![Page 1: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Overview of UK University Research
R.K. Dhir* and M. J. McCarthy+yUniversity of Dundee, UK
* Emeritus Professor of Concrete TechnologyEmeritus Professor of Concrete TechnologyDirector, Applying Concrete Knowledge
+ Senior Lecturer
![Page 2: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Forty Years Fly Ash Research at Dundee
Main ResearchersMain Researchers
Prof. R. K Dhir: 40 years Dr. M. R. Jones: 28 years Dr. M. J. McCarthy: 22 years
Main Thrust of Research1 D l i i l F d t l C t
y y
1. Developing simple Fundamental Concepts2. Developing Challenging Fly Ash Applications3 Di i ti f N K l d3. Dissemination of New Knowledge
![Page 3: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Main Thrust of Dundee Research1. Developing Simple Fundamental Concepts
1.1 Fly Ash1 1 1 BS 3892:Part 1 PFA1.1.1 BS 3892:Part 1 PFA1.1.2 EN 450 Fly Ash1.1.3 Conditioned/Lagooned Fly Ash1.1.4 Stockpiled/Landfilled Fly Ashp / y1.1.5 Co- Combustion Fly Ash
1.2 Enabling Low CO2 Emission cements1.2.1 Low Energy Cements
h l l h1.2.2 High Volume Fly Ash Cements1.3 High performance Fly Ash
2. Developing Challenging Fly Ash Applications2 1 General Use in Concrete2.1 General Use in Concrete2.2 High Performance Concrete2.3 Chloride resistant Concrete2.4 Minimising ASR with EN 450 / CFA2.4 Minimising ASR with EN 450 / CFA2.5 Fly Ash Mortar2.6 Foam Concrete2.7 Sulfate resisting Grout2.8 Activated Sand2.9 Lime Stabilised Soils with Fly Ash
3. Multi Blend Cements with Fly Ash
![Page 4: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1.1 What is Fly Ash?
• Fly Ash (FA) is the particulateFly Ash (FA) is the particulate materials produced at coal fired power stations.
• Spherical particles, in range < 1 μm to 150 μm.
• Pozzolanic materials, reactingPozzolanic materials, reacting with water and lime to form cementitious compounds.
![Page 5: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1.1.1 Fly Ash: All Grades and BS3892, Part 1 PFA
Strength Development with AgeStrength Development with AgeStrength Development with AgeStrength Development with Ageh
Fly ash
PCh
Fly ash
PC
Stre
ngth PC
Stre
ngth PC
Strength development with
Age, days3 7 28 90
Designed at equal 28 d t th
Age, days3 7 28 90
Designed at equal 28 d t th
Enhanced long-term strength development
Strength development with additional fly ash in concrete mixes
28 day strength28 day strength
![Page 6: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Standards
1965: BS 3892. FA as fine aggregate.1965: BS 3892. FA as fine aggregate.
1982: BS 3892,Part1. FA as cement component.
1995: BS EN 450. Wide range FA, in particular fineness, as cement component.
2000: BS EN 197-1. Wide range materials as cement component.
2005: BS EN 450 (revised). Includes co-combustion FA.
![Page 7: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1.1.2 BS EN 450 Fly Ash
Single and Multiple SourcesSingle and Multiple Sources
4570% PC / 30% PFA;
PFA 1-4, 6m
2 Single Source Classified
40PFA 8(a)-(g)PFA 9(a)-(h)
GTH
, N/m
m
35
STR
ENG
30
28 D
AY
Multiple Source
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4525
Binder content - 350 kg/m 3
PFA FINENESS, % 45um sieve ret.
![Page 8: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1.1.2 BS EN 450 Fly Ash Appropriate and Sustainable use of PFA, based on Equal Performance
Higher GradeHigher Grade
MaterialsTo achieve
Equalityq y
BENCH MARK MATERIAL100%
To achieve Important Considerations
• Mix DesignEquality
Lower Grade
Materials
• Cost
• Performance
![Page 9: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1.1.2 BS EN 450 Fly Ash
Achieving Equal Performance
Bulk Engineering Properties such as, Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Creep, Shrinkage, Durability Related
REN
GTH
y, p, g , yProperties, such as, Permeation, Chloride Ingress, Carbonation, Sulfate Resistance, Abrasion, Freeze/ Thaw
Reduce water content/Increase binderCR
ETE
STR
BS3892 Part 1 BS EN 450
Increase binder content/Combine theseCO
NC
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450
PFA FINENESS, % 45 mm sieve retentionPFA FINENESS, % 45 mm sieve retention
![Page 10: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1.1.3 Conditioned and Lagooned Fly Ash
WorkabilityWorkability Compressive Compressive PermeationPermeationWorkabilityWorkability ppStrengthStrength
PermeationPermeation
100 Nominal 75 mm 70mm
²
90
60
80
mm
Dry FA0 months6 months
Nominal 75 mmfor dry FA
5028 d
ay),
N/m
70/s x
10
-2
40
60
SLU
MP,
m
30
REN
GTH
(2
50
A-1
0, m
l/m²/
Increasing
0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 0 750
20
0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 0 7510C
UB
E ST
R
0 35 0 45 0 55 0 65 0 7530
ISAg
storage
0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
W / C RATIO
0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
30% FA levelFine FA (10% moisture)
![Page 11: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1.1.4 Stockpiled and landfilled Fly Ash
Overview of Fly Ash Processing System4. Froth 4. Froth
FlotationFlotationFrothFroth
1. Pre1. Pre--ScreeningScreening
3. Primary 3. Primary SeparationSeparation
OverflowOverflowAirAir
FeedFeed
4a. 4a. Column Column FlotationFlotation
OverflowOverflowFeedFeed
Clean Clean WaterWater
TailsTails
FrothFroth
2. 2. SlurrificationSlurrification
UnderflowUnderflow
WaterWater
4b. Mechanical 4b. Mechanical FlotationFlotation
TailsTails
5. Lamella Hydraulic5. Lamella Hydraulic
SlurrificationSlurrification
CenospheresCenospheres
FlotationFlotation
UnderflowsUnderflows
5. Lamella Hydraulic 5. Lamella Hydraulic ClassificationClassification
U4U4 U3U3 U1U1U2U2U5U5UltrafineUltrafine
![Page 12: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1.1.5 Co-Combustion Fly Ash
Effect on Fly Ash and Concrete StrengthEffect on Fly Ash and Concrete Strength60
mm
²
CEMENT CONTENT,FINENESS
40
50
NG
TH, N
/m
350 kg/m³FINENESS,
% ret. 45 µmLOI, %
CO-FUELCA CCA CCACA
30
40
BE
STR
EN
Meat/Bone Meal
P lt D
25.8 26.2
25 3 29 2
6.4 7.1
4 9 5 9
20
DAY
CU
B
Coal-fired FA SeriesCo-fuel FA Series
Poultry Dung
Cocoa Shells
25.3 29.2
23.0 21.1
4.9 5.9
4.0 4.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 451028
Sewage Sludge 28.0 27.0 7.0 7.2
FA FINENESS, % 45 µm sieve retention
![Page 13: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Enabling Low CO Emission CementsEnabling Low CO2 Emission Cements
![Page 14: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1.2.1 Low Energy Cements
80 Development of Concrete StrengthDevelopment of Concrete Strength
70
N/m
m² PC
PC / PFA 45%RHC / PFA 45%
60
REN
GTH
, RHC / PFA 45%
50
SIVE
STR
MC+/ high PFA contentto enhance early and
30
40
OM
PRES
S to e a ce ea y a dlong-term strength
Coarse and conditionedPFA can regulate early
20
30
CO PFA can regulate early
reactions
1 10 100 1000AGE, days
MC+ Mineralised Clinker
![Page 15: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1.2.1 High Volume Fly Ash Cements
Effect on Engineering PropertiesEffect on Engineering PropertiesCEMENT TYPE
PROPERTY DESIGN STRENGTH, N/mm2
PC MC+/45FA
Effect on Engineering PropertiesEffect on Engineering Properties
PC MC+/45FA
1Modulus of Elasticity, kN/mm2
35 25.0 25.550 28.5 29.070 33.0 35.5
2Drying Shrinkage, Microstrainy g S age, c ost a35 490 46550 560 54570 600 600
1Creep, Microstrain50 1200 600
1 test carried out at 28 daystest carried out at 28 days2 12 month result
MC+ Mineralised clinker
![Page 16: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
High Performance Fly Ash
Improved Fresh/Hardened Concrete Performance
180 MPa
m140
160
180
PC
10% SF10% SFFA
ngth
, M
100
80
UM
P, m
100
80
120
ve S
tre
60
SLU
60
40
80
mpr
essi40
20
PC 10% SF
10% SFFA
5% SF
5% SFFA
20
015% SFFA
Com
1
Age da3 7 28 56 56
0
SF SFFASF SFFA SFFA Age, day
![Page 17: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2. Developing Challenging Fly Ash Applications in ConcreteApplications in Concrete
Construction
![Page 18: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2.1 General Use in Concrete
•• Improved fresh Improved fresh propertiespropertiespropertiesproperties
•• Improved engineering Improved engineering propertiespropertiesp pp p
•• Improved durabilityImproved durabilityImproved durabilityImproved durability
![Page 19: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2.2 High Performance Concrete 2.2 High Performance Concrete
PROJECT Year(s) Location Combination, Strength, Main % N/mm2 Requirement
PacificFirst Centre
1989 United Statesof America
PC/FA9/SF6 124/56day Ultra high long-term strengthFirst Centre of America g
Petronas Twin Towers
1995 Malaysia PC/FA18/SF10 80 High early and long-term strengthstrength
Tsing Ma Bridge
1997 Hong Kong PC/FA25/SF5 50 Chloride/ permeability resistance
Storebaelt Crossing
1998 Denmark PC/FA10/SF5 - Chloride / sulfate / freeze-thaw
Bandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride inBandra Worli Sealink
On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in marine exposure
Burj Dubai 2004-2009 United Arab Emirates
PC/FA25/SF7PC/FA13/SF10
6080
Chloride / sulfateSt th /Emirates PC/FA13/SF10 80 Strength /
workability
![Page 20: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2.3 Development of Chloride Resistant Concrete
Cement W/C Total
Designed w/c, water and cement contents for XS3 exposure
PCEstimate StrengthEstimete D
Mix constituents, kg/m3Class designation Class description
Chloride exposure classes (BS 8500)
Combination W/C Water Total
Cement PC FA
PC 0.40 180 45045010% FA 0.40 174 435390 4530% FA 0 47 160 340240 100
PC Savings
60210
Strength N/mm2
535138
cm2/s×109
6.03 0
15.0– –
designation
Seve
rity
Chlorides other than from sea waterXD classesModerate humidityXD1Wet, rare dryXD2Cyclic wet and dryXD3 30% FA 0.47 160 340240 100
50% FA 0.44 150 340170 170210280
3833
3.01.5
S Cyclic wet and dryXD3Chlorides from sea waterXS classes
Not in direct contact with sea waterXS1Permanently submergedXS2Tidal splash and spray zonesXS3Se
verit
y
Relative cement cost analysis:550 110Tidal, splash and spray zonesXS3S
Group 4 CEM I CEM I+(6% 20%)FA
FA cements grouping with respect to chloride exposure
ost,
%
450
500
550
90
100
110
kg/m
3
Concrete required for XS3
Group 4 CEM I, CEM I+(6%-20%)FAGroup 5 CEM I+(21%-35%)FAGroup 6 CEM I+(36%-55%)FA
e C
emen
t Co
300
350
400
60
70
80
nt C
onte
nt, k
Total cement content
Cement Combination
Max. w/c
Min. Strength
Min. Cement kg/m3
PC (Group 4) 0.40C50 380
qwith nominal cover = 50 + c
Rel
ativ
200
250
300
40
50
60
Cem
en PC content Relative cement cost
( p )10% FA (Group 4) 0.40C50 38030% FA (Group 5) 0.50C35 34050% FA (Group 6) 0.50C30 340
FA content, %
1500 10 20 30 40 50 60
30
Assume Part 1 PFA price = 50% of PC price
![Page 21: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fly Ash: Durability of Concrete
E i t l d E i C id tiE i t l d E i C id ti
y yImproving Chloride Resistance
For equal chloride diffusion ffi i t
100910009 100910009
Environmental and Economic ConsiderationsEnvironmental and Economic Considerations
coefficient:
PC Concrete: 70 MPa(m2 /s
ec× 1
09
2 MP
cm2 /s
×10
25 MPa concrete(m2 /s
ec× 1
09
2 MP
cm2 /s
×10
25 MPa concrete PC Concrete: 70 MPa (w/c=0.30, PC=550kg/m3, PFA=0kg/m3)
10
effic
ient
(D )
c 25 MPa concrete
35 MPa concrete
10
cien
t, D
, 25 MPa concrete
35 MPa concrete
10
effic
ient
(D )
c 25 MPa concrete
35 MPa concrete
10
cien
t, D
, 25 MPa concrete
35 MPa concrete
PC55/FA45 Concrete: 25MPa(w/c=0 60 PC=145kg/m3, FA=125kg/m3)
1
usio
n C
oe 35 MPa concrete
50 MPa concrete1
on C
oeffi
50 MPa concrete1
usio
n C
oe 35 MPa concrete
50 MPa concrete1
on C
oeffi
50 MPa concrete(w/c 0.60, PC 145kg/m FA 125kg/m )
Potential for Cement Saving:0.10 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diff
u
60 MPa concrete70 MPa concrete
0.10 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diff
usio
60 MPa concrete70 MPa concrete
0.10 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diff
u
60 MPa concrete70 MPa concrete
0.10 10 20 30 40 50 60
Diff
usio
60 MPa concrete70 MPa concrete
g275 kg/m3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60% Fly Ash Content
0 10 20 30 40 50 60% Fly Ash Content
0 10 20 30 40 50 60% Fly Ash Content
0 10 20 30 40 50 60% Fly Ash Content
RKD1
![Page 22: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Slide 21
RKD1 R K Dhir, 19/05/2009
![Page 23: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2.4 Minimising ASR with EN 450 FA/CFA
h
Test Method Test Method –– ASR Expansion of ConcreteASR Expansion of Concrete0.20
in le
ngth
All dry FAs30% FA level
BS 812BS 812--123123
0.15
cha
nge Alkali content = 7.0 kg/m²
Gravel aggregate, max. size 20mm
Exposure: 38°C sealed above water
0.10ee
ks),
%
Exposure: 38°C, sealed above water
Expansion, PC Control=0.42%
0.05
(104
we p ,
0
ANSI
ON
(
0 10 20 30 40 50 60FA FINENESS, % 45 µm sieve retentionEX
PA
![Page 24: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2.5 Properties of Fly Ash Mortar
Concrete StrengthConcrete Strength
120 35
60Equivalent flowFresh Concrete PropertiesFresh Concrete Properties
%
100
120Mortar designation II 30
35
TIVI
TY, %
40
50
mm
²
DEM
AN
D,
60
80
20
25E
RET
ENT
30
GTH
, N/m
WAT
ER D
40
60
10
15
SIST
ENC
E
20
STR
EN
W
20 5
10
CO
NS
0
10PCFA 30%FA 50%
400FA 50%MORTAR
PC FA 30%0
PC FA 30% FA 50%MORTAR
0 0 100 200 300
AGE, days
0
![Page 25: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2.6 Foamed Concrete
Cube Strength, N/mm²Cube Strength, N/mm²Efflux Efflux Time, Time,
Foamed Foamed Concrete Concrete
1.91.91.91.91.71.71.41.41.21.25050PC RefPC Ref
90 d90 d56 d56 d28 d28 d7 d7 d3 d3 d,,
SecondSecondbbMixMixaaaa Fly ash was used to Fly ash was used to replace sand at 50% by replace sand at 50% by massmass
3 93 93 73 73 23 21 81 81 51 52020U2U22.72.72.62.62.22.21.61.61.31.32020U1U13.43.43.23.22.82.81.71.71.41.42525Raw AshRaw Ash
mass.mass.
bb <60 seconds: mix is <60 seconds: mix is flowing and selfflowing and self--3.93.93.73.73.23.21.81.81.51.52020U2U2 compactingcompacting
![Page 26: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2.6 Foamed Concrete
Effect of Fly Ash on Density/ Strength RelationshipEffect of Fly Ash on Density/ Strength Relationship
55
60
Void-fill FC (Moorfield, 1994)Sand Mixes 28 days
40
45
50
/mm
²Sand Mixes, 28 daysFA Mixes, 28-daysFA Mixes, 56 days
25
30
35
Stre
ngth
, N/ W/C 0.30
15
20
25
ompr
essi
ve S
0
5
10Co
1400 1600 1800Design Plastic Density, kg/m³
![Page 27: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2.7 Sulfate Resisting Fly Ash Grout0.10
STRENGTH*, N/mm²Exposure: Class 5
0.08
l len
gth
G1 34 5
G0 = 57.0Class 5
* 28 day lime water cured(70.7 mm cube)
0.06
% o
f ini
tial
G2 = 19.5
G1 = 34.5
0.04
NSI
ON
, %
G3 = 13.0SRC G0 = 55.0
0.02EXPA
N
G5 = 6.5
0G10 = 3.5
12 240 631
EXPOSURE PERIOD, months (log scale)
![Page 28: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2.8 Conditioned Fly Ash Activated Sand
70PC 450 k / ³ CPFA
Strength PerformanceStrength Performance
60
PC: 450 kg/m³ CPFA
CPFASand
50CPFA
PC: 350Sand
30
40 CPFAPC: 250
Sand
20
0
1010% sand replacement0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AGE, days
0 replacement
![Page 29: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2.9 Lime Stabilization of Soils with Fly Ash
15
3% lime, 1 day mellowing, 7 days in water at 40ºC
15
G, %
_ 3% lime, 1 day mellowing, 7 days in water at 40ºC
10
WE
LLIN Kimmeridge Clay, SO3 = 1.0%
FA3-1, fine5ETR
IC S
W
Generally accepted safe limit
FA7, coarse
Generally accepted safe limit
5
VO
LUM
E FA, fine
FA coarseGGBSGGBS0
0 6 12 18 24
V FA,coarseGGBS
ADDITION CONTENT, %
![Page 30: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Multi-Blended Cements with Fly Ash
STRENGTH N/mm2
CEMENT w/c 0.65 w/c 0.55 w/c 0.45
PC / 30%FA 22.5 29.0 39.5
PC / 25%FA / 5%LS 22 0 28 0 39 0PC / 25%FA / 5%LS 22.0 28.0 39.0
PC / 25%FA / 5%MK 23.5 30.5 42.0
PC / 25%FA / 5%SF 25.0 33.0 45.0
![Page 31: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3. Multi-Blended Cements with Fly Ash
8
PC and PC/PFA controlWater
5
6
7 PC and PC/PFA control
PC/GBS/SF
Water cured
3
4
5
20 N/mm 260 N/mm 240 N/mm 2
1
2
3
0
1
CONCRETE MIX
![Page 32: Developing Fly Ash for Use in Concrete:Developing Fly Ash for Use … Ravindra Dhir.pdf · 2010. 8. 2. · Bandra WorliBandra Worli On-going India PC/FA25/SF7 60 Chloride in Sealink](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022053023/6057a41ba7713a27d23bac27/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Concluding Remarks
The CTU model of working in partnership with all the g p pstakeholders, including government and industry, has made it possible for University research to be p yinnovative and practical and thereby facilitate maximising the use of fly ash as a valuable resource in g yconcrete construction and, in so doing, it can claim to be a major player in enabling sustainable use of cement j p y gin concrete construction, in terms of reducing significantly its carbon footprint and enhancing concrete g y p gdurability.