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Daniel Shaw University of Pittsburgh
www.pitt.edu/~ppcl
The Early Childhood Antecedents of Youth Antisocial Behavior
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Special Thanks to:Richard Bell, Joan Vondra
Kate Keenan, Emily WinslowElizabeth Owens, Monica Garcia
Erin Ingoldsby, Miles GilliomMichael Schonberg, Michael Criss
Daniel NaginStaff of the Pitt Mother & Child ProjectWomen, Infants, and Children Program
National Institute of Mental Health
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AimsDescribe developmental modelof early conduct problems
Review support for components of model
Briefly discuss implications for further basic and applied work
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The SpreadOf AntisocialBehavior
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Child EffectsModel
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Parent Effects Model
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Parent, Family, and Neighborhood
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Increase in undirected
anger Walking to
toddling
Developmental Transformations:12 to 24 Months
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12-24Months:Transitionto PhysicalMobility
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Attachment Theory:Early StartingConduct Problems (Ainsworth,Sroufe,Greenberg)
Sensitivity in 1st two years promotes child compliance
By preschool age, parental requests should be honored differentially based on the quality of the parent-child relationship and the stakes for displeasing parents
Supports parents making investment in child early on
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Patterson’s Early Starter Model
PARENTS:Deficits in FamilyManagement skills
CoerciveCycles ofInteraction
CHILDIrritability,Hyperactivity
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Child Factors Infancy
Emotionally dysregulated, angry, demanding, irritable (Sanson & Prior)
Toddlerhood Oppositional, undirected then directed aggression, uninhibited (Keenan & Shaw)
PreschoolOppositional, aggressive (Campbell;Richman & Graham)
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“Rejecting”Parenting
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“Reactive”Parenting
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“Proper”Parenting
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Parenting Factors
Infancy to Preschool- Toddlerhood School-Age
Maternal Parental Unresponsiveness Uninvolve-
ment
Hostile/Rejecting Hostile/ Discipline RejectingDiscipline
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SiblingsMatter
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Why should sibling
relations be important?
• First long-term peer relationship
• Sample of behavioral style with peer
• Does it represent a marker of behavior problems?
• If so, is it more than a marker?
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Totals
Sex of child 310 boys
Yearly Income $12,708
Mother’s age 28, range 17-43
Maternal education 12.6 years
% Married/Living Together 62
% White/Afr. Amer. 53/36
Criminality 36%
Demographic Characteristics of Sample
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1 yr. 1.5 yr. 2 yr. 3.5 yr. 5 yr. 5.5 yr. 6 yr. 8 yr. 10 yr. 11 yr. 12 yr. 15 yr. 17 yr. 20. yrLab Lab Lab/ Lab Home Home Lab Home Home Lab Home Home Home Home Home Twice
---- Camp ---- --- Court Data ---
----------Teacher and School Data -------
Pitt Mother & Child Project:Follow-Up Schedule
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Measurement Strategies
Focus on observation of developmentally salient issues (e.g., maternal responsiveness & infant persistence at age 1, discipline practices at age 2)
Assess in multiple contexts (e.g., home, lab, summer camp, school) with observations of target child interacting with parents, sibs, peers, best friends, and romantic partners
Supplement observations with reports of family,child, and community risk factors using multiplefamily members, peers, best friends, romantic partners, teachers, school and official records
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Measures
High Chair Task at 1 yr: Maternal Responsiveness and InfantPersistence
Child Noncompliance at 2 yrs: observed during clean-up task
Behaviorial Inhibition at 2 yrs: In response to distressing gorillasounds
Parenting Practices at 1.5 & 2 yrs: Hostile/Rejecting based on molecular and global ratings during clean-up task
Sibling Conflict at 5 yrs: Verbal and physical conflict between target child and closest-age sib during 1 hour directed play session
Maternal Resources: HOME Acceptance (2 yrs.), Beck Depression Inventory (1.5 to 5 years), General Life Satisfaction (1.5 yrs.), andParenting Daily Hassles (1, 5, 2, & 3.5 yrs.)
Child IQ at 5.5 yrs: 4 subscales of the WPPSI-R
Achenbach CBCL/TRF at 2, 3.5, 5, 6, & 8 yrs: Externalizing, Aggression, and other DSM-based factors
Elliott Self-Report of Delinquency at 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 yrs.
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Noncompliance(24 months)
Maternal Responsiveness
(12 months)
CBCLExternalizing
Problems(42 months)
CBCL Externalizing
Problems(24 months)
.19x
-.23*
-.33**
Persistence(12 Months)
.29*
x p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001 Shaw et al. (1998), Journal of Abn. Child Psych.
MaternalRejection
(24 months)
.70***
.18x.39**
.38**.38**
Child and Parenting Predictors: Boys
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54
56
58
60
62
64
66
-1 SD +1 SD
Rejecting Parenting
Mot
her R
epor
t CB
CL
Agg
ress
ion t
-sco
re
High SibConflictLow SibConflict
Two-way interaction between rejecting parenting and sibling conflict in predicting CBCL Aggression at age 5/6
Garcia, Shaw, Winslow, & Yaggi, 2000Developmental Psychology
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505152535455565758
-1 SD +1 SD
Rejecting Parenting
Teac
her R
epor
t TR
F A
ggre
ssio
n t-s
core
High SibConflictLow SibConflict
Two-way interaction between rejecting parenting and
sibling conflict in relation to TRF Aggression at age 6
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525456586062646668
2 3.5 5 5.5
Nonproblemat or > 90th %
CBCLAggression
Effect size = -.1 - .48 sdShaw, Bell, & Gilliom, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (2000)
Age of Child in Years
Trajectories Leading to Clinically-Elevated Scores onTRF Aggression at age 8: CBCL Aggression at Ages 2, 3.5, 5, & 5.5
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02468
10121416
1.5 2 3.5 5.5
Nonproblemat or > 90th %
MaternalDepressiveSymptoms
Effect size = .27 - .73 sd
Trajectories Leading to Clinically-Elevated Scores onTRF Aggression at age 8: Maternal Depressive SymptomsAt Ages 1.5, 2, 3.5, and 5.5
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35
40
45
50
55
MaternalSocialSupport
Effect size = .80 sd
Nonproblem > 90th %
Trajectories Leading to Clinically-Elevated TRF Aggression Scores at Age 8: Maternal Social Supportat Age 1.5
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25
27
29
31
33
35
HOMETotal
Effect size = .56 sd
Nonproblem at or > 90th %
Trajectories Leading to Clinically-Elevated TRFAggression at age 8: HOME Total at Age 2
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 3.5 5 6 8Age (years)
Ove
rt An
tisoc
ial B
ehav
ior
Low-actual Mod. desister-actual High desister-actual Chronic-actual
Low-pred. Mod. desister-pred. High desister-pred. Chronic-pred.
Developmental Trajectories of Overt Antisocial Behavior
Shaw, Gilliom, Ingoldsby, & Nagin (2003), Developmental Psychology
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3 factorsthat distinguishedhigh and low truly early-starting antisocial trajectoriesfrom ages 2to 8
• Child fearlessness• Maternal depression• Maternal caregiving
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Follow-Upto Youth &
TeacherReports ofAdolescentAntisocialBehavior
ObservedRejecting
Parenting: Age 2
stole somethingfrom a car
picked up by policeand brought to
station
arrested
marijuana use
having sex
.20*
.21*
.26*
.16+
.19*
*** p < .001, * p < .05, + p < .10
Age 11-12 Age 15
Elliott SelfReport
Delinquency
AchenbachTRF
Externalizing
.21***
.21***
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Developmental Trajectories of Youth Antisocial Behavior Ages 10-17
4 group solution with highest BIC score, all posterior probabilities > .85
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Trajectory Group Differences on Juvenile Court Petitions
• Low Stable -- 62% of sample: 25%• High ‘Decreasing’ -- 5% of sample:
60%• Late Increasing --10% of sample:
49%• High Increasing -- 22% of
sample:78%
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Trajectory Group Differences based on Early ChildhoodRisk Factors
Accounting for all other predictors in early childhood,•Factors that discriminated high increasers from low stable: maternal depression at ages 1.5-3.5 years•Factors that discriminated ‘high decreasing’ group: rejecting parenting and maternal depression
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• Functional Imaging• Amygdala reactivity paradigm – angry, fearful, neutral and
surprised faces
• 3T platform– Gradient echo EPI sequence: TR/TE = 2000/25msec– 34 slices = 3 mm thick
• Processed using the GLM of SPM8• Individual contrast images of Faces > Shapes were entered into a second level random effects
models• Extracted individual values for the main effect of task for the cluster and maximum voxel and did
analyses outside of SPM8
Methods: Assessing Threat
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Amygdala reactivity and AB
Trajectory Groups (N = 51)
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Summary of FindingsFor boys, child and parenting precursors ofserious antisocial behavior identifiable from 1.5-2 years of age
- Emphasizes the salience of both child behavior and parental response to such behavior in the 2nd year
Factors that compromise parenting also related to persistence of conduct problems - Maternal depression, social support
Implications and challenges for early identification and treatment- Multisystemic approach warranted- not child but dyad at risk
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Continued Follow-Up of Sample duringEarlyAdulthood
• Combine all data collected on youth adjustment and their social environments from birth to through adolescence with genetic data (collected at age 17) and to-be-collected brain function data (at ages 20 and 22) in relation to antisocial behavior and drug use during early adulthood
• Will also allow us to examine potential protective roles of quality of instrumental functioning (e.g., steady employment, higher education) and social relationships (e.g., stable and positive relationship with significant other) during the early 20’s
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Daniel Shaw University of Pittsburgh
www.pitt.edu/~ppcl
The Early Childhood Antecedents of Youth Antisocial Behavior