmental and economic risks.
Programs
• ISARM – Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources
Management– An initiative to set up a network of
specialists and experts to compile a world inventory of transboundary aquifers
– develop wise practices and guidance tools concerning shared groundwater resources management
Programs
• PCCP – From Potential Conflict to Cooperation
Potential– facilitates multi-level and
interdisciplinary dialogues in order to foster peace, cooperation and development related to the management of shared water resources
Political Tension
Palestine:•In 2011, Palestine became a UNESCO member following a vote in which 107 member states supported and 14 opposed
• Laws passed in the United States in 1990 and 1994 mean that it cannot contribute financially to any UN organization that accepts Palestine as a full member
•Currently 22% of UNESCO's budget
USAID
• Foreign Assistance Act (1961)– USAID created by executive order
• Emphasis on long-range economic and social development assistance to foreign countries
• Twofold purpose – furthering America's interests – improving lives in the developing world
US Agency for International Development
The Global Water Challenge
• Total global water demand is doubling every 20 years
• Millennium development goals want to ½ this number by 2015
From Ridge to Reef:Integrated Water Resources Management
• “USAID is committed to addressing these challenges, and creating a water secure world in which every society enjoys access to an acceptable quantity and quality of water to meet human, livelihood, production, and ecosystem needs.”
Integrated Water Resources Management
• water issues intersect with all other aspects of development
• Goal: yield more lasting change than investments in infrastructure
Drinking Water,
Sanitation, & Hygiene
Water Productivity &
Efficiency
Water Governance &
Regulation
Water Resources &
Natural Resources
Management
Water, Natural
Disasters, & Climate Change
Integrated Water
Resources Management
Principles
Framework for Action
Funding
• Foreign policy initiatives • 4 categories of funded activities–Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WSSH)–Water Resources Management (WRM)–Water Productivity and Efficiency (WP)– Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Paki
stan
Afgha
nist
an
Wes
t Ban
k/Gaz
a
Suda
nHai
ti
Jord
an
Indo
nesia
Democ
ratic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
Liber
ia
Kenya
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
Top 10 Total Contri-butions
WSSHWRMWPDRRTotal
Funding Breakdown
• 83% of funding goes to WSSH
• Less than 10% to each of the others– 8% to WP– 5% to DRR– 4% to WRM
83%
4%
9%
5%
Distribution of Contri-butions
WSSHWRMWPDRR
Paki
stan
Afgha
nist
an
Wes
t Ban
k/Gaz
a
Suda
nHai
ti
Jord
an
Indo
nesia
Democ
ratic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
Liber
ia
Kenya
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
Top 10 Total Contributions
WSSH
WRM
WP
DRR
Total
Top WSSH Contribution
WSSH: Pakistan
• $107,881,513 for WSSH
• Also– $23,500,000 for WP
• Projects such as:– Sindh Cities
Improvement Investment Program
– Jacobabad and Peshawar Water Project
– Municipal Services Delivery Initiative
82%
18%
Funding Breakdown
WSSHWRMWPDRR
Paki
stan
Afgha
nist
an
Wes
t Ban
k/Gaz
a
Suda
nHai
ti
Jord
an
Indo
nesia
Democ
ratic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
Liber
ia
Kenya
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
Top 10 Total Contributions
WSSH
WRM
WP
DRR
Total
Top WRM Contribution
WRM: Indonesia
• $6,550,000 for WRM• Also
– $10,651,321 for WSSH– $621,480 for DRR
• Projects such as:– Coral Triangle Support
Partnership– Responsible Asia
Forestry and Trade Program
– Indonesian Forest and Climate Support
60%
37%
3%
Funding Breakdown
WSSHWRMWPDRR
Paki
stan
Afgha
nist
an
Wes
t Ban
k/Gaz
a
Suda
nHai
ti
Jord
an
Indo
nesia
Democ
ratic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
Liber
ia
Kenya
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
Top 10 Total Contributions
WSSH
WRM
WP
DRR
Total
Top WP Contribution
WP: Pakistan
• $23,500,000 for WP• Also– $107,881,513 for
WSSH
• Projects such as:– The Enterprise Fund– High Efficiency
Irrigation Systems Program
– Agricultural Technical Training Program
82%
18%
Funding Breakdown
WSSHWRMWPDRR
Paki
stan
Afgha
nist
an
Wes
t Ban
k/Gaz
a
Suda
nHai
ti
Jord
an
Indo
nesia
Democ
ratic
Rep
ublic
of C
ongo
Liber
ia
Kenya
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
Top 10 Total Contributions
WSSH
WRM
WP
DRR
Total
Top DRR Contribution
DRR: Democratic Republic of Congo
• $14,153,200 for DRR
• Projects such as:– Comprehensive
African Agriculture Development Plan
– Jenga Jamaa– African Global
Competitiveness Initiative
100%
Funding Breakdown
WSSHWRMWPDRR
Questions
1. What do you think about the MDGs? Are they reasonably attainable? Is there anything you would add or remove?
2. 83% of USAID funding in 2010 fell into the category of WSSH projects. Does this seem reasonable or do you think another category should receive more funding?
3. What do you see as the pros and cons of an international development program as opposed to regional or national aid programs?