377
Chapter-6
Dalits’ Social acceptance and Social exclusion
As we have seen how the word “Dalit”, the new
identity for the “Ati-Shudra” came into being gradually
after they were variously named & called in the epic
times till the advent of Independence. The words
variously used were “Shudra”, “Ati-Shudra”, “Antya”,
“Antyaj” “Antyavasin,1” “Padja2” and the “Pancham3
Varna” (Untouchables) explained in later scriptures as
having come from the offspring of Shudra men and
Brahmin woman. The old name of the untouchables
earlier given was “Chandal.4” Kautilya5 forbids the
Chandalas to follow the custom of the Shudras. Almost
always the Chandalas were exhorted to be treated like
dogs and outcasts6. Apastamba regards it as an offence
even to speak to or look at a Chandala7. The
references to the Chandals in the Yajurveda clearly show
them to be a degraded people.8 The Chandalas were a
degraded group of aborigines.9 The theory that the
Chandalas were the offspring of a Shudra father and a
Brahmin mother is questioned by G.S.Ghurye. He said,
“In the first place, it is difficult how a whole people
could be the outcome of illicit unions between Aryan
females and Sudra males. Secondly they are not the only
378
group described as degraded people in the Vedic
literature. The Paulkasas and Chandalas are referred to as
a despised race of men in the Brhadaranyaka. The use
of a derivative noun from Pulkasa shows the fixity of
the group. The term also occurs in later literature as the
name of the offspring of a Nishad or a Shudra by a
Kshatriya woman. Such a connection of Kshatriya
females, as a regular feature, is much more than can be
believed. It is more reasonable to hold that both these
groups, Chandala and Paulkasa, were sections of the
aborigines that were, for some reason or another,
particularly despised by the Aryans.”10 Then they were
known as the “untouchables”. In different Provinces, they
were called by different names. In 1921 Dr. Ambedkar
had given them the name of “Depressed class.” In 1932
they were given the name “untouchables” and the word “
untouchable” was also defined which we have seen
earlier. The term “Scheduled castes” was used for the
untouchables in Government of India Act, 1935 and the
same continues till date.
The other name given to the untouchables was “Harijan”.
The meaning of the word “Harijan” was “Children of
God.” The untouchables disliked the word because it also
means illegitimate children. This name was given by a
379
Gujarati poet Narsinh Mehta, from Junagadh, Saurashtra
region of Gujarat, to ascribe some respectability to the
untouchables who were previously addressed to or called
by very contemptuous caste names.
After the Constitution of India abolished
untouchability itself by Article 17, now noboday can be
addressed as untouchable. For research and academic
discussion, one can use it but in practical life, the word
“untouchable” is given an unceremonious good bye, by
the Constitution of India.
The word “untouchable” might have originated when
untouchability had originated in 600 A.D. Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar observed, “While untouchability did not exist
in 200 A.D., it had emerged by 600.”11 Gupta period
was the beginning of untouchability. The untouchables
were variously known in various provinces of India. In
West Bengal or Bengal, they were called, “Dushads,” in
South in certain provinces they were called “Mala” &
“Parriya,” in Maharastra they were called “Mahar,”
“Chamar,” “Matang” etc. Caste-based hatred & contempt
are the basis of untouchability.
The origin of the word “Dalit” is widely described
380
in website http://www.dalitchristians.com/Html/dalitmeaning.
htm which is as under :-
“The word “Dalit” has roots in Sanskrit where the
root “Dal” means to “Split, Crack, open”. This Indo-
European root appears in German & English in the
form of ‘Dal’ or ‘tal’, meaning cut. In English, “dale”
is a valley, a cut in the ground; in German, ‘that’: a
tailor who cuts, ‘to tell a tale’ is the same as ‘to cut
a tally’ the cut marks made by the shepherd on his staff
when counting sheep.
‘Dalit’ has come to mean things or persons who
are cut, split, broken or torn asunder, scattered, or
crushed and destroyed. By coincidence, there is in
Hebrew a root ‘dal’ meaning low, weak, poor. In the
Bible, different forms of this term have been used to
describe people who have been reduced to nothingness or
helplessness. The present usage of the term Dalit goes
back to the nineteenth century, when a Marathi social
reformer and revolutionary, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule
(1826-1890), used it to describe the outcastes and the
untouchables as the opressed and the broken victims of
our caste ridden society. Under the charistmatic leadership
of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar (1891-1956), this term gained
381
greater importance & popularity. During the 1970s, the
followers of the Dalit Panther Movement of Maharashtra
gave currency to the term ‘Dalit’ as a constant reminder
of their age-old oppression, denoting, both their state of
deprivation and the people who are oppressed. This term
for them is not a mere name or title: for them it has
become an expression of hope, the hope of recovering
their past self-identity. The term has gained a new
connotation with a more positive meaning. It must be
remembered that Dalit does not mean Caste or low
Caste or poor; it refers to the deplorable state or
condition to which a large group of people has been
reduced by social convention and in which they are now
living.
Names of Dalits :-
The Dalits are called by differnt names in different
parts of the country. These names were given by the
Caste people for expression of contempt. They include:
Dasa, as Dasyu, Raksasa, Asura, Avarna, Nisada,
Panchma, Chandala, Harijan, untouchable. Each of these
name has a history and background. Besides these names,
there are number of other titles or names which have
been given to them at the level of the regional language.
For example Chura in Punjab (North West India), Bhangi
or Lal Beghi in Hindi (North India), Mahar in Marathi
382
(Central India), Mala in Telugu, Paraiya in Tamil and
Pulayan in Malayalam (South India). These names carry
within them the two term contrast of “We the Pure” and
“You the impure”.
The word “Dalit” has almost substituted all other
names & nomenclatures given so far to the former
untouchables. The world has found greater acceptance
among Dalits and non-Dalits both. In all Social &
political speeches and generl talks and discussions, now it
is seen that only “Dalit” word is used. If any ‘Dalit’
goes to any interior village & on being asked about his
Caste, he says “Anusuchit Jati” or the “Scheduled Caste”
no uneducated villager will come to know but if he says
he is a Dalit, quickly his identity will be clear to all
and hence it has gained acceptability and currency both,
yet it is not a Government recognized name of the
former untouchables. It is felt that the Government
should give recognition to this so popular a name for
easy identity and facility for all concerned.
The Dalits feel that even after enactment of so many
laws including Costitution of India and even after burning
of Manu Smruti and officially discarding Hindu Laws based
on Manu Smruti & other Smrutis, our position in society
has not improved so far as our acceptability is concerned.
Most of the times, British supported Brahmanis. They got
the Manu Smruti translated in English as “A Code of
383
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1R
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TAB
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384
Gentoo Laws” as this book served as a law book for
providing justice to the Hindus. The Pandits were
associated with British Judges to administer the Civil Laws
of Hindus. No doubt after all the Constitutional safe
guards & protection, we have made progress in terms of
our advancements in life but social aspect is yet missing &
we have not wholeheartedly been accepted by the Caste
Hindus, feel the Dalits. The Dalits feel that they are
tolerated but not accepted. With this prevailing social
hypothesis now we analyse the ground realities based on
empirical data. We classify data in ascending order. We also
analyse who do not want to accept, accept under
helplessness, conditional acceptance & who wholeheartedly
accept etc.as indicated in the following tables:-
Table N0.6-2
Not willing to accept Dalits on any occasion.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 18.33% 10.00%
2. OBC 12.50% Nil
3. Vaishya 8.45% 50.00%
4. Brahmin 7.84% 1.96%
5. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 10.18% 12.39%
385
The severity & intensity of dishike for the Dalits
by the Patels is the highest. 18.33% Patels from urban
area and 10.00% Patels from rural area respectively do
not want to accept Dalits on any occasions. The Patels
occupy top rank in aversion of Dalits though their own
social standing is not praiseworthy as they are the
“Shudras” as per Hindu scriptures. Next comes OBCs.
They are aso “Shudras” as per Hindu Scriptures but their
aversion for Dalits is equally strong as 12.5% OBCs
from urban areas do not want to accept Dalits on any
occasion. The Vaishyas, whose religion Jainisam preaches
and teaches non-violence & equality for all, are not
prepared to accept Dalits on any occasions. 8.45%
Vaishyas from urban area and 50.00% Vaishyas from
rural areas respectively do not want to accept the Dalits
at all.
7.84% Brahmins from urban area and 1.96%
Brahmins from rural areas respectively are not willing to
accept the Dalits on any social occasions. Similarlly
3.79% Kshatriyas from urban area are not willing to
accept Dalits on any occasions.
This shows the extent of antipathy, contempt, hatred
& very strong sense of aversion against Dalits by above
Caste Hindus which is engrained in them by the priestly
Castes, clerics & the scriptures written by them.
386
On an average 10.18% Caste Hindus from urban
area and 12.39% Caste Hindus from rural areas
respectively are not willing to accept Dalits on any
occasion. They, thus do not want any social interaction
with the Dalits and want to exclude Dalits totally from
all social occasions. It seems that they are so firm, so
resolute, that nothing can change their minds or hearts as
they are highly prejudiced lot.
Then comes a group of people who are yet more
rigid, Casteist and hard nut to crack type who do not
want to tolerate even the presence of Dalits in toilet/
urinal block, bus, train, public garden etc. This group of
Hindus can be easily termed as “Caste Hindu
fundamentalists.” They are as under :-
Dalits are not acceptable even in Bus, Train, Public
Garden, Toilet, common Urinal like in cinema house,
occasionally coming in contact or even seating
together is also not acceptable.
Table N0.6-3
Non-acceptance of Dalits in various
places mentioned above.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 8.75% Nil
2. Brahmin 7.84% 1.96%
3. Patel 5.00% Nil
4. Kshatriya 1.26% Nil
387
5. Vaishya - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 5.71% 0.49%
The OBCs are seen as spearheading & leading anti
acceptance theory as 8.75% OBCs from urban areas are
not even ready to accept Dalits even in toilet & urinal
for example, say cinema house’s toilet & urinal. Such
coming together is just momentary for a couple of
minutes but that too is not acceptable by 8.75% OBCs
& that too from urban area. Urban Brahmins, supposed
to be highly educated and modern also nurtures anti-
Dalit hatred & disliking as the OBCs are nurturing and
the percentage of Brahmins in this regard is 7.84% and
01.96% Brahmins from rural area also hold the same
contemptuous belief against the Dalits.
5.00% Patels & 1.26% Kshatriyas respectively from
urban area too have almost zero tolerance of Dalits even
in purely momentary contacts like urinal & toilet, Bus,
Train, Garden etc.places.
Then comes the category of Caste Hindus who by
sheer force of circumstances, most hesitantly would
accept Dalits if there is no way out. Due to their own
helplessness, hesitatingly they will come to terms with
the compelling circumstances. Such acceptance is not
388
coming from within and hence it is as good as or as
bad as no-acceptance. Their percentage is as under:-
Table N0. 6-4
Dalits acceptable if no way out.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 25.00% Nil
2. OBC 13.75% Nil
3. Brahmin 7.84% 1.96%
4. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
5. Kshatriya 5.60% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 11.45% 0.39%
The 25.00% Patels from urban area would accept
Dalits only under compulsion. If there is no compulsion
or compelling factors & alternatives are available which
can easily exclude Dalits, then they will go for the same
but would not like to accept the Dalits. Similarly in
descending order 13.75% OBCs, 7.84% Brahmins 5.08%
Vaishyas and 5.60% Kshatriyas all from urban area
respectively would accept Dalits if there is no other
remedy available. This is in fact as good as no
acceptance at all. 1.96% Brahmins from rural areas also
have the same negative attitude in the matter of
acceptance of Dalits. On an average 11.45% Caste
Hindus from urban area & 0.39% Caste Hindus from
389
rural areas will accept Dalits only if there is no way
out. If they can escape from this dilemma of accepting
Dalits, they would certainly like to do it.
The following percentage of Caste Hindus very
frankly, boldly, firmly and forthrightly said that they do
not want to accept “Dalits”. They are as under :-
Table No.6-5
Dalits not acceptable in certain matters.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural Matters in which
not acceptable.
1. Patel 38.33% 10.00% In all matters
2. Brahmin 21.56% 14.28% Religion, festivals,
eating together,Garba,
Marriage.
3. Kshatriya 20.25% Nil Eating together,
Marriage, Festivals.
4. Vaishya 18.64% 50.00% Marriage
5. OBC 16.25% Nil In all matters
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A. N.A.
Average% 23.00% 14.85% -
The 38.33% Patels from urban area & 10.00%
Patels from rural areas respectively, in all matters they
do not want to accept Dalits. Next comes Brahmins
21.56% Brahmins from urban area and 14.28% Brahmins
from rural areas respectively do not want to accept
390
Dalits in religious matters, festivals, eating to-gether,
garba & Marriage. Almost all matters are covered in
which Brahmins want the social exclusion of Dalits.
20.25% Kshatriyas from urban area do not want to
accept Dalits in matters of eating to-gether, marriage &
festivals. This also encompasses almost everything.
18.64% Vaishyas from urban area & 50.00%
Vaishyas from rural areas respectively do not want to
accept Dalits in marriage ceremonies. They are thus
found a bit liberal in accepting Dalits but the acceptance
is not all inclusive but exclusive in nature.
16.25% OBCs from urban areas do not want to
accept Dalits in all matters. It seems, they are competing
with the Patels in this regard. They believe in total
exclusion of Dalits from all social matters. Though they
themselves occupy the “Shudra” slot in the Caste
hierarchy and they themselves faced tremendus
discrimination & exclusion in both varna system & Caste
system, despite that instead of sympathising with the
“Dalits” they have exibited antipathy against them is an
irony of social fact.
Average 23.00% Caste Hindus from urban areas &
14.85% Caste Hindus from rural areas respectively do
391
not want to accept Dalits in matters indicated against
them in the above Table.
The last question comes as to who and how many of
them want to accept Dalits which is indicated as under:-
Table N0.6-6
How many Caste Hindus are willing to accept Dalits &
in which matters?
Sr. Caste Urban Rural Matters Urban Rural
No.
1. Kshatriya 79.74% 100.00% GARBA, MOU- 16.45% 27.24%RNING MEETINGS,CULTURALPROGRAME
2. Vaishya 79.66% 100.00% -DO- 27.11% Nil
3. OBC 67.5% 100.00% GARBA, MOU- 20.00% 16.66%RNING MEETINGS,CULTURALPROGRAME
4. Patel 60.00% 90.00% GARBA, MOU- 15.00% NilRNING MEETINGS,CULTURALPROGRAME
5. Brahmin 54.90% 42.85% GARBA, MOU- 19.60% NilRNING MEETINGS,CULTURALPROGRAME
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Average% 68.36% 86.57% - 19.63% 8.78%
The above picture, on the first sight, appears to be
cosy as 79.74% Kshatriyas from urban areas & 100.00%
392
Kshatriyas from rural areas are prepared to accept Dalits
but they qualify their preparedness for acceptance of
Dalits only in the matters of garba, mourning & cultural
programmes and they do not want or are not prepared to
accept Dalits on all social occasions like marriage,
meetings, other festivals, Bhajan (Assembly for devotional
songs) eating occasions, religious programmes etc. so the
actual percentage of preparedness to accept Dalits by
Kshatriyas is only 16.45% in urban areas & 27.24% in
rural area.
Similarly 79.66% Vaishyas from urban area &
100% Vaishyas from rural areas are prepared to accept
Dalits but they all are craftly & expertly cought in the
cobweb when after affirming acceptance, the details of
matters in which their preparedness was to accept, then
they faltered suddenly and limited their acceptance only
to 3 things mainly, (1) Garba (2) Mourning & (3)
Cultural programmes and not unequivocal acceptance in
all matters. Same is the case with OBCs, Patels &
Brahmins. So real acceptance average percentage is not
68.36% in urban areas & 86.57% in rural areas
respectively but 19.63% in urban areas & 8.78% in rural
areas respectively after application of theory of exclusion
as per their convenience.
Now, let us see the acceptance level of Dalits by
the Caste Hindus as under :-
393
Table N0.6-7
Average percentage of acceptance by all Caste Hindus.
Sr.No. NOT WILLING NOT ACCEPTABLE NOT ACCEPTABLE A VERAGE ACCEPTE-
TO ACCEPT EVEN IN ACCEPTABLE IF NO WAY NON -BLE INDALITS ON TOILET & OUT ACCEPTABILITY THREEANY OCCASION. URINALS ETC. MA TTERS;
GARBA,MOURNING& CULTURALPROGRAMMES
1.URBAN 10.18% 5.71% 23.00% 11.45% 50.34% 19.63%
2.RURAL 12.39% 0.49% 14.85% 0.39% 28.12% 8.78%
Thus, only 19.63% Caste Hindus from urban areas
and 8.78% Caste Hindus from rural areas are
respectively partially prepared to accept Dalits and that
too only in three matters namely:- (1) Garba (2)
Mourning and (3) Cultural programmes. It is clearly
visible that theory of social exclusion is at its peak.
To 80.37% Caste Hindus in urban areas and
91.22% Caste Hindus in rural areas respectively the
Dalits are not acceptable at all. The 50.34% Caste
Hindus in rural areas have clearly indicated that the
Dalits are not acceptable to them & rest have not
expressed any opinion and left the options unticked
which is treated as negative opinion because positive
opinion they readily expressed but negative opinion, some
of them as mentioned above, have ignored to express or
tick against the option.
394
68.36% Caste Hindus from urban areas & 86.57%
Caste Hindus from rural areas respectively indicated their
acceptance of Dalits was deceptive & illusory which is
proved in foregoing paragraphs by offering options about
acceptability of Dalits by them & then they faltered one
by one and finally restricted themselves to 3 items only
wherein they are prepared to accept Dalits & thus they
excluded Dalits from all other social matters so far as
their acceptance of Dalits was concerned.
The Dalits’ theory & feeling that they are tolerated
but not accepted is thus proved correct on the basis of
above empirical facts gathered from the people from the
field.
It was a hypothesis that the Caste Hindus prefer
Adivasis (STs) on Dalits (SCs). To explore and find out
the facts a question was asked to the Caste Hindus that
out of Dalits & Adivasis, whom they have no objection
to accept in social matters like marriage, death, mourning
meetings, celebrations of festivals, garba, Bhajan
(Assembly for Devotional songs), religious programmes
etc.
Their responses percentage-wise are analysed as
under:-
395
SR
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(SC
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-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN4
+0
2+
13
5+
51
0+
1-
51
+7
=5
8%
7.8
4+
00
.00
3.9
2+
14
.28
68
.62
+7
1.4
21
9.6
0+
14
.28
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A-
3+
06
4+
10
12
+1
-7
9+
11
=9
0%
-3
.79
+0
.00
81
.01
+9
0.9
01
5.1
8+
9.0
9-
3.VA
ISH
YA3
+0
4+
04
3+
19
+1
-5
9+
2=
61
%5
.08
+0
.00
6.7
7+
00
.00
72
.88
+5
0.0
01
5.2
5+
50
.00
-
4.O
BC
9+
09
+2
52
+1
01
0+
0-
80
+1
2=
92
%1
1.2
5+
00
.00
11
.25
+1
6.6
66
5.0
0+
83
.33
12
.5+
00
.00
-
5.P
AT
EL
9+
05
+0
37
+9
9+
1-
60
+1
0=
70
%1
5.0
0+
00
.00
8.3
3+
00
.00
61
.66
+9
0.0
01
5.0
0+
10
.00
-
6.S
C/S
T-
--
-3
8+
23
8+
2=
40
%-
--
-10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
-3
67
+4
4=
41
1R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-8
OU
T O
F D
ALI
TS
AN
D A
DIV
AS
IS,
WH
OM
DO
YO
U H
AVE
NO
OB
JEC
TIO
N T
O A
CC
EP
T I
N A
BO
VE
SO
CIA
L M
AT
TE
RS
?
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
396
Table N0.6-9
No objection for both of them, Dalits & Adivasis.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 81.01% 90.90%
2. Vaishya 72.88% 50.00%
3. Brahmin 68.62% 71.42%
4. OBC 65.00% 83.33%
5. Patel 61.66% 90.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 69.83% 77.13%
Table N0.6-10
None of them is acceptable. Objection in both of them.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 19.60% 14.28%
2. Vaishya 15.25% 50.00%
3. Kshatriya 15.18% 9.00%
4. Patel 15.00% 10.00%
5. OBC 12.50% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 15.50% 16.65%
Table N0.6-11
No objection for Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 15.00% Nil
397
2. OBC 11.25% Nil
3. Brahmin 7.84% Nil
4. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
5. Kshatriya - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 7.83% Nil
Table N0.6-12
No objection for Adivasis.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 11.25% 16.16%
2. Patel 8.33% Nil
3. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
4. Brahmin 3.92% 14.28%
5. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.81% 5.07%
69.83% Caste Hindus from urban area & more
than that i.e. 77.13% Caste Hindus from rural area have
no objection in accepting both Dalits & Adivasis in
social matters. 15.50% Caste Hindus from urban area
and 16.65% Caste Hindus from rural area have objection
in accepting both Dalits & Adivasis and hence they have
expressed “none of them” is acceptable to them. 7.83%
Caste Hindus in urban areas have preferred Dalits over
398
Adivasis in which they have no objection in accepting
them on social occasions whereas such acceptance of
Adivasis in urban areas is 6.81%. A slight 1.02%
advantage to Dalits over Adivasis in urban areas but in
rural areas Dalits were totally non-acceptable whereas
5.07% in rural area Caste Hindus have identified
themselves with the Adivasis. Thus, finally, the Adivasis
find more acceptance i.e. 11.88% combined (Both urban
& rural) whereas the Dalits acceptance is only 7.83%.
Thus average acceptance of Adivasis is on higher scale
than Dalits by 4.05%.
Thus, the untouchability factor seems to have
played its role. No untouchability is practised against
the Adivasis but the same is practised against the Dalits
both in urban & rural areas. The Adivasis can draw
water from village well but the Dalits can not do it or
they are not permitted to do it by the Caste Hindus. So,
the general hypothesis that the Adivasis are more
acceptable than Dalits is clearly proved in this empirical
social study i.e. only because Adivasis are not Hindus.
So non-Hindus can be acceptable but not their brethren
of the same religion.
It was considered to be pertinent to find out as to
what was the objection of the Caste Hindus in various
social & other matters related with them and with the
Dalits. The concealed objection, aversion, dislike and
399
SR
.C
AS
TE
&D
ALI
T W
ED
SC
AS
TE
HIN
DU
OB
JEC
TIO
NIF
DA
LIT
IF D
ALI
TIF
DA
LIT
IF C
AS
TE
HIN
DU
&IF
DA
LIT
IF D
ALI
TIF
DA
LIT
NO
.P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
CA
ST
E H
IND
UW
ED
S D
ALI
TIN
1&
2 B
OT
HR
ES
IDE
S IN
BU
RIE
S/C
RE
MA
TE
SG
IRL
PA
RT
I-D
ALI
T P
AR
TIC
I-E
NT
ER
S IN
TO
EN
TE
RS
INE
NT
ER
S
GIR
LG
IRL
CA
ST
E H
IND
UH
IS D
EA
DC
IPA
TE
S IN
A-P
AT
E I
N C
OM
MU
-Y
OU
R H
OU
SE
TO
YO
UR
INT
O
AR
EA
OR
NE
AR
& D
EA
R O
NE
CA
ST
E H
IND
UN
ITY
ME
ALS
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ITC
HE
NT
EM
PLE
SO
CIE
TY
IN A
CA
ST
E H
IND
UG
AR
BA
IN V
ILL-
CR
EM
AT
OR
IUM
-AG
E O
R C
ITY
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
1.2.
3.4.
5.6.
7.8.
9.10
.
1.B
RA
HM
IN1
0+
38
+3
18
+3
9+
06
+0
5+
08
+1
10
+0
12
+1
6+
0
%1
9.6
0+
42
.85
15
.68
+4
2.8
53
5.2
9+
42
.85
17
.64
+0
0.0
01
1.7
6+
00
.00
9.8
0+
00
.00
15
.68
+1
4.2
81
9.6
0+
00
.00
23
.52
+1
4.2
81
1.7
6+
00
.00
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A2
3+
32
0+
41
4+
24
+1
6+
05
+0
5+
15
+1
13
+0
2+
0
%2
9.1
1+
27
.27
25
.31
+3
6.3
61
7.7
2+
18
.18
5.0
6+
9.0
97
.59
+0
0.0
06
.32
+0
0.0
06
.32
+9
.09
6.3
2+
9.0
91
6.4
5+
00
.00
2.5
3+
00
.00
3.V
AIS
HY
A1
8+
12
2+
17
+0
3+
04
+0
4+
03
+0
2+
04
+0
1+
0
%3
0.5
0+
50
.00
37
.28
+5
.00
11
.86
+0
0.0
05
.08
+0
0.0
06
.77
+0
0.0
06
.77
+0
0.0
05
.8+
00
.00
3.3
8+
00
.00
6.7
7+
00
.00
1.6
9+
00
.00
4.O
BC
23
+5
22
+5
-7
+2
7+
33
+2
7+
28
+2
6+
24
+2
%2
8.7
5+
41
.60
27
.5+
41
.60
-8
.75
+1
6.6
68
.75
+2
5.0
03
.75
+1
6.6
68
.75
+1
6.6
61
0.0
0+
16
.66
7.5
+1
6.6
6
5.0
0+
16
.66
5.P
AT
EL
19
+6
11
+4
-6
+0
4+
03
+0
4+
04
+0
4+
05
+0
%3
1.6
6+
60
.00
18
.30
+4
0.0
0-
10
.00
+0
0.0
06
.66
+0
0.0
05
.00
+0
0.0
06
.66
+0
0.0
06
.66
+0
0.0
06
.66
+0
0.0
0
8
.33
+0
0.0
0
6.S
C/S
T1
+1
2+
01
+0
--
--
--
-
%2
.63
+5
0.0
05
.26
+0
0.0
02
.63
+0
0.0
0-
--
--
--
7.T
OTA
L-
--
--
--
--
-
SR
.C
AS
TE
&IF
DA
LIT
IF D
ALI
T G
ET
SN
O O
BJE
CT
ION
OB
JEC
TIO
N IN
NO
T A
PP
LIC
AB
LETO
TAL
NO
.P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
EN
TE
RS
GO
OD
/HIG
HIN
AN
Y O
FA
LL
AB
OV
EB
EIN
G S
C/S
TR
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
INT
O T
HE
JOB
/SE
RV
ICE
AB
OV
E
SA
NC
TU
M
SA
NC
TO
RU
M
OF
TH
E T
EM
PLE
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
-T
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.B
RA
HM
IN6
+1
12
+0
33
+5
6+
0-
51
+7
=5
8%
11
.76
+1
4.2
81
1.7
0+
00
.00
64
.70
+7
1.4
21
1.7
6+
00
.00
-2.
KS
HA
TR
IYA
1+
03
+0
49
+7
4+
0-
79
+1
1=
90
%1
.26
+0
0.0
03
.79
+0
0.0
06
2.2
+6
3.6
35
.6+
00
.00
-3.
VA
ISH
YA
3+
03
+0
47
+1
2+
0-
59
+2
=6
1%
5.0
8+
00
.00
5.8
+0
0.0
07
9.6
6+
50
.00
3.3
8+
00
.00
-4.
OB
C6
+2
3+
24
4+
94
+2
-8
0+
12
=9
2%
7.5
+1
6.6
63
.75
+1
6.6
65
5.0
0+
75
.00
5.0
0+
16
.66
-5.
PA
TE
L3
+0
3+
03
7+
44
+0
-6
0+
10
=7
0%
5.0
0+
00
.00
5.0
0+
00
.00
61
.66
+4
0.0
06
.66
+0
0.0
0-
6.S
C/S
T-
-2
8+
1-
6+
03
8+
2=
40
%-
-7
3.6
8+
50
.00
-1
5.7
8+
00
.00
7.T
OTA
L-
--
--
36
7+
44
=4
11
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
S
TAB
LE N
O. 6
-13
‘ M
AT
TE
RS
OF
OB
JEC
TIO
N F
OR
SO
CIA
L A
CC
EP
TAN
CE
’
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
I.C
.M.
Inte
r-C
aste
mar
riage
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
400
contempt and at times disgust have come to the fore
from the analysis of their responses as under :-
Table N0.6-14
Dalit weds Caste Hindu’s girl.
Note:-Percentage of objection. Stronger the objection,
higher the rank in all the tables.
Level of objection.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 31.66% 60.00%
2. Vaishya 30.50% 50.00%
3. Kshatriya 29.11% 27.27%
4. OBC 28.75% 41.60%
5. Brahmin 19.60% 42.85%
6. SC/ST 2.63% 50.00%
Average% - 23.70% 45.28%
Table N0.6-15
Caste Hindu weds Dalit girl.
Level of objection
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 37.28% 5.00%
2. OBC 27.5% 41.60%
3. Kshatriya 25.31% 36.36%
4. Patel 18.30% 40.00%
5. Brahmin 15.68% 42.85%
6. SC/ST 5.26% Nil
Average% - 21.55% 27.63%
401
Table N0.6-16
Objection in 1 & 2 both
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 35.20% 42.85%
2. Kshatriya 17.72% 18.18%
3. Vaishya 11.86% Nil
4. SC/ST 2.63% Nil
5. OBC - -
6. Patel - -
Average% - 11.23% 10.17%
Table N0.6-17
If Dalits resides in Caste Hindus’ area or society.(Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 17.66% Nil
2. Patel 10.00% Nil
3. OBC 8.75% 16.16%
4. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
5. Kshatriya 5.60% 9.09%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 9.30% 5.05%
Table N0.6-18
If Dalit buries/cremates his dead near and dear one in a
Caste Hindus’ burial ground or crematorium. (Objection)
402
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 11.76% Nil
2. OBC 8.75% 25.00%
3. Kshatriya 7.59% Nil
4. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
5. Patel 6.66% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 8.30% 5.00%
Table N0.6-19
If Dalit girl participates in a Caste Hindus’ Garba in
village or in city. (Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 9.80% Nil
2. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
3. Kshatriya 6.32% Nil
4. Patel 5.00% Nil
5. OBC 3.75% 16.66%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.32% 3.33%
Table N0.6-20
If Caste Hindus and Dalits participate in community
meals. (Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 15.68% 14.28%
403
2. OBC 8.75% 16.66%
3. Patel 6.66% Nil
4. Kshatriya 6.32% 09.09%
5. Vaishya 5.80% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 8.64% 8.00%
Table N0.6-21
If a Dalit enters into your house. (Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 19.60% Nil
2. OBC 10.00% 16.66%
3. Patel 6.66% Nil
4. Kshatriya 6.32% 9.09%
5. Vaishya 3.38% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 9.19% 5.15%
Table N0. 6-22
Objection over Dalit’s entry in upper caste’s kithcen.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 23.52% 14.28%
2. Kshatriya 16.45% Nil
3. OBC 7.50% 16.66%
4. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
5. Patel 6.66% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 12.19% 6.18%
404
Table N0.6-23
Dalit’s temple entry (Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 11.76% Nil
2. Patel 8.33% Nil
3. OBC 5.00% 16.66%
4. Kshatriya 2.53% Nil
5. Vaishya 1.69% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 5.86% 3.33%
Table N0.6-24
Dalit enters into the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.(Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 11.76% 14.28%
2. OBC 7.50% 16.66%
3. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
4. Patel 5.00% Nil
5. Kshatriya 1.26% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.12% 6.18%
Table N0.25
If Dalit gets good/high job/ service.(Objection)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 11.70% Nil
2. Vaishya 5.80% Nil
405
3. Patel 5.00% Nil
4. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
5. OBC 3.75% 16.66%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.00% 3.33%
Table N0.6-26
No objection in any of above 1 to 12 matters.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 79.66% 50.00%
2. Brahmin 64.70% 71.42%
3. Kshatriya 62.20% 63.63%
4. Patel 61.66% 40.00%
5. OBC 55.00% 75.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 64.64% 60.01%
Table N0.6-27
Objection in all above 1 to 12 matters.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 11.76% Nil
2. Patel 6.66% Nil
3. Kshatriya 5.60% Nil
4. OBC 5.00% 16.66%
5. Vaishya 3.38% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.48% 3.33%
406
The acid test of acceptability of Dalits by the
Caste Hindus is designed in this question which
elaborately covers salient features, prominent ingredients of
relevant social parameters. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar had said, “I
am convinced that the real remedy is inter marriage. The
real remedy for breaking Caste is inter marriage. Nothing
else will serve as the solvent of Caste. It is a direct
and frontal attack”
Now let us see how intercaste marriage is objected
to not only by Caste Hindus but by the Dalits also.
With 31.66% Patels from urban areas & 60.00% Patels
from rural areas respectively have objection for inter-caste
marriages. The Patels are on top to oppose inter-caste
marriages. The Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, OBCs, Brahmins &
SCs/STs followed suit. Average 23.70% from urban area
& 45.38% from rural areas object to the wedding of a
Dalit with Caste Hindu girl. Surprisingly 2.63%
Scheduled Castes from urban area & 50.00% Scheduled
Castes from rural area have also objected to the inter-
caste marriage between a Dalit boy & a Caste Hindu
girl.
What happens if Dalit girl weds Caste Hindu boy?
This is also objected to by 21.55% urban Hindus &
27.63% rural Hindus including the SCs/STs. Thus total
45.25% urban Hindus & 72.90% rural Hindus including
407
SCs/STs object to inter-caste marriage be it “Anulom”
marriage or be it “Pratilom” marriage. If responses of
point 3 i.e. objection in 1&2 both are added then the
percentage of opposition to inter-caste marriages go very
high i.e. 56.49% in urban areas & 83.07% in rural
areas respectively people object to such inter-caste
marriages. Residing by a Dalit in Caste Hindu area or
society is objected to by 9.30% Caste Hindus from
urban area & 5.05% Caste Hindus from rural area
respectively. The Brahmins are the toppers in raising the
banner of objection. Sharing of crematorium by Dalits
with Caste Hindus is objected to by 8.30% Caste
Hindus from urban area & 5.00% Caste Hindus from
rural areas respectively. Again the Brahmins are the
toppers in raising the banner of objection.
Participation in a Caste Hindus’ Garba by a Dalit
girl is objected to by 6.32% Caste Hindus from urban
area and 3.33% Caste Hindus from rural areas
respectively. Again Brahmins are the toppers in raising
the banner of objection.
Participation in community meals by Dalits & Caste
Hindus are objected to by 8.64% Caste Hindus from
urban area & 8.00% Caste Hindus from rural area
respectively. Again Brahmins are the toppers in raising
the banner of objection.
408
Entry into Caste Hindus house by a Dalit is
objected to by 9.19% Caste Hindus from urban area &
5.15% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively. Again
Brahmins are the toppers in raising the banner of
objection.
Entry into the kitchen of Caste Hindu by a Dalit
is objected to by 12.19% Caste Hindus from urban area
6.18% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively. Again
Brahmins are the toppers in raising the banner of
objection.
Entry into the temple by a Dalit is objected to by
5.86% Caste Hindus from urban area & 3.33% Caste
Hindus from rural area respectively. Again Brahmins are
the toppers in raising the banner of objection.
Entry into the Sanctum Sanctorum of a temple by
Dalit is objected to by 6.12% Caste Hindus from urban
area & 6.18% Caste Hindus from rural areas respectively.
Again Brahmins are the toppers in raising the banner of
objection.
The Dalit getting a good/high job/service is
objected to by 6.00% Caste Hindus from urban area &
409
3.33% Caste Hindus from rural areas respectively. Again
Brahmins are the toppers in raising the banner of
objection. Even though getting job is not polluting the
personal establishment of Caste Hindus like their houses,
their temples, its sactum sanctorum despite that out of
caste hatred, jealousy and contempt, the Caste Hindus
object to this innocuous matter.
In point No. 13, no objection in any of above 12
matters is not at all correct. In this point 64.64% Caste
Hindus from urban area & 60.00% Caste Hindus from
rural area have boastfully stated that they do not have
any objection in any matters listed as 1 to 12. This
seems to be a face saving device adopted by them as
128.4% Caste Hindus from urban area and 125.3 %
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have already
registered their protest & objection in all matters covered
in above 1 to 12 points.
Objection in all above 1 to 12 points may be
correct as 6.48% Caste Hindus from urban area and
3.33% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively objected
to in all matters listed as 1 to 12 above. Again here
also Brahmins are the toppers in raising the banner of
objection.
So any programme aimed at improvement of social
410
SR
.C
AS
TE
&Y
ES
SO
ME
TIM
ES
MA
NY
TIM
ES
NO
, NE
VE
RY
ES
, AS
AIT
AD
VE
RS
ELY
R
ES
ON
S O
FTO
TAL
NO
.P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
SE
RV
ICE
AF
FE
CT
S O
UR
PA
RT
ICIP
AT
ION
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
S
RE
ND
ER
ER
SO
CIA
L S
TAT
US
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN3
2+
43
2+
47
+2
12
+1
--
ACQ
UA
INTA
NC
ES
51
+7
=5
8%
62
.74
+5
7.1
46
2.7
4+
57
.14
13
.72
+2
8.5
72
3.5
2+
14
.28
--
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A6
8+
10
36
+5
32
+4
11
+1
-2
+0
“7
9+
11
=9
0%
86
.07
+9
0.9
04
5.5
6+
45
.45
40
.50
+3
6.3
61
3.9
2+
9.0
9-
2.5
3+
00
.00
3.VA
ISH
YA5
4+
23
7+
21
7+
04
+0
0+
11
+0
“
59
+2
=6
1%
91
.52
+1
00
.00
62
.37
+1
00
.00
20
.81
+0
0.0
06
.77
+0
0.0
00
0.0
0+
50
.00
1.6
9+
00
.00
4.O
BC
65
+1
23
2+
11
29
+1
13
+0
--
“8
0+
12
=9
2%
81
.25
+1
00
.00
40
.00
+9
1.6
63
6.2
5+
8.3
36
.25
+0
0.0
0-
-
5.P
AT
EL
48
+9
24
+4
24
+4
10
+2
1+
1-
“6
0+
10
=7
0%
80
.00
+9
0.0
04
0.0
0+
40
.00
40
.00
+3
0.0
01
6.6
6+
20
.00
1.6
6+
10
.00
-
6.S
C/S
T-
--
--
-
N.A
.38
+2
38
+2
=4
0%
--
--
--
100
.00+
100.
00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
--
-3
67
+4
4=
41
1R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-28
PA
RT
ICIP
AT
ION
IN
A D
ALI
T S
OC
IAL
FU
NC
TIO
N (
BIR
TH
, M
AR
RIA
GE
, D
EA
TH
,B
AR
MU
, B
HO
JAN
, B
HA
JAN
, P
AR
TY
)
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
411
conditions of Dalits like removal of untouchability,
removal of idea of high & low, removal of birth based
social & religious disabilities, discrimination as per one’s
birth in a particular Varna or Caste cannot succeed
without sensitizing the Brahmins first and only after
Brahmins are duly sentsitized as per the modern concepts
of liberty, equality and fraternity & the democratic norms,
values of modern society, the social reforms should be
launched and the servics of Brahmins so sensitized can
be utilized.
The responses of the people were solicited about
their participation in the social function of Dalits like
Birth, Marriage, Death, Barmu (a custom of observance
of 12th day after the death of an individual), Bhojan
(Meals), Bhajan(devotional songs’ assembly of people),
party etc. Various responses received from people are as
under :-
Table N0.6-29
Yes, participated in Dalits’ social functions.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 91.52% 100.00%
2. Kshatriya 86.07% 90.00%
3. OBC 81.25% 100.00%
412
4. Patel 80.00% 90.00%
5. Brahmin 62.74% 57.14%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 80.31% 87.42%
The Vaishyas are on top & the Brahmins are at
the bottom so far as participation in Dalits’ social
functions by them are concerned. 80.31% Caste Hindus
from urban area & 87.42% Caste Hindus from rural
area respectively have participation is an indicator of
positive thinking about the Caste Hindu people.
Table N0.6-30
Sometims participated in Dalits’ social functions.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 62.74% 57.14%
2. Vaishya 62.37% 100.00%
3. Kshatriya 45.56% 45.45%
4. OBC 40.00% 91.66%
5. Patel 40.00% 40.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 50.13% 66.85%
Analysis will be done at the end of this question.
TableN0.6-31
Many times participated in Dalits’ social functions.
413
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 40.50% 36.36%
2. Patel 40.00% 30.00%
3. OBC 36.25% 8.33%
4. Vaishya 20.81% Nil
5. Brahmin 13.72% 28.57%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 30.25% 20.65%
Table N0.6-32
No, Never participated in Dalits’ social functions.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 23.52% 14.28%
2. Patel 16.66% 20.00%
3. Kshatriya 13.92% 9.09%
4. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
5. OBC 6.25% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 13.42% 8.67%
Table N0.6-33
Participated in Dalits’ Social functions as service providers.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 1.66% 10.00%
2. Vaishya Nil 50.00%
3. OBC Nil Nil
414
4. Kshatriya Nil Nil
5. Brahmin Nil Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 0.33% 12.00%
Table N0.6-34
Not participated in Dalits’ social functions because it
adversely affects our social status.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 2.53% Nil
2. Vaishya 1.69% Nil
3. OBC Nil Nil
4. Patel Nil Nil
5. Brahmin Nil Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 0.84% Nil
The analysis about above data gives indications that
Caste Hindus having hard-core casteist mentality said not
only “no” but emphatic “Never” also which indicates
their strong aversion to Dalits but fortunately percentage
of such hard-core Caste Hindus is very low. Only
13.42% Caste Hindus from urban area & 8.67% from
rural area respectively have never participated in Dalits’
social occasions. It is also possible that they may not be
actually hard-core, but they would have got no chance to
415
do so, for example no friends in Dalits community.
But real hardcore are those who said they did not
participate in Dalits’ social functions because if they do
so, it will adversely affect their social status in public.
The percentage of such respondents is only 0.84% in
urban area and ‘Nil’ in rural area. 0.33% Caste Hindus
from urban area & 12.00% Caste Hindus from rural
area respectively have participated in Dalits’ social
funcitons only as service providers.
30.25% Caste Hindus from urban area and 20.65%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have
participated in Dalits social functions many times and
50.13% Caste Hindus from urban area and 66.85% Caste
Hindus from rural area respectively have sometimes
participated in Dalits’ social functions.
Thus, 80.31% Caste Hindus from urban area and
87.42% Caste Hindus from rural area had participated in
Dalits’ social functions. Whereas 50.13% and 66.85%
caste Hindus from urban and rural areas had participated
in Dalits’ social functions sometimes and 30.25% and
20.65% respectively from urban and rural areas caste
Hindus had participated in Dalits’ social functions many
times. Slight variations in percentage is there due to
some respondents ticking more than one options.
416
SR
.C
AS
TE
&N
EV
ER
ON
CE
CA
N N
OT
BE
NO
T IN
VIT
ED
ON
MA
NY
ALW
AYS
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
. P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
CA
LLE
D,
OC
CA
SIO
N B
UT
AF
TE
RT
IME
SB
EIN
GR
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
IT L
OW
ER
SO
CC
AS
ION
WA
S O
VE
R, T
HE
YIN
VIT
ED
SC
/ST
OU
R S
OC
IAL
WE
RE
CA
LLE
D A
S “G
HA
RA
K”
PR
ES
TIG
EF
OR
CO
LLE
CT
ING
FO
OD
AN
DW
ER
E G
IVE
N A
BIT
OF
FO
OD
SE
PA
RA
TE
LY IN
OP
EN
SPA
CE
SU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN1
6+
02
6+
43
+1
3+
13
+1
--
51
+7
=5
8%
31
.37
+0
0.0
05
0.9
8+
57
.14
5.8
8+
14
.28
5.8
8+
14
.28
5.8
8+
14
.28
--
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A1
5+
05
7+
81
+1
1+
05
+1
0
+1
-7
9+
11
=9
0%
18
.94
+0
0.0
07
2.1
5+
72
.72
1.2
6+
9.0
91
.26
+0
0.0
06
.32
+1
.26
0
.00
+9
.09
-
3.VA
ISH
YA1
8+
03
3+
15
+0
3+
00
+1
--
59
+2
=6
1%
30
.50
+0
0.0
05
5.9
3+
50
.00
8.4
7+
00
.00
5.0
8+
00
.00
00
.00
+5
0.0
0-
-
4.O
BC
9+
25
0+
93
+0
8+
04
+3
3+
1-
80
+1
2=
92
%1
1.2
5+
16
.66
62
.5+
75
.00
3.7
5+
00
.00
10
.00
+0
0.0
05
.00
+3
.75
3.7
5+
8.3
3-
5.P
AT
EL
12
+1
40
+6
0+
16
+2
2+
0-
-6
0+
10
=7
0%
20
.00
+1
0.0
06
6.6
6+
60
.00
00
.00
+1
0.0
01
0.0
0+
20
.00
2.3
3+
00
.00
--
6.S
C/S
T-
--
--
-
N.A
.38
+2
38
+2
=4
0%
--
--
--
10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
--
-
3
67+
44=
411
R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-35
PA
RT
ICIP
AT
ION
OF
DA
LIT
S I
N C
ELE
BR
AT
ION
OF
SO
CIA
L F
UN
CT
ION
S O
F C
AS
TE
HIN
DU
S B
Y I
NV
ITA
TIO
N L
IKE
BIR
TH
DA
Y,
MA
RR
IAG
E,
DE
AT
H O
F R
ELA
TIV
E,
BA
RM
U,
BH
OJA
N,
BH
AJA
N E
TC
.
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
417
Most of the respondents have given reasons of
participation to be acquaintance with Dalits.
This is good but it is a one way traffic. The
number of Caste Hindus participated in Dalits’ social
functions is greater than the number of Dalits
participation in Caste Hindus’ social functions will be
established from following data received from them on a
question whether they had ever invited Dalits on their
social occasions like birthday party, marriage function,
Barmu, Bhojan samarambh, Bhajan etc.
Table N0.6-36
The Dalits were never invited.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 31.37% Nil
2. Vaishya 30.50% Nil
3. Patel 20.00% 10.00%
4. Kshatriya 18.94% Nil
5. OBC 11.25% 16.66%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 22.41% 5.33%
Table N0.6-37
The Dalits can not be invited, it lowers our social prestige.
418
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 8.47% Nil
2. Brahmin 5.88% 14.28%
3. OBC 3.75% Nil
4. Kshatriya 1.26% 9.09%
5. Patel 00.00% 10.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 3.87% 6.67%
Table N0.6-38
Not invited on social occasions but after occasion was
over, they were called as “Gharak” for collecting food
and were given a bit of food separately in open space.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 10.00% 20.00%
2. OBC 10.00% Nil
3. Brahmin 5.88% 14.28%
4. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
5. Kshatriya 1.26% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.44% 6.85%
Table N0.6-39
Once invited Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 72.15% 72.72%
419
2. Patel 66.66% Nil
3. OBC 62.5% 75.00%
4. Vaishya 55.93% 50.00%
5. Brahmin 50.98% 57.14%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 61.64% 50.97%
Table N0.6-40
Many times invited Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 6.32% 1.26%
2. Brahmin 5.88% 14.28%
3. OBC 5.00% 3.75%
4. Patel 2.33% Nil
5. Vaishya Nil 50.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 3.90% 13.85%
Table N0.6-41
Always invited Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 3.75% 8.33%
2. Kshatriya Nil 9.09%
3. Brahmin - -
4. Vaishya - -
5. Patel - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 0.75% 3.48%
420
Table N0.6-42Summary
Sr. Responses Urban Rural
No.
(1) Always Invited 0.75% 3.48%
(2) Many times Invited 3.90% 13.85%
(3) Once invited 61.64% 50.97%
Total 66.29% 68.30%
(4) Invited as “Gharak” 6.44% 6.85%
(5) Never invited 22.41% 5.33%
(6) Cannot be invited 3.87% 6.67%
Total 32.72% 18.85%
22.41% Caste Hindus in urban area never invited
Dalits whereas 5.33% Caste Hindus from rural area
respectively never invited Dalits in their social functions.
Thus rural people are more open minded than their
counter parts in urban area.
6.44% Caste Hindus from urban areas & 6.85%
Caste Hindus from rural area had invited Dalits as their
“Gharak” i.e. as per old “Jazamani” system. This is not
an equal & honourable interaction. The percentage of
Caste Hindus who always invited Dalits in their social
functions is very low i.e. 0.75% in urban area and
3.48% in rural area respectively. Only OBCs &
Kshatriyas have done this & none from Brahmins,
Vaishyas & Patels had ever done this. The percentage of
421
Caste Hindus who many times invited Dalits is also very
low. i.e. 3.90% from urban areas 13.85% from rural
areas respectively. Again Rural area Caste Hindus have
shown greater large heartedness than Caste Hindus
belonging to urban area. The percentage of Caste Hindus
who invited Dalits only once is the highest i.e. 61.64%
& 50.97% respectively from urban & rural areas. This is
much less particitpation by Dalits in social occasions of
the Caste Hindus whereas 80.31% & 87.42% Caste
Hindus respectively from urban area & rural area had
participated in Dalits’ social functions. Thus the
participation by Caste Hindus in Dalits’ social functions
is higher but participation of Dalits in Caste Hindus’
social functions is lower. This means that the Dalits
might be liberally inviting Caste Hindus in their social
functions but the Caste Hindus might not be inviting the
Dalits to their social functions so liberally. The social
interaction seems to be tardy & onesided. The invitation
or calling “Dalits” as “Gharak” is again a symbol of
superiority over them and it again speaks volume about
prevalence of untouchability in urban and rural area on
social occasions.
A wide spread complaints all over India have
emerged from mid-day-meal Scheme (Madhyan Bhojan
Yojna) that the children of Dalits are separately seated
from the children of the Caste Hindus and thus the evil
422
TAB
LE N
O.
6-43
LIK
ING
/DIS
LIK
ING
AB
OU
T M
EA
LS B
EIN
G T
AK
EN
TO
-GE
TH
ER
BY
TH
E D
ALI
TA
ND
CA
ST
E H
IND
U C
HIL
DR
EN
IN
SC
HO
OLS
OR
ELS
EW
HE
RE
SR
.C
AS
TE
&Y
ES
, IT
GIV
ES
NO
, IT
LE
AD
S T
OO
UR
CH
ILD
RE
NO
UR
CH
ILD
RE
N C
AN
GO
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
. P
ER
NC
EN
TAG
EB
IRT
H T
OB
AD
CU
LTU
RE
ING
ET
PO
LUT
ED
AS
TR
AY IN
BA
DR
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
SO
CIA
LO
UR
CH
ILD
RE
NC
OM
PA
NY
DU
E T
OC
OH
ES
ION
/C
OM
MU
NIT
Y M
EA
LSE
QU
ALI
TYU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN3
8+
61
0+
11
+0
2+
0-
51
+7
=5
8%
74
.50
+8
5.7
1%
19
.60
+1
4.2
8%
1.9
6+
0%
3.9
2+
0%
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A6
9+
10
7+
1-
3+
0-
79
+1
1=
90
%8
7.3
4+
90
.90
%8
.86
+9
.09
%-
3.7
9+
0%
-
3.VA
ISH
YA4
9+
25
+0
-5
+0
-5
9+
2=
61
%8
3.0
5+
10
0%
8.4
7+
0%
-8
.47
+0
%-
4.O
BC
61
+1
11
3+
04
+1
2+
0-
80
+1
2=
92
%7
6.2
5+
91
.16
%1
6.2
5+
0%
5.0
+8
.33
%2
.5+
0%
-
5.P
AT
EL
52
+9
6+
1-
2+
0-
60
+1
0=
70
%8
6.6
6+
90
.0%
10
.00
+1
0.0
0%
-3
.33
+0
%-
6.S
C/S
T-
--
-N
.A.3
8+
23
8+
2=
40
%7.
TO
TA
L-
--
--
36
7+
44
=4
11
R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
423
of untouchability, separation on the basis of high & low
caste based discrimination etc. are practised in the school
itself which is the place of foundation of shaping India’s
destiny. Hence a question was asked to the Caste Hindus
whether they would like their children in the school or
else where (on picnic spot etc.) sitting together and
taking their meals with Dalits’ children. Their responses
as under :-
Table N0.6-44
Yes, it gives birth to social cohesion/ equality
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 87.34% 90.90%
2. Patel 86.66% 90.00%
3. Vaishya 83.05% 100.00%
4. OBC 76.25% 91.16%
5. Brahmin 74.50% 85.71%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 81.56% 91.55%
Table N0.6-45
No, it leads to bad culture in our children.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 19.60% 14.28%
2. OBC 16.25% Nil
3. Patel 10.00% 10.00%
424
4. Kshatriya 8.86% 9.09%
5. Vaishya 8.47% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 12.63% 6.67%
Table N0.6-46
Our children get polluted by Dalits’ children.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 5.00% 8.33%
2. Brahmin 1.96% Nil
3. Kshatriya - -
4. Vaishya - -
5. Patel - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 1.39% 1.66%
Table N0.6-47
Our children can go astray in the bad company of
Dalits’ children due to community meals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 8.47% Nil
2. Brahmin 3.92% Nil
3. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
4. Patel 3.33% Nil
5. OBC 2.50% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 4.40% Nil
425
Record number of respondents i.e. 81.56% Caste
Hindus from urban area & still more 91.55% Caste
Hindus from rural area respectively felt that community
meals creates social cohesion & unity and they welcome
dinning together of their children with Dalits’ children in
school. Only small percentage of respondents i.e. 12.63%
& 6.67% respectively from urban and rural area felt
that it will lead to development of bad culture in their
children. 1.39% & 1.66% respectively from urban &
rural areas, Caste Hindus (namely OBCs & Brahmins)
believed that their children will be polluted by such
community meals to-gether by all the school children
whereas 4.40% Caste Hindus from urban area felt that
their children will go astray in bad company of Dalits’
children due to community meals (Samuh Bhojan) in
schools. Only these very few people create problems
throughout the country in this regard. They will be there
any where.
Social acceptance or non-acceptance of Dalits is
discernible in responses to a question whether they would
like to give residential facility to educated Dalits like
Government officers, employees, teachers, professors in
their village, city in a Caste Hindus’ area/mohallah/pol/
society/colony/kasba etc.? Responses are anyalysed as
under :-
426
SR
.C
AS
TE
&Y
ES
NO
, N
OT
NE
VE
RIF
TH
EY
RE
MA
INE
VE
N T
HE
RE
N.A
. BE
ING
TOTA
LN
O.
PE
RN
CE
NTA
GE
AT A
LLO
UR
“YE
SM
EN
” &S
HA
DO
W I
S N
OT
SC
/ST
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
SU
ND
ER
OU
R C
ON
TR
OL
AC
CE
PTA
BLE
TO
US
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN4
0+
66
+1
1+
03
+0
1+
0-
51
+7
=5
8%
78
.43
+8
5.7
11
.76
+1
4.2
01
.96
+0
0.0
05
.88
+0
0.0
01
.96
+0
0.0
0-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A7
0+
96
+1
2+
00
+1
1+
07
9+
11
=9
0%
88
.60
+8
1.8
17
.59
+9
.00
2.5
3+
00
.00
00
.00
+9
.09
1.2
6+
00
.00
-
3.VA
ISH
YA4
5+
27
+0
1+
03
+0
3+
0-
9+
2=
61
%7
6.2
7+
10
0.0
01
1.8
6+
00
.00
16
.94
+0
0.0
05
.08
+0
0.0
05
.08
+0
0.0
0-
4.O
BC
65
+1
04
+1
5+
05
+1
1+
0-
80
+1
2=
92
%8
1.2
5+
83
.33
5.0
0+
8.3
36
.25
+0
0.0
06
.25
+8
.33
1.2
5+
00
.00
-
5.P
AT
EL
50
+1
06
+0
1+
03
+0
--
60
+1
0=
70
%8
3.3
3+
10
0.0
01
0.0
0+
00
.00
1.6
6+
00
.00
5.0
0+
00
.00
--
6.S
C/S
T-
--
--
38
+2
38
+2
=4
0%
--
--
-10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
--
36
7+
44
=4
11
R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-48
WO
ULD
YO
U L
IKE
TO
GIV
E R
ES
IDE
NT
IAL
FAC
ILIT
Y T
O E
DU
CA
TE
D,
WE
LL P
LAC
ED
DA
LIT
S (
DO
ING
GO
OD
JO
B/O
CC
UP
AT
ION
) LI
KE
GO
VT.
OF
FIC
ER
S,
EM
PLO
YE
ES
, T
EA
CH
ER
S,
PR
OF
ES
SO
RS
IN
YO
UR
VIL
LAG
E,
CIT
Y I
N A
CA
ST
E H
IND
U A
RE
A/M
OH
ALL
A/P
OL/
SO
CIE
TY
/CO
LON
Y/K
AS
BA
ET
C.
?
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
427
Table N0.6-49
Willing to give residential facility to Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 88.60% 81.81%
2. Patel 83.33% 100.00%
3. OBC 81.25% 83.33%
4. Brahmin 78.43% 85.70%
5. Vaishya 76.27% 100.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 81.57% 90.26%
Table N0.6-50
No, not at all willing to give residential facility to the
Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 11.86% Nil
2. Brahmin 11.76% 14.20%
3. Patel 10.00% Nil
4. Kshatriya 7.59% 9.00%
5. OBC 5.00% 8.33%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 9.24% 6.30%
428
Table N0.6-51
Never Dalits will be given residential facility.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 16.94% Nil
2. OBC 6.25% Nil
3. Kshatriya 2.53% Nil
4. Brahmin 1.96% Nil
5. Patel 1.66% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 5.86% Nil
Table N0.6-52
If they remain our ‘yes man’/henchman and under our
control then residential accommodation can be given to
the Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 6.25% 8.33%
2. Brahmin 5.88% Nil
3. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
4. Patel 5.00% Nil
5. Kshatriya Nil 9.09%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 4.44% 3.48%
429
Table N0.6-53
Even the shadow of Dalit is not acceptable to us.
(Caste Hindus)
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
2. Brahmin 1.96% Nil
3. Kshatriya 1.26% 75.00%
4. OBC 1.25% 50.00%
5. Patel - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 1.91% 25.00%
The SCs/STs are facing acute problems of housing
as no builders even in the Metropolitan areas like
Ahmedabad city which is going to become a Megha city
in near future sells flats, tenaments etc. to even few
educated & Highly placed SCs/STs. They first ask caste
related question and find out SCs/STs & particularly
Scheduled Caste, and then they (builders) straightaway
refuse12 accommodation to the members belonging to the
Scheduled Castes. Nobody gets tenaments/flats by
concealing his caste as these builders ask them to bring
their Caste certificates or school leaving certificates in
which caste is clearly mentioned so that not even by a
mistake persons belonging to these castes get into their
residential complexes. This is the height of social
430
unacceptability of the SCs/STs by the Caste Hindus. Now
let us examine how this trait is reflected here in their
responses.
81.57% and 90.26% Caste Hindus respectively
from urban & rural area have expressed affirmation but
this is a treachery only as in fact no Caste Hindu wants
a member of Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe as his
neighbour. Take the example of 2001 earthquake of
Kutchh district where none from Caste Hindus was
prepared to even live side by side in the land to be
allotted for reconstruction of houses. This information
furnished by them is actually against the ground realities.
9.24% & 6.30% Caste Hindus respectively from
urban area & rural area have openly said “No, Not at
all” to accommodate SCs/STs in their society, locality etc.
Whereas 5.56% Caste Hindus from urban area are frank
when they said “Never”. On the other hand the ground
reality is few caste Hindus have expressed conditional
preparedness to accept SCs/STs only if the SCs/STs give
up their independence and become their “yesman,”
“henchman”and remain under their control.
Further data indicates the strongest hatred, contempt
and scorn of the Vaishyas, Brahmins, Kshatriyas & OBCs
for the SCs/STs when they expressed that even the
Scheduled Castes’ & Scheduled Tribes’ shadow is not
431
SR
.C
AS
TE&
YES
NO
NEV
ERW
E M
AYTH
E ‘S
AN
ATA
N’
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
. P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
INC
UR
SIN
DH
AR
MA
WIL
LR
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
BY
DO
ING
BE
PO
LLU
TED
SO
BY
DO
ING
TH
ISU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN2
9+
41
0+
23
+1
4+
08
+0
-5
1+
7=
58
%5
6.8
6+
57
.14
19
.60
+2
8.5
75
.88
+1
4.2
81
.96
+0
0.0
01
5.6
8+
00
.00
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A6
7+
81
0+
1-
-2
+2
-7
9+
11
=9
0%
84
.81
+7
2.7
21
2.6
5+
9.0
0-
-2
.53
+1
8.1
8-
3.VA
ISH
YA3
5+
12
1+
12
+0
-1
+0
-5
9+
2=
61
%5
9.3
2+
50
.00
35
.59
+5
0.0
03
.38
+0
0.0
0-
1.6
9+
00
.00
-
4.O
BC
48
+3
24
+9
4+
03
+0
1+
1-
80
+1
2=
92
%6
0.0
0+
25
.00
30
.00
+7
5.0
05
.00
+0
0.0
03
.75
+0
0.0
01
.25
+8
.33
-
5.P
AT
EL
46
+5
12
+5
1+
01
+0
--
60
+1
0=
70
%7
6.6
6+
50
.00
20
.00
+5
0.0
01
.66
+0
0.0
01
.66
+0
0.0
0-
-
6.S
C/S
T3
5+
21
+0
-1
+0
-1
+0
38
+2
=4
0%
92
.10
+1
00
.00
2.6
3+
00
.00
-2
.63
+0
0.0
0-
2.6
3+
00
.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
--
36
7+
44
=4
11
R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-54
DA
LIT
S A
S R
ELI
GIO
US
PR
IES
TS
& N
ON
DA
LIT
S’
RE
AC
TIO
N.
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
432
acceptable by them. Even an iota of acceptance of Dalits
by these people cannot be expected at all looking to
their explosive & acidic strongest caste prejudice. It is
shocking that such people are from urban area of
Ahmedabad city and not from rural areas. Urbanization,
industrialisation, democratization, etc., in fact nothing has
left any mark on them. Fortunately percentage of such
persons is only 1.91%. Others might be nurturing such
mindset but they might be wise than this group as they
might not have wisely expressed it openly.
It was asked whether they would like the
appointments of Dalits, who are well-versed in religious
rites & rituals in religious places like temple, religious
institutions etc. Data given in Table N0.6.55 shows
their responses as under :-
Table N0.6-55
Acceptance of appointments of Dalits in religious places
for officiation of religious rites and rituals
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 84.81% 72.72%
2. Patel 76.66% 50.00%
3. OBC 60.00% 25.00%
4. Vaishya 59.32% 50.00%
5. Brahmin 56.86% 57.14%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 67.53% 50.97%
433
Table N0.6-56
Non-acceptance of Dalits in religious places for
officiation of religious rites and rituals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 35.59% 50.00%
2. OBC 30.00% 75.00%
3. Patel 20.00% 50.00%
4. Brahmin 19.60% 28.57%
5. Kshatriya 12.65% 9.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Averag% - 23.56% 42.51%
Table N0.6-57
Dalits shall never be accepted as priests in Hindu
religious places
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 5.88% 14.28%
2. OBC 5.00% Nil
3. Vaishya 3.38% Nil
4. Patel 1.66% Nil
5. Kshatriya - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 3.18% 2.85%
434
Table N0.6-58
Caste Hindus would incur sin if Dalits are appointed in
religious places for performance of rites and rituals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 3.75% Nil
2. Brahmin 1.96% Nil
3. Patel 1.66% Nil
4. Kshatriya - -
5. Vaishya - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 1.47% Nil
Table N0.6-59
The “Sanatan Dharma” will be polluted by doing this.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 15.68% Nil
2. Kshatriya 2.53% 18.18%
3. Vaishya 1.69% Nil
4. OBC 1.25% 8.33%
5. Patel - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 4.23% 5.30%
435
Table N0.6-60
Summary Urban Rural
(1) Yes 67.53% 50.97%
(2) No 23.50% 42.51%
(3) Never 3.18% 2.85%
(4) Incur sin 1.47% Nil
(5) “Sanatan Dharma” 4.23% 5.30%
will be polluted.
Table N0.6-61
Summary Urban Rural
Positive(+) 67.53% 50.97%
Negative(-) 32.38% 50.66%
Total 35.09% 00.31%
Thus, 67.53% Caste Hindus from urban area &
50.97% Caste Hindus respectively from rural area would
like the well-versed Dalits in religion matters to be
oppointed in temples as priests and in other religious
institutions.
In all 32.38% and 50.66% Caste Hindus
respectively from urban & rural areas are against such
appointments of Dalits in temples & religious institutions.
Sin & pollution to “Sanatan Dharm” are grounds for
436
SR
.C
AS
TE
&Y
ES
NO
NE
VE
RIF
WE
DO
SO
, WE
INC
UR
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
. P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
SIN
& G
ET
RE
LIG
IOU
SLY
PO
LLU
TE
DR
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
U-R
-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN2
3+
21
8+
49
+1
1+
0-
51
+7
=5
8%
49
.09
+2
8.5
73
2.2
9+
57
.14
17
.64
+1
4.2
81
.96
+0
0.0
0-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A5
0+
72
4+
41
+0
4+
0-
79
+1
1=
90
%6
3.2
9+
63
.63
30
.37
+3
6.3
61
.26
+0
0.0
05
.00
+0
0.0
0-
3.VA
ISH
YA2
2+
13
6+
11
+0
--
59
+2
=6
1%
37
.28
+5
0.0
06
0.0
1+
50
.00
1.6
9+
00
.00
--
4.O
BC
43
+3
32
+8
5+
1-
-8
0+
12
=9
2%
53
.75
+2
5.0
04
0.0
0+
66
.66
6.2
5+
8.3
3-
-
5.P
AT
EL
42
+2
15
+8
2+
01
+0
-6
0+
10
=7
0%
70
.2+
20
.00
25
.00
+8
0.0
03
.33
+0
0.0
01
.66
+0
0.0
0-
6.S
C/S
T2
8+
2-
-1
+0
9+
03
8+
2=
40
%7
3.6
8+
10
0.0
0-
-2
.63
+0
0.0
02
3.6
8+
00
.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
-3
67
+4
4=
41
1
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
S
TAB
LE N
O.
6-62
OF
FIC
IAT
ION
OF
PU
JA/R
ITE
S/R
ITU
ALS
BY
DA
LIT
AN
D T
HE
IR A
CC
EP
TAN
CE
/N
ON
-AC
CE
PTA
NC
E B
Y C
AS
TE
HIN
DU
S
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
437
their such view point for a negative opinion which
appear prima facie absurd from scientific point of view.
For further probing their real thinking and
convictions about acceptability of Dalits they were asked
whether they would like to get such religious rites and
rituals performed by Dalits who are knowledgeable and
proficient in this connection, on birth, marriage or any
such other occasions? Data given in Table N0.6-63 gave
us picture as undeer:-
Table N0.6-63
Agreeable in acceptance of Dalits for officiation of
religious rites and rituals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 70.2% 20.00%
2. Kshatriya 63.29% 63.63%
3. OBC 53.75% 25.00%
4. Brahmin 49.09% 28.57%
5. Vaishya 37.28% 50.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 54.72% 37.44%
Table N0.6-64
Non-acceptance of Dalits for officiation of religious rites and rituals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 60.00% 50.00%
2. OBC 40.00% 66.66%
438
3. Brahmin 32.29% 57.14%
4. Kshatriya 30.37% 36.36%
5. Patel 25.00% 80.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 37.53% 58.03%
Table N0.6-65
Dalits shall never be acceptable for officiating religious
rites and rituals.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 17.64% 14.28%
2. OBC 6.25% 8.33%
3. Patel 3.33% Nil
4. Vaishya 1.69% Nil
5. Kshatriya 1.26% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 6.03% 4.52%
Table N0.6-66
Officiation of religious rites and rituals will incur sin and
religious pollution to the Caste Hindus.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 5.00% Nil
2. Brahmin 1.96% Nil
439
3. Patel 1.66% Nil
4. Vaishya - -
5. OBC - -
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 1.72% Nil
Thus, 54.72% Caste Hindus from urban area and
37.44% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively
expressed readiness to get religious rites & rituals
performed by the Dalits who are knowledgeable and
proficient in these matters.
37.53% Caste Hindus from urban area & 58.03%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have said “No”
in this regard. They do not want to accept Dalits for
performance of religious rites & rituals even though the
Dalits might have knowledge and proficiency in such
matters. Why do they object such performance of rites &
rituals by Dalits? The answer is because they are Dalits
and considered to be untouchables as no other reason
can be offered by any one in this regard. The Dalits are
also Hindus & the proposition is about Dalits who are
knowledgeable and proficient in Hindu rites & rituals
and they are so, and yet 37.53% Caste Hindus in urban
area & 58.03% Caste Hindus in rural area are not
accepting Dalits in this regard.
440
There are some other Caste Hindus with even
stronger Caste prejudice who go a step further & say
that never they have accepted & never they will accept
Dalits for performance of religious rites and rituals and
percentage of such Caste Hindu is 6.03% in urban area
& 04.52% in rural area who are seen determined never
to get their religious rites and rituals performed by the
Dalits.
Still worse is the situation where 1.72% Caste
Hindus from urban area feel that if they call Dalit
priests who are knowledgeable & proficient for
performance of their rites and rituals then they will incur
sin and religiously get polluted. Shockingly these are
Caste Hindus from Kshatriya, Brahmin & Patel Castes
only & they are from Metropolitan urban area & they
are educated & modern and yet surprisingly their thinking
and mindset is outdated, obsolete & obysmally dismal.
None from village area holds such putrefied view points
& hence really the village people deserve our unlimited
accolodes.
To test the respondents’ preparedness about
acceptability of SCs/STs in private sectors, they were
asked whether would it be appropriate to enact a law or
frame rules for reservation in private industries for
Dalits? Their responses are as under :-
441
Table N0.6-67
Opinion in favour of enacting a Law or framing of
Rules for reservation for SCs/STs in Private Industries.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 43.93% 18.18%
2. OBC 35.00% 33.33%
3. Patel 33.33% 30.00%
4. Brahmin 19.60% 14.28%
5. Vaishya 16.94% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 29.76% 19.15%
Table N0.6-68
No reservation should be made for SCs/STs in Private
Industries.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 49.01% 57.14%
2. Vaishya 44.60% 50.00%
3. OBC 38.75% 25.00%
4. Patel 33.33% 6.66%
5. Kshatriya 29.11% 27.27%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 38.96% 33.21%
442
Table N0.6-69
Never: The SCs/STs should never be provided reservation
in Private Industries.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 10.16% Nil
2. Brahmin 5.88% Nil
3. OBC 5.00% 8.33%
4. Patel 5.00% Nil
5. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 5.96% 1.66%
Table N0.6-70
The matter of reservation in Private Industries should be
left to the discretion and sweet will of the industrialists.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 28.81% 50.00%
2. Patel 28.33% 30.00%
3. Brahmin 25.49% 28.57%
4. Kshatriya 24.50% 54.54%
5. OBC 22.50% 33.33%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 25.92% 39.28%
Only 29.76% Caste Hindus from urban area &
443
19.15% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively are in
favour of formulation or enactment of law or rules
providing for reservation to SCs/STs in private industries.
38.96% Caste Hindus from urban area & 33.21%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have said “No”
for reservation in private industries. The percentage of
Caste Hindus against such reservation in private
industries is higher than those who are in favour of it
as mentioned above. This is also a case of non-
acceptability of Dalits by the Caste Hindus as it is not
asked whether in your private industries reservation for
SCs/STs should be made by law or rules. Industries
belonging not to the respondents but to others where
accommodation of Dalits is objected to by the Caste
Hindus.
The third group of Caste Hindus are even having
harder view and prejudice when they respond with the
word “Never”. 5.96% Caste Hindus from urban area &
1.66% Caste Hindus from rural area have respectively
given such strong negative opinion.
Yet another group of Caste Hindus seen quite
clear, diplomatic & politician like who opined that
whether reservation in private industries should be done
by any act or rules should be left to the discretion &
sweet will of the industrialists. The number of persons
444
SR
.C
AS
TE
&N
EV
ER
, IN
IF T
HE
RE
IS N
O C
AS
TE
IF T
HE
RE
IS N
O O
TH
ER
ALW
AYS
P
RE
FE
RN
.A.
TOTA
LN
O.
P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
NO
HIN
DU
S’ T
EA
STA
LL,
RE
ME
DY
AVA
ILA
BLE
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
SC
IRC
UM
S-
HO
TE
L, P
AA
N S
HO
PT
O S
AT
ISF
Y H
UN
GE
R,
TAN
CE
SE
TC
. IN
TH
E V
ICIN
ITY
QU
EN
CH
TH
IRS
T E
TC
.U
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN1
0+
06
+2
7+
12
8+
4-
51
+7
=5
8%
19
.60
+0
0.0
01
1.7
6+
28
.52
13
.72
+1
4.2
85
4.9
0+
57
.14
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A1
5+
11
2+
17
+1
45
+8
-7
9+
11
=9
0%
18
.98
+9
.09
15
.18
+9
.09
8.8
6+
9.0
95
6.9
6+
72
.72
-
3.VA
ISH
YA3
+0
1+
13
+0
52
+1
-5
9+
2=
61
%5
.08
+0
0.0
01
.69
+5
0.0
05
.8+
00
.00
88
.13
+5
0.0
0-
4.O
BC
15
+1
8+
12
0+
33
7+
7-
80
+1
2=
92
%1
8.7
5+
8.3
31
0.0
0+
8.3
32
5.0
0+
25
.00
46
.25
+5
8.3
3-
5.P
AT
EL
2+
19
+0
7+
04
2+
9-
60
+1
0=
70
%3
.33
+1
0.0
01
5.0
0+
00
.00
11
.66
+0
0.0
07
0.0
0+
90
.00
-
6.S
C/S
T-
--
-3
8+
23
8+
2=
40
%-
--
-10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
-3
67
+4
4=
41
1R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
TAB
LE N
O.
6-71
WO
ULD
YO
U L
IKE
TO
TA
KE
TE
A,
SN
AC
KS
, M
EA
LS,
PA
AN
FR
OM
DA
LIT
ST
EA
VE
ND
OR
S,
HO
TE
L O
WN
ER
S,
LOD
GE
, P
AA
N S
HO
P O
WN
ER
S E
TC
. ?
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
445
holding this view is 25.92% from urban area & 39.28%
from rural areas respectively.
Thus, the non-acceptance level in private industries
of SCs/STs by Caste Hindus comes to 70.84% in urban
area & 74.15% in rural area respectively. The option “it
should be left to the discretion of the industrialists” is
taken as a very cleaver, diplomatic answer & it is taken
as negative response.
To further test the acceptability aspect of the Caste
Hindus, they were asked whether would they like to take
meals, tea, snacks, paan from Dalit tea vendors, hotel
owners, Lodge owners, Paan shop owners? Their
responses are as under :-
Table N0.6-72
Never, in no circumstances eatables from Dalit
Shopkeepers are acceptable.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 19.60% Nil
2. Kshatriya 18.98% 9.09%
3. OBC 18.75% 8.33%
4. Vaishya 5.08% Nil
5. Patel 3.33% 10.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 13.14% 5.48%
446
Table N0.6-73
If there is no Caste Hindus’ tea stall, hotel, Paan shop
etc. in the near vicinity then the eatables from the Dalit
shops/hotels can be accepted.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 15.18% 9.09%
2. Patel 15.00% Nil
3. Brahmin 11.76% 28.52%
4. OBC 10.00% 8.33%
5. Vaishya 1.69% 50.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 53.63% 19.18%
Table N0.6-74
If there is no other remedy available to satisfy hunger,
quench thirst etc. then only eatables from Dalit shops/
hotels are acceptable.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 25.00% 25.00%
2. Brahmin 13.72% 14.28%
3. Patel 11.66% Nil
4. Kshatriya 8.86% 9.09%
5. Vaishya 5.80% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 13.00% 9.67%
447
Table N0.6-75
Always prefer to accept eatables from Dalit shopkeepers.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 88.13% 50.00%
2. Patel 70.00% 90.00%
3. Kshatriya 56.96% 72.72%
4. Brahmin 54.90% 57.14%
5. OBC 46.25% 58.33%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 63.24% 65.63%
The “No, Never” is clear non-acceptance with
greater Caste prejudice. The second response is also no
acceptance of Dalits as they (Caste Hindus) will take the
services of Caste Hindu caterers only but in the
situation of helplessness where Caste Hindu caterers are
not there, they may accept tea, snacks, Paan etc. from
Dalit shopkeepers. Third response is also negative and
amounts to non-acceptance of Dalits that if they suffer
hunger & thirst & no other remedy is available, then
only they will accept Tea, Paan, Snacks etc. from Dalit
shopkeepers, otherwise not. The summary of non-
acceptance is as under :-
448
Table N0.6-76
Summary
Sr. Urban Plus Rural Matters
No.
(1) 13.14% + 5.18% Never, in no circumstances.
(2) 53.63% + 19.18% In absence of Caste Hindu
caterers.
(3) 13.00 + 9.67% If no other remedy is available.
Total 79.77% + 34.03% -
Thus 79.77% Caste Hindus from urban area and
34.03% Caste Hindus from rural areas are not prepared
to take meals, tea, snacks, paan etc. from Dalit shop
owners, vendors etc.
63.24% Caste Hindus from urban area & 65.63%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively said that they
always prefer to take meals, tea, snacks, paan etc. from
Dalits. The figure from rural area tally with the figure
of non-acceptance percentage but the figure of 63.24%
from urban Caste Hindus does not tally as these
respondents might have ticked more than two options. So
we prefer to place reliance on percentage mentioned in
1,2,3 points mentioned above and the total percentage
arrived at from those 3 Points.
Now the acceptability theory reaches a piquant
situation for the Caste Hindus when they were asked, “If
449
SR
.C
AS
TE
&N
OT
FR
OM
FR
OM
CA
ST
EF
RO
M D
ALI
TS
CA
N’T
SAY
I DO
N’T
WA
NT
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
.
PE
RC
EN
TAG
ED
ALI
TS
HIN
DU
SA
NY
TH
ING
TO
DE
CLA
RE
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
ST
HIS
MAT
TE
RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN5
+0
6+
15
+0
25
+3
10
+3
-5
1+
7=
58
%9
.80
+0
0.0
01
1.7
6+
14
.28
9.8
0+
00
.00
49
.01
+4
2.8
51
9.6
0+
42
.85
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A1
6+
13
+0
3+
13
3+
42
4+
5-
79
+1
1=
90
%2
0.2
5+
9.0
93
.79
+0
0.0
03
.79
+9
.09
41
.77
+3
6.3
63
0.3
7+
45
.45
-
3.VA
ISH
YA4
+0
13
+0
4+
11
9+
01
8+
11
+0
(F
RO
M W
HE
RE
%6
.77
+0
0.0
02
2.3
+0
0.0
06
.77
+5
0.0
03
2.2
0+
00
.00
22
.78
+5
0.0
01
.69
+0
0.0
0
C
HE
AP
LY5
9+
2=
61
AVA
ILA
BLE
)
4.O
BC
11
+2
12
+0
2+
23
7+
31
8+
5-
80
+1
2=
92
%1
3.7
5+
16
.65
15
.00
+0
0.0
02
.5+
16
.66
46
.25
+2
5.0
02
2.5
+4
1.6
6-
5.P
AT
EL
9+
19
+1
3+
03
0+
39
+4
-6
0+
10
=7
0%
15
.00
+1
0.0
01
5.0
0+
10
.00
5.0
0+
00
.00
50
.00
+3
0.0
01
5.0
0+
40
.00
6.S
C/S
T-
--
--
38
+2
38
+2
=4
0%
--
--
-10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
--
36
7+
44
=4
11
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
S
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
TAB
LE N
O.
6-77
AC
CE
PTA
NC
E /
NO
N A
CC
EP
TAN
CE
OF
DA
LIT
S’
ETA
BLE
S/C
OM
MO
DIT
IES
WIT
H G
OO
DQ
UA
LIT
Y A
ND
AT
CH
EA
PE
R R
AT
ES
TH
AN
TH
E C
AS
TE
HIN
DU
S’.
450
tea, Paan, bidi, meals etc. are served by Dalits at a very
cheap rates and with good quality and such stuff is
served by others (Caste Hindus) at higher rates and of
lower quality, then from whom would you accept such
services?” Their responses are as under :-
Table N0.6-78
Not from Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 20.25% 9.09%
2. Patel 15.00% 10.00%
3. OBC 13.75% 16.65%
4. Brahmin 9.80% Nil
5. Vaishya 6.77% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 65.57% 7.14%
Table N0.6-79
From Caste Hindus.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 22.30% Nil
2. Patel 15.00% Nil
3. OBC 15.00% Nil
4. Brahmin 11.76% 14.28%
5. Kshatriya 3.79% Nil
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 13.57% 4.85%
451
Table No.6-80
From Dalits.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 9.80% Nil
2. Vaishya 6.77% 50.00%
3. Patel 5.00% Nil
4. Kshatriya 3.79% 9.09%
5. OBC 2.50% 16.16%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 55.72% 15.05%
Table N0.81
Cann’t say anything.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 50.00% 30.00%
2. Brahmin 49.01% 42.85%
3. OBC 46.25% 25.00%
4. Kshatriya 41.77% 36.36%
5. Vaishya 32.20% 00.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 43.84% 26.84%
Table N0.6-82
I don’t want to declare this matter.
452
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Kshatriya 30.37% 45.45%
2. Vaishya 22.78% 50.00%
3. OBC 22.50% 41.66%
4. Brahmin 19.60% 42.85%
5. Patel 15.00% 40.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 22.05% 43.99%
NOTE :- 1.69% - from where it is cheaply available
(one Vaishya)
This is a queer case of non-acceptability of Dalits
by the Caste Hindus. 65.57% Caste Hindus from urban
area & 7.14% Caste Hindus from rural area
respectively do not prefere to accept things from Dalits
even when the same is of good quality & sold at
cheaper rates as compared to the quality & rate of the
Caste Hindus’ goods, commodities & victual. 13.57%
from urban and 4.85% from rural area respectively will
accept all items from Caste Hindus only and not from
Dalits without any other consideration other than Caste &
Caste based idea of high & low and the untouchability.
55.72% and 15.05% Caste Hindus from urban & rural
area respectively said that they will purchase such stuff
from Dalits.
453
43.84% Caste Hindus from urban area and 26.84%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have said that
they can’t say anything in this regards. They are in fact,
called proverbial fence-sitters.
22.05% Caste Hindus from urban area & 43.99%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively said that they
do not want to declare this matter. A diplomatic reply in
fact.
Table N0.6-83
Summary of acceptability/non-acceptability of victual and
goods from Dalit shopkeepers.
Sr. Item Urban Rural
No.
(1) Not from Dalits 65.57% 7.14%
(2) From Caste Hindus 13.57% 4.85%
(3) Can’t say anything 43.84% 26.84%
(4) Don’t want to declare 22.05% 43.99%
this matter.
Total 145.03% 82.82%
(5) From Dalits (-) 55.72% 15.05%
Total (=) 89.31% 67.77%
Thus 89.31% Caste Hindus from urban area &
67.77% Caste Hindus from rural area respectively are not
454
TAB
LE N
O.
6-84
RE
LAT
ION
SH
IP W
ITH
DA
LIT
S &
AD
IVA
SIS
SR
.C
AS
TE
&V
ER
Y C
LOS
EC
LOS
EAV
ER
AG
EN
OT
AT
ALL
N.A
.TO
TAL
NO
.P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
RE
SP
ON
DE
NT
SU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-RU
-R-T
1.B
RA
HM
IN3
+2
14
+1
26
+4
8+
0-
51
+7
=5
8%
5.8
8+
28
.57
22
.45
+1
4.2
85
.88
+2
8.5
72
7.4
5+
00
.00
-
2.K
SH
AT
RIY
A7
+4
22
+2
47
+4
3+
1-
79
+1
1=
90
%8
.86
+3
6.3
62
7.8
4+
18
.18
59
.49
+3
6.3
63
.79
+9
.09
-
3.VA
ISH
YA6
+1
23
+0
23
+1
7+
0-
59
+2
=6
1%
10
.16
+5
0.0
03
8.9
8+
00
.00
38
.98
+5
0.0
01
1.8
6+
00
.00
-
4.O
BC
11
+1
21
+4
44
+7
4+
0-
80
+1
2=
92
%1
3.7
5+
8.3
32
6.2
5+
33
.33
55
.00
+5
8.3
35
.00
+0
0.0
0-
5.P
AT
EL
5+
16
+5
36
+2
13
+2
-6
0+
10
=7
0%
8.3
3+
10
.00
10
.00
+5
0.0
06
0.0
0+
20
.00
21
.66
+2
0.0
0-
6.S
C/S
T-
--
-3
8+
23
8+
2=
40
%-
--
-10
0.00
+10
0.00
7.T
OT
AL
--
--
-3
67
+4
4=
41
1
R
ES
PO
ND
EN
TS
(1)
U =
Urb
an (
2) R
= R
ural
(3)
T
= T
otal
(4)
+ =
Rur
al r
espo
nden
ts a
nd t
heir
perc
enta
ge
455
in favour of acceptance of Dalits’ good & services only
because of Caste prejudice & hatred.
The Caste Hindus were asked about their
relationship with Dalits and Adivasis. The percentage of
responses is indicator of degree of acceptability which
is as under :-
Table N0.6-85
Very close relationship with SCs/STs.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. OBC 13.75% 8.33%
2. Vaishya 10.16% 50.00%
3. Kshatriya 8.86% 36.36%
4. Patel 8.33% 10.00%
5. Brahmin 5.88% 28.57%
6. SC/ST - -
Average% - 9.39% 26.65%
Table N0.6-86
Caste Hindus’ close relationship with SCs/STs.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Vaishya 38.98% Nil
2. Kshatriya 27.84% 18.18%
3. OBC 26.25% 33.33%
4. Brahmin 22.45% 14.28%
456
5. Patel 10.00% 50.00%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 25.10% 23.15%
Table N0.6-87
Caste Hindus’average relationship with SCs/STs.
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Patel 60.00% 20.00%
2. Kshatriya 59.49% 36.36%
3. OBC 55.00% 58.33%
4. Vaishya 38.98% 50.00%
5. Brahmin 5.88% 28.57%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 43.87% 38.65%
Table N0.6-88
Caste Hindus do not have any relationship at all with
SCs/STs
Sr.No. Caste Urban Rural
1. Brahmin 27.45% Nil
2. Patel 21.66% 20.00%
3. Vaishya 11.86% Nil
4. OBC 5.00% Nil
5. Kshatriya 3.79% 9.09%
6. SC/ST N.A. N.A.
Average% - 13.95% 5.81%
457
9.39% Caste Hindus from urban areas and 26.65%
Caste Hindus from rural areas respectively have stated
that they have “very close” relationship with the Dalits
& Adivasis.
25.10% Caste Hindus from urban area & 23.15%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have stated
that they have “close” relationship with Dalits and
Adivasis.
43.87% Caste Hindus from urban areas & 38.65%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively have stated
that they have “Average” relationship with Dalits &
Adivasis.
13.95% Caste Hindus from urban area & 5.81%
Caste Hindus from rural area respectively “do not have
at all” any relationship with the Dalits & with the
Adivasis. If we combine “very close” and “close”
relationship, the percentage of relationship of Caste
Hindus with Dalits & Adivasis from urban and rural
areas comes to 34.49% and 49.8% respectively. The
Caste Hindus in rural areas are having “closer” relations
with the Dalits & adivasis as compared to caste Hindus
from urban areas.
458
The 13.95% Caste Hindus from urban area &
5.81% Caste Hindus from rural area stated that they do
not have any relationship with either the Dalits or with
the Adivasis. Why such state of total non-communication
has occurred is not known but may be, they might not
have been occupationally connected with the Dalits &
with the Adivasis at all and hence total isolation prevails
or they might have kept themselves away from such
relationship due to Caste based hatred & contempt.
In this Chapter we have seen the acceptence of the
Dalits as well as non-acceptance of Dalits by the Caste
Hindus both in urban areas & rural areas and the
percentage of such acceptance and non-acceptance in both
urban and rural area and at the same time seen &
analysed the social opposition from Caste Hindus in
many social matters like wedding of a Dalit boy with a
Caste Hindu girl or a Caste Hindu’s boy with Dalit girl.
Though the “Varnavyavastha” had permitted “Anulom” &
“Pratilom” marriages between different varnas, today’s even
highly educated persons belonging to Caste Hindu fold
do not hesitate to oppose such inter-caste marriages.
Besides marriage, they also oppose inter-caste community
dinner not only of themselves but also of their wards &
children in schools. We have also seen responses from
Caste Hindus like “We do not want to accept the Dalits
on any occasion,” which suggests the prevalence of social
459
theory of exclusion. Such opposition & exclusion
mentality is so strong that in certain cases, even a most
temporary and transitory company of the Dalits like
accidental meeting in toilet for urinal purposes is also
not acceptable and the same is completely abhorred by
the Caste Hindus. Some of the Caste Hindus have also
expressed their opinions that, “We don’t want even the
shadow of the Dalits.” Dalits to them are not acceptable
but even their shadows are also not acceptable. This
reminds of the Peshwas’ Rule13 in Poona when the
Peshwas by official notification & declaration ordered the
Dalits not to come out of their houses before 9.00 AM
& after 3.00 PM as during this period, due to position
of sun in the sky, the shadows are longer and hence if
the Dalits come out during morning and evening, they by
their shadows can pollute larger numbers of Caste
Hindus. One can conclude on the basis of above facts
that the same Peshwas’ Caste based mentality still exists
in some Caste Hindus who said , “Even shadow of the
Dalits is not acceptable” to them.
____________________________________________________
References:-
1. Ambedkar, Dr. Baba Saheb, Writing and Speeches, The
Education Department, Government of Maharashtra,,
Bombay-400032, January, 1990, Vol.7, p.365-366.
2. Ghurye, G.S., Caste, Class and Occupation, Popular
Book Depot,, Bombay-7, October,1961, p.58
460
3. Lynnvincentnathan, Untouchable Concept of Person,
Department of Sociology, Aurora University, Aurora,
Illionois-60506-4892, U.S.A., November,1988 (Paper
Presentation), p.62
4. Ghurye, G.S., Caste, Class and Occupation, Popular
Book Depot,, Bombay-7, October,1961, p.51
5. Ibid, p.79
6. Ibid, p.7
7. Ibid
8. Ibid, p.51
9. Ibid
10. Ibid, p.51-52
11. Ambedkar, Dr. Baba Saheb, Writing and Speeches, The
Education Department, Government of Maharashtra,,
Bombay-400032, January, 1990, Vol.7, p.379
12. Makwana M.H., Impact of Globalization and Socio-
Economic Development of Dalits - A Case Study of
Gujarat, (Survey of six Urban Areas of Gujarat)
2009
13. Ghurye, G.S., Caste, Class and Occupation, Popular
Book Depot,, Bombay-7, October,1961, p.11.