Download - Dannelly's Short History of Computing
Dannelly's Short Historyof Computing
CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing
In the beginning…
Pascal created a calculator in 1652 able to add and subtract
A = A + B
photos from en.wikipedia.org
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
Math Tables Problem Difference Engine and Analytical Engines
Abilities add subtract loop conditional branch etc…
instructions on punched cards data cards and instructions
were separated
Harvard Mark 1 mechanical completed in 1943 used to compute artillery tables instructions on paper tape storage = 72 registers
Digital Electronics 101
circuits are a series of "gates" gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc Example - Half Adder:
AND
XOR
Apple's iPad uses theA4 system chip with
177 million transistors
First Generation based on vacuum tubes
ENIAC 1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania base 10, not binary programmed via wires
EDVAC based on ENIAC program stored in
memory
UNIVAC 1951 first commercial machine 46 were made
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper 1906 - 1992
Harvard Mark II "bug in the program"
UNIVAC wrote first compiler
influenced COBOL programming languages should be closer to
English than machine code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_hopper
Second Generation based on transistors 1955-1964 FORTRAN and COBOL IO Processors overlapping the fetch and execute cycles
1947 - Bell LabsBardeen, Brattain, Shockley
Noble Prize in 1956
Second Generation…
This IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unitheld 2.8 MB of data.
Lease = $2100 per month
The IBM 1401 Mainframe leased forabout $2500 per month in 1960.
Third Generation based on Integrated Circuits mainframes and minicomputers
IBM 360 1964 equally suited for business or science 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point 16 32-bit general registers from 8K to 8M of memory
Fourth Generation
based on VLSI hundreds of thousands of
semiconductors per chip
microcomputers IBM PC released in 1981
www.cs.indiana.edu
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg
Fifth Generation
massively parallel computers supercomputers
still not in everyone's home
Possible Revision of "5th Generation" maybe it was the internet-ization of every device maybe it was mobile-ization of every device, thanks to
Lithium-Ion batteries allowing smaller devices
Moore's Law
http://pointsandfigures.com/2015/04/18/moores-law/
computing power doubles every two years
Possible Future :Quantum Computing
Classical Mechanics an object in motion stays in motion blah blah
Quantum Mechanics a particle can be in two places at once two particles can be "entangled" regardless of distance or time there are parallel universes
Quantum Computer based on Qubits can be 1, or 0, or 1 and 0 at the same time computational complexity is no longer relevant data transfer would be instant very good at decoding encrypted messages
Stages of a New Technology becoming Viable1. Critical Price
2. Critical Mass
3. Displacement of Another Technology
4. Nearly Free
Example : Voice Over IP1. high speed internet connection cost less $2. over 20% of households get high speed3. international calls made over internet4. talking to someone in India nearly free via Skype
http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_of_wired_on_tech_s_long_tail.html
The Internet ARPANET
started in 1967 fault tolerant packet-switched
1973 - TCP/IP enables a network of networks
1977 - email application 1984 - DNS introduced with 1000 nodes 1991 - first web server 1998 - birth of Google Inc.
http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/
http://www.bsdg.org/Jim/Peer2Peer/Paper/3214_Internet.png
E-Commerce
Third quarter 2015 retail e-commerce was $87.5 Billion. 7.4% of total retail sales.
Q3 2015 retail e-commerce was 15.1% higher than Q3 2014. Total retail sales increased 1.6% in same period.
http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf
Google Revenue by Source
Past Trends and the Future
Next Class...
Intro to Ethics "morality" / "ethics" relativism / utilitarianism