DisclaimerexcludingAgencyresponsibilityResponsibilityfortheinformationandviewssetoutinthisdocumentliesentirelywiththeauthors
ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUn-ion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogramme
underGrantAgreementNo847100
D2.1ReportonlocalEPCsituationandcross-country
comparisonmatrixQualDeEPCH2020project
MAINAUTHOR:WuppertalInstitut
DATE:13/03/2020
PUBLIC
_____________________________________________________________
ProjectQualDeEPC“High-qualityEnergyPerformanceAssessmentandCertificationinEurope
AcceleratingDeepEnergyRenovation“GrantAgreementno.847100
H2020-LC-SC3-EE-2018
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DocumentFactsheet
Projectduration FromSeptember2019toAugust2022
Projectwebsite www.qualdeepc.eu
Document D2.1ReportonlocalEPCsituationandcross-countrymatrix
WorkPackage WP2AnalysisofcurrentpracticeandprioritiesfornextgenerationEPCs
TaskTask2.1:Detailedanalysisofcountryspecificsandnetworkingwithrelatedpro-jects
Version 2
Versiondate 13/03/2020
MainAuthor WuppertalInstitut(Leadauthor),EAP
ContributorsCRES,DENA,EAP,EKODOMA,ENERGIAKLUB,ESCAN,CITENERGYMANAGEMENTAB
Reviewers WPleadersandreviewers
Typeofdeliverable R
Disseminationlevel PU
Table1:DocumentFactsheet
DocumentStatus
ReviewstatusDraftWPleaderacceptedCoordinatoraccepted
Actionrequested
ToberevisedbypartnersForapprovalbytheWPleaderForapprovalbytheProjectCoordinatorTobedeliveredtotheCommission
Table2:DocumentStatus
DocumentHistory
Version Date Mainmodification Entity
Draft1 26/11/2019 Firstdraft WuppertalInstitut
Draft2 31/01/2020 Inputofdatareceived WuppertalInstitut
Final 10/02/2020 Finalization WuppertalInstitut
UpdatedFinal 13/03/2020 UpdatedFinalization WuppertalInstitut
Table3:DocumentHistory
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PROJECTPARTNERSWI:WuppertalInstitutfürKLIMA,UMWELT,ENERGIEgGMBH
CRES:Centreforrenewableenergysourcesandsaving
DENA:DeutscheEnergie-AgenturGmbH(dena)
EAP:EnergyagencyofPlovdivAssociation
EKODOMA
ENERGIAKLUB:EnergiaklubSzakpolitikaiIntezetModszertaniKozpontEgyesulet
E-P-C:EPCProjectCorporationClimate.Sustainability.Communications.mbH
FEDARENE:Federationeuopeennedesagenciesetdesregionspourl’energieetl’environnement
ESCAN:EscanSL
CITENERGYMANAGEMENTAB
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DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTIES“ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020,researchandinnovationprogramme,underGrantAgreementNo847100”
ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedbyQualDeEPCprojectpartnersasanaccountofworkcarriedoutwithintheframeworkoftheEC-GAcontractno847100.
NeitherProjectCoordinator,noranysignatorypartyofQualDeEPCProjectConsortiumAgreement,noranypersonactingonbehalfofanyofthem:
(a)makesanywarrantyorrepresentationwhatsoever,expressorimplied,
(i). withrespecttotheuseofanyinformation,apparatus,method,process,orsimilar itemdisclosed in this document, includingmerchantability and fitness for a particular pur-pose,or
(ii).thatsuchusedoesnotinfringeonorinterferewithprivatelyownedrights,includinganyparty'sintellectualproperty,or
(iii).thatthisdocumentissuitabletoanyparticularuser'scircumstance;or
(b) assumes responsibility foranydamagesorother liabilitywhatsoever (includingany conse-quentialdamages,even ifProjectCoordinatororanyrepresentativeofasignatorypartyoftheQualDeEPCProject ConsortiumAgreement, has been advisedof thepossibility of suchdamages) resulting fromyour selectionor useof this documentor any information, appa-ratus,method,process,orsimilaritemdisclosedinthisdocument.
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PUBLISHABLESUMMARYConsideringthat40%oftheEuropeanUnion’senergyconsumptioncanbetracedbackto itsbuild-ings, it isessentialto improvetheirenergyefficiency inordertoachievetheEU’senergyefficiencytargets.Boththerateofenergyrenovationanditsdepth,i.e.theamountofenergysavingsduringarenovation,needtobeimproved.EnergyPerformanceCertificates(EPC),regulatedbytheEU’sEner-gyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective (EPBD),arean important instrument toenhance themarketuptakeofenergy-efficientnewbuildingsandtheenergy-efficientrenovationofexistingbuildings.
Against thisbackground,theHorizon2020fundedprojectQualDeEPCwillworkonEU-wideconver-genceofthebuildingassessmentandtheissuance,design,anduseofquality-enhancedEPCsaswellas their recommendations forbuilding renovation.Theaim is tomaketheserecommendationsco-herentwithdeepenergyrenovationtowardsanearly-zeroenergybuildingstockby2050.
ThefirstpartoftheQualDeEPCproject(workpackage2)aimstoidentifytheprioritiesforelementsofEPCschemesthatshowaneedtobeimproved,andforwhichtheprojectwillinvestigatefurtherandproposehowtheelementscanbeimproved.ThefirststepinidentifyingtheseprioritiesistakingstockoftheexistingEPCschemes.Basedontheinputfromallnationalconsortiumpartnersandoth-er sources, theWuppertal Instituteprepared thisdetailedoverviewof thecountry-specificEPCas-sessment and certification procedures and their links to other policies and programmes, existinginitiatives,andprojects.Theanalysiswasbasedonalistofalmost50potentialoptionsforenhancingtheexistingEPCschemes.
Theaimofthisdeliverableistopresentthisstock-takingbyadetailedanalysisonwhichofthepo-tentialenhancedEPCelementsarealreadyimplementedinwhichforminwhichcountry,coveringall28 countries that were EUmember states until 31 January 2020. All partners conducted bilateralinterviewswiththemajoractorsintheEPCprocedures,includingexecutivebodiesonEPCatregionaland/ornational level.ForcountriesnotrepresentedintheConsortium,Wuppertal InstitutandEAPconducted specific literature research, e.g. from the Concerted Action EPBD, and aimed to obtaincontributionsfromothermemberstates.Theinformationcollectedallowsadetailedpresentationontheelementsimplementedaswellasacross-countrycomparisonmatrix(seeAnnexI)inthisreport,which outlines the current EPC practices across the EU regarding the elements of a good practiceschemeorinnovativeimprovementoptions,theircomparability,compliancewithEUlegislation,andtowhichextenttheydifferorconverge.
Theresultsshow,oncemore,thehighdiversityinEPCschemesacrosstheEU.Theyalsoprovideuse-fulinformationinatleasttwodirections:1)whichimprovementoptionsarenotyetimplementedatallor insufficientquality inmostQualDeEPCpartnercountriesaswellasotherEUmemberstates,andcouldthereforebeinterestingcandidatesforthefurtherworkoftheQualDeEPCproject inde-velopment,testing,discussion,andpossiblyimplementationofelementsforenhancedandconverg-ingEPCschemes;and2)whichcountries,withinorbeyondtheQualDeEPCproject,offergoodprac-ticeexamples for the implementationof theseoptions that could serve toguide thedevelopmentand implementation inothercountries.Thisdeliverablewill thusserveasabasis fortheupcomingtaskstodevelopprioritiesandactualproposalsforimprovementofEPCschemes.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................11
2 Overviewofpartnercountries’EPCsituation..............................................................132.1 Bulgaria...................................................................................................................................13
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.1.1andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................13
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?.................................................................142.1.2 WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?.........................................................................................142.1.3 ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?.................................................................152.1.4 Whoarethekeymarketactors?......................................................................................152.1.5 Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?...................................................................................152.1.6 Whatarekeybarriers?.....................................................................................................152.1.7
2.2 Germany..................................................................................................................................16 HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.2.1
andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................16 WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?.................................................................162.2.2 WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?.........................................................................................172.2.3 ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?.................................................................172.2.4 Whoarethekeymarketactors?......................................................................................172.2.5 Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?...................................................................................172.2.6 Whatarekeybarriers?.....................................................................................................172.2.7
2.3 Greece.....................................................................................................................................17 HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.3.1
andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................17 WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?.................................................................182.3.2 WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?.........................................................................................182.3.3 ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?.................................................................182.3.4 Whoarethekeymarketactors?......................................................................................182.3.5 Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?...................................................................................192.3.6 Whatarekeybarriers?.....................................................................................................192.3.7
2.4 Hungary...................................................................................................................................19 HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.4.1
andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................192.5 Latvia.......................................................................................................................................20
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.5.1andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................20
2.6 Spain........................................................................................................................................20 HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.6.1
andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................20 WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?.................................................................232.6.2 WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?.........................................................................................242.6.3 Forwhomarethecertificatesrelevant?..........................................................................242.6.4 Whoarethemarketplayers?...........................................................................................242.6.5 Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?...................................................................................252.6.6 Whatarekeybarriers?.....................................................................................................252.6.7
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2.7 Sweden....................................................................................................................................26 HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.7.1
andregulations)?..........................................................................................................................26 WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?.................................................................262.7.2 WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?.........................................................................................272.7.3 ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?.................................................................272.7.4 Whoarethekeymarketactors?......................................................................................272.7.5 Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?...................................................................................272.7.6 Whatarekeybarriers?.....................................................................................................272.7.7
3 AssessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates.........................................283.1 OfficialorcertifiedprivateEPCSoftwaretoensurequalityandcomparabilityofassessments 283.2 EPCSoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters...................................323.3 OnlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenovationrecommendations.............................................................................................................................363.4 On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment.............................................................................403.5 Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC............................................................................................423.6 Improvingtherenovationrecommendations.........................................................................473.7 CompliancebetweenEPCratingandoperationalrating........................................................533.8 EPCschemefornewbuildingscompatiblewithNZEBrequirements.....................................533.9 TreatmentofinnovativetechnologiesinEPCassessmentcalculations..................................553.10 CostofEPCs.............................................................................................................................563.11 UpdatingofEPCswhenlegislationandregulationsforEPCschemechanges........................573.12 EPCcalculationprocedureinadherencewithnewCENOASstandard..................................57
4 RequirementsforqualifiedexpertsinEumemberstates............................................584.1 RegistryofEPCassessors........................................................................................................584.2 RequirementsforregularmandatoryEPCassessortrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsasapreconditionforcertificationandregistry..................................................604.3 Eligibilityrequirements(pre-qualifications)forEPCassessorcertification............................634.4 UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation......................................................................................664.5 Regulareventsandworkshopsoninnovativesolutionsfordeeprenovation........................68
5 IndependentcontrolsystemsforEPCsinEUmemberstates.......................................695.1 Usingcommonqualitycriteriaforindependentcontrol........................................................695.2 Achievingsufficientsamplesizeforindependentqualitycontrol..........................................715.3 QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors............................................................................735.4 Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments..........................................755.5 AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBD.........775.6 AvailabilityofacentraldatabaseforreportingerrorsorfaultyproceduresfromEPCassessmentsforanalysisandlearning..............................................................................................805.7 SanctionsandpenalisationforEPCassessors.........................................................................805.8 ChannellingmonetarygainsfromsanctionsforenhancingEPCschemes..............................83
6 UseofEPCsandtheirdatainEUmemberstates,includinginwiderbuildings-relateddatabases.........................................................................................................................84
6.1 PublicopinionaboutEPCs.......................................................................................................84
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6.2 MandatoryuseofEPCduringsaleandrentalofbuildings.....................................................856.3 SanctionsandpenalisationforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC.................856.4 PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesorpermitauthoritiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure........................................................................................................876.5 AdvertisingguidelinesforpresentingEPCsinreal-estateadsduringsaleandrental............896.6 ControllingandenforcingthemandatoryuseofEPCsinrealestateadvertisements............896.7 PublicdatabaseofEPCs..........................................................................................................906.8 LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases..................................92
7 HowareEPCsinEUmemberstatesembeddedinwiderpoliciesandpublicactivitiestostimulatedeeprenovation?..............................................................................................95
7.1 LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationstodetailedenergyaudits............................957.2 MonitoringimplementationofrenovationrecommendationsgivenintheEPCs..................977.3 LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes...........................................................................977.4 CreatingDeepRenovationNetworkPlatforms.......................................................................99
8 CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................101
9 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................102
10 AnnexI...................................................................................................................117
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INDEXOFFIGURESFigure1:SampleEPCinGermany.........................................................................................................16Figure2:SampleEPCinSpain...............................................................................................................20Figure 3: Availability of official or certified EPC software to ensure quality and comparability ofassessments..........................................................................................................................................29Figure4:EPCsoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters...................................33Figure5:AvailabilityofonlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenovationrecommendations.................................................................................................................................37Figure6:On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment............................................................................40Figure7:Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC...........................................................................................44Figure8:Improvingtherenovationrecommendationstowardsdeeprenovation..............................48Figure9:CompatibilityofEPCswithNZEBrequirements.....................................................................54Figure10:RegistryofEPCassessors.....................................................................................................58Figure 11: Requirements for regular mandatory EPC assessor training on assessment andrecommendationsforcertificationandregistry...................................................................................61Figure12:EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification.........................................................64Figure13:UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation...................................................................................66Figure14:QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors.........................................................................73Figure15:Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments.......................................76Figure16:AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBD......78Figure 17: Sanctions and penalisation for EPC assessors in case of poor assessments orrecommendations.................................................................................................................................81Figure18:SanctionsforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC.........................................86Figure19:PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure......88Figure20:PublicdatabaseofEPCs.......................................................................................................91Figure21:LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases...............................93Figure22:LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits..........................96Figure23:LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes........................................................................98Figure24:DeepRenovationNetworkPlatformsofferingeitheraone-stop-shopfor implementationorforinformationatnationallevel......................................................................................................99Figure25:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates..................118Figure26:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates..................119Figure27:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates..................120
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INDEXOFTABLESTable1:DocumentFactsheet.................................................................................................................2Table2:DocumentStatus.......................................................................................................................2Table3:DocumentHistory.....................................................................................................................2Table4:EuropeanDirectivesandtheirtranspositioninSpain.............................................................22Table5:EPCsoftwareinSpain..............................................................................................................23Table6:EPCqualitycontrolstatisticsinSpain......................................................................................23Table7:MinimumqualificationsforEPCAssessorsinSpain................................................................24Table 8: Availability of official or certified EPC software to ensure quality and comparability ofassessments..........................................................................................................................................32Table9:EPCsoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters....................................36Table10:AvailabilityofonlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenovationrecommendations.................................................................................................................................39Table11:On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment............................................................................42Table12:Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC..........................................................................................46Table13:Improvingtherenovationrecommendationstowardsdeeprenovation..............................53Table14:CompatibilityofEPCswithNZEBrequirements...................................................................55Table15:TreatmentofinnovativetechnologiesinEPCassessmentcalculations................................56Table16:RegistryofEPCassessors......................................................................................................60Table 17: Requirements for regular mandatory EPC assessor training on assessment andrecommendationsforcertificationandregistry...................................................................................63Table18:EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification..........................................................66Table19:UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation....................................................................................68Table20:Usingcommonqualitycriteriaforindependentcontrol.......................................................71Table21:Sufficientsamplesizeforverificationandqualitycontrol....................................................72Table22:QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors..........................................................................75Table23:Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments........................................77Table24:AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBD.......80Table 25: Sanctions and penalisation for EPC assessors in case of poor assessments orrecommendations.................................................................................................................................83Table26:PublicopinionaboutEPCs.....................................................................................................85Table27:SanctionsforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC...........................................87Table28:PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure........89Table29:ControllingandenforcingthemandatoryuseofEPCsinrealestateadvertisements..........90Table30:PublicdatabaseofEPCs.........................................................................................................92Table31:LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases................................94Table32:LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits...........................97Table33:LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes.........................................................................99Table34:DeepRenovationNetworkPlatformsofferingeitheraone-stop-shopforimplementationorforinformationatnationallevel.........................................................................................................100
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1 INTRODUCTION
Consideringthat40%oftheEuropeanUnion’senergyconsumptioncanbetracedbackto itsbuild-ings, it isessential to improveenergyefficiency inbuildingstoachievetheEU’soverallenergyeffi-ciencytargets.Boththerateofenergyrenovationand itsdepth, i.e. theamountofenergysavingsduringarenovation,needtobe improved.EnergyPerformanceCertificates(EPC),regulatedbytheEU’sEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD),areanimportantinstrumenttoenhancethemarketuptakeofenergy-efficientnewbuildingsandtheenergy-efficientrenovationofexistingbuild-ings.
Against thisbackground,theHorizon2020fundedprojectQualDeEPCwillworkonEU-wideconver-genceofthebuildingassessmentandtheissuance,design,anduseofquality-enhancedEPCsaswellas their recommendations forbuilding renovation.Theaim is tomaketheserecommendationsco-herentwithdeepenergyrenovationtowardsanearly-zeroenergybuildingstockby2050.Underthecoordinationof theWuppertal Institute, the project partnerswillwork to create consensus in theparticipatingcountriesandbeyond,andtoimplementasmanyimprovementsaspossibleduringtheprojectperiod,involvingcertificationbodies,energyagencies,buildingsectorandcertificationstake-holders,andotherrelevantorganisations.Specifically,QualDeEPCaimstoenhance:
1. Thequalityandcross-EUconvergenceofEnergyPerformanceCertificate(EPC)schemes,and2. ThelinkbetweenEPCsanddeeprenovation.
Workpackage2oftheQualDeEPCprojectaimstodeveloptheprioritiesforelementsofEPCschemesthatshouldbeimproved,andforwhichtheprojectwilldevelopproposals.Thefirststepindevelop-ingtheseprioritiesistakingstockoftheexistingEPCschemes.
Toensurehomogenousdataretrieval,aspecializedquestionnairewasdevelopedtoassessthelocalsituationintheparticipatingcountries.Itincluded1)anoverviewofthecurrentsituationinthesev-en partner countries and 2) a list of specific questions addressing almost 50 potential options forenhancingtheexistingEPCschemes.Thesewerebasedontheelementsofapreliminaryvisionongoodpracticeassessmentand certification schemes.Manyof theelementshavealreadybeen im-plementedinanumberofEUmemberstatesbutnotinallofthem.Therefore,theaimofthisdeliv-erable is topresentadetailedanalysisonwhichelement isalready implemented inwhich form inwhichcountry,coveringall28countriesthatwereEUmemberstatesuntil31January2020.
Basedontheinputfromallnationalconsortiumpartners,theWuppertalInstitutepreparedthisde-tailedoverviewofthecountry-specificEPCassessmentandcertificationproceduresandtheirlinkstoother policies and programmes, existing initiatives, and projects. All partners conducted bilateralinterviewswiththemajoractorsintheEPCprocedures,includingexecutivebodiesonEPConregion-aland/ornationallevel.ForcountriesnotrepresentedintheConsortium,WuppertalInstitutandEAPconducted specific literature research, e.g. from the Concerted Action EPBD, and aimed to obtaincontributions fromothermember states.We are grateful to a number of partners from theHori-zon2020 funded project Xtendo, who commented on the first analysis for their country. In somecountries,suchasItalyandBelgium,regionalvariationsmaybepresentinsomeelementsoftheEPCscheme.Insuchcases,thishasbeenmentionedwhereappropriate,andforthesakeofbrevity,ifanEPC element is present in at least one region, then it has been assumed that it’s available in thatcountry.
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Theresultsallowadetailedcross-countrycomparisoninthisreport,whichoutlinesthecurrentEPCpracticesacrosstheEUregardingtheseelementsofagoodpracticeschemeorinnovativeimprove-mentoptions,theircomparability,compliancewithEUlegislation,andtowhichextendtheydifferorconverge. Itwill thus serveas abasis for theupcoming tasks todeveloppriorities andactual pro-posalsforimprovementofEPCschemes.Thisreportisstructuredasfollows:
• Section2presentstheoverviewofcurrentEPCsituationinthesevenQualDeEPCpartnercoun-tries–Bulgaria,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Latvia,Spain,andSweden.
• Sections3to7summarizethecurrentstatusofEPCprocessesandimplementationacrossEUmemberstatesinfivekeysections,addressingthevariouspotentialEPCelementsofanen-hancedandconvergingEPCscheme.Thesectionsare:
o Section3:Assessmentandcertificationo Section4:Requirementsforqualifiedexpertso Section5:Independentcontrolsystemso Section6:UseofEPCdata,includinginwiderbuilding-relateddatabaseso Section7:HowareEPCsembeddedinwiderpoliciesandpublicactivitiestostimulate
deeprenovation?• Section8presentstheconclusionsofthestudy.• Section9liststhereferencesusedinthestudy.• Section10containsanannexshowingthecrosscountrycomparisonmatrixofcurrentstatusof
differentelementsofEPCimplementationinvariousmemberstates.
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2 OVERVIEWOFPARTNERCOUNTRIES’EPCSITUATION
Itisusefultogainanoverviewofthecurrentsituationineachpartnercountry,forwhichQualDeEPCwilldevelopenhancementproposalsfortheirEPCschemes.Eachcountrypartnersreceivedaques-tionnairecontaining7questionsthatareusefulforanalysingthecurrentsituationofEPCimplemen-tation, basedonwhich improvement optionswill be developed for enhancing EPCs andprocessesanduse.Thischapterisbasedontheresponsesofcountrypartners.Theamountofinformationre-ceivedvariesa lotbetweencountries,but isconsideredveryuseful inanycase.Thefollowingsub-sectionspresentstheinformationreceivedfromthecountrypartners.
2.1 Bulgaria
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.1.1andregulations)?
TheimplementationofEPCinBulgariaisunderthefollowingNationallegislationdocuments:
• EnergyEfficiencyAct• Ordinance№Е-Рд-04-1Of22January2016OnTheEnergyEfficiencySurvey,CertificationAnd
EvaluationOfBuildings• Ordinance№E-Rd-04-1Of3January2018OfCircumstancesToBeEnteredInTheRegisters
UnderTheEnergyEfficiencyAct,ListingAndObtainingInformationFromTheseRecordsTermsAndConditionsForAcquisitionOfQualificationOfConsultantsInEnergyEfficiency
• Ordinance№7ForEnergyEfficiency• OrdinanceNo.Е-Рд-04-2Of22January2016OnTheEnergyPerformanceIndicatorsAndThe
EnergyCharacteristicsOfBuildings
Theenergyperformancecertificatecouldbeissuedfornewbuildingsandforbuildingsinoperation.
• Fornewbuildings:
TheCertificateofDesignEnergyCharacteristicscertifies theenergyperformanceofanewbuildingpriortoitscommissioning,includingthelevelofenergyconsumptionanditscorrespondingclassonthescaleoftheenergyconsumptionclassesoftheordinanceundertheEnergyEfficiencyAct,com-plyingwith the requirements fornewbuildings.Thecertificateofdesignenergyperformance is is-suedonlytoanewbuildingafterthecompletionofthebuildingbeforeitscommissioning.Acertifi-cateofdesignenergyperformanceisissuedwhenthenewbuildingisconstructedinaccordancewiththedesignparametersforenergyefficiency,theachievedenergyperformanceofthebuildinginthecourseofconstructionisequaltoorbetterthanthedesignandthebuildingmeetsthestatutorymin-imumenergyconsumptionclassfornewbuildings.Thecertificateofdesignenergyperformancemaybeissuedonthebasisoftheassessmentofcomplianceoftheinvestmentprojectwiththerequire-mentsforenergyefficiencybeforeapplyingforabuildingpermitattheassignmentofthecontractingauthority/owner.Inthiscase,theenergyperformancecertificateshallbepresentedtothecontract-ingentitytogetherwiththeconformityassessmentreport.
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• Forbuildingsinoperation:
Thebuildingownerassignsacontracttoperformenergyauditsandcertificationofthebuildingtoaqualifiedenergyauditor, registered inSEDA.Theenergyefficiencyauditshall includethe followingmainstages:
1. Preparatoryphase,whichincludesinspectionofthebuilding;thecollectionandprocessingofprimarybuilding informationandenergyconsumptionbyfuel typeandenergyandfinancialcostofenergyforarepresentativepriorperiod,butnotlessthanthreecalendaryearspriortothesurvey;
2. Establishing theenergyperformanceof thebuilding,which includes analysis of theexistingstateandenergy consumption; calculationsofenergybalances,energybaseline; calculatingtheenergyperformanceofthebuildinganddeterminingthepotentialforitsimprovement;
3. Identifyingenergyefficiencyimprovementmeasures,4. Preparation of a comprehensive report and summary to reflect the results of the survey;
submissionofthereportandthesummaryofthebuildingowner.
An energy performance certificate for a building in operation is issued after the energy audit hasbeenperformedbasedontheresultsoftheaudit.Thecertificateofenergyperformanceofabuild-inginoperationhasavalidityof3to10years,determinedintheOrdinanceontheenergyefficiencyaudits,certificationandevaluationofbuildings.
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?2.1.2Allpublicservicesbuildingsinusewithatotalfloorareaofover250squaremetresshallbesubjecttoamandatoryauditandcertificationwiththeexceptionof:
1. PlacesofworshipofthelegallyregisteredreligiousdenominationsinBulgaria;2. Temporarybuildingswithaplannedtimeofusenotexceedingtwoyears;3. Non-residentialbuildingsoflowenergyconsumptionsusedforagriculturalactivities;4. Manufacturingbuildingsandpartsofbuildingswithaproductiveassigneduse;5. Residentialbuildingswhichareusedassuchforeither lessthanfourmonthsoftheyearor,
alternatively, fora limitedannual timeofuseandwithanexpectedenergyconsumptionoflessthan25percentofwhatwouldbetheresultofall-yearuse;
6. Stand-alonebuildingswithatotalfloorareaoflessthan50squaremetres
Pendingthe issuingofanenergyefficiencycertificateofabuilding inuse, theenergyperformanceshallbecertifiedbyanenergyperformancecertificateofanewbuilding.
WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?2.1.3Energyefficiencyaudits, certificationofbuildings,preparinganassessmentofconformityofdevel-opment-projectdesignsandpreparingenergysavingsevaluationsarebeperformedbypersons,reg-isteredunderArticle44(1)oftheEnergyEfficiencyAct,andmeetthefollowingrequirements:
1. AremerchantswithinthemeaninggivenbytheCommerceActorunderthelegislationofan-othermemberstateoftheEuropeanUnion,orofanotherstatewhichisaContractingPartytotheAgreementontheEuropeanEconomicArea,oroftheSwissConfederation;
2. Haveattheirdisposaltherequisitetechnicaldevices,specifiedintheordinancereferredtoinArticle44(9)herein;
3. Haveattheirdisposaltherequisitestaff:energyefficiencyconsultantswhomeetthere-quirementsoftheordinancereferredtoinArticle44(9)herein:
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• Havesecondarytechnicaleducation,highereducationoranacquiredacademicdegreeinfieldofTechnicalSciencescompletedorrecognizedintheRepublicofBulgariaorsecondarytech-nicaleducation,highereducationoranacquiredacademicdegreeintheequivalentfieldofhighereducationinanothermemberstateoftheEuropeanUnionorinanotherstatewhichisapartytotheEuropeanEconomicAreaAgreementsorintheConfederationofSwitzerland;
• Haveacquiredalengthofserviceinthespecialityaftercompletionoftheeducation-ofnotlessthan6yearsforholdersofsecondarytechnicaleducation,notlessthanthreeyearsforholdersofaneducationalqualificationdegreeofBachelor,andnotlessthantwoyearsforper-sonsholdinganeducationalqualificationdegreeofMasterorholdingasciencedegree;
• Holdacertificateofsuccessfullypassedexamforraisingtheirqualificationforperformingtheactivitiesunderthisparagraphinhighereducationinstitutionsteachingtheirstudentsinspeci-alitiesinthefieldofTechnicalSciences,professionalprofilesofEnergy,ElectricalEquipment,ElectronicEquipmentandAutomationandArchitecture,ConstructionandGeodesyaccreditedundertheHigherEducationActorinspecialitiesinequivalentfieldsofhighereducationandprofessionalprofilesaccreditedundertheapplicablelegislationinanothermemberstateoftheEuropeanUnion,inastatewhichisapartytotheEuropeanEconomicAreaAgreementorinSwitzerland.
Certifiedcompaniesmusthaveatleastthreeenergyexperts(architect,civilengineer,HVACengineerorelectricalengineer)andallofthemmustbecertifiedtoconductenergyinspections.
ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?2.1.4• ObligedbytheEnergyEfficiencyAct• Buildingowners• Investors
Whoarethekeymarketactors?2.1.5• Energyauditors• Energyconsultants• Consultantforapplyingforfundingschemes• Investors• Buildingowners• Localauthorities
Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?2.1.6• Wellstructuredandcomprehensiveregulatoryframeworkandprocedureforimplementation
ofEPCatnationallevel–transparentprocedureanddetailedrequirementsfor• Existingandofficiallistofregisteredenergyauditors• Existingandcomprehensivemethodsforcalculationofenergyperformances• ExistingapprovedsoftwarebasedonthenationalMethodologyforcalculationoftheenergy
performanceofbuildings• NationalProgramforEnergyRenovationsupportsissuingofenergycertificatesofmultifamily
residentialbuildings
Whatarekeybarriers?2.1.7• LowlevelofawarenessamongbuildingownersregardingEPCprocedures• Buildingownersdonothaveagoodunderstandingoftheirbuildinganditsenergyperfor-
mance,orhowitcanbeimproved.• LowlevelofinterestforEPC–theendusersonlypurchaseEPCiftheyareobligedtodoit
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• Trainingsforenergyauditorsarenotconductedfrequently,resultinginpoorqualityofEPC• Lackofambitiousrecommendationsfordeeprenovation(onlybasicmeasuresarerecom-
mendedinresidentialbuildingsforreachingenergyclassC)
2.2 Germany
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.2.1andregulations)?
The legal basis for energy performance certificates is given in chapter 5 ("Energieausweise undEmpfehlungen für die Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz") of the Energy SavingOrdinance (EnEV).Theregulationsconcern,e.g.thedifferentoccasionswhenenergyperformancecertificatesbecomecompulsory, theuseandprinciplesofenergyperformancecertificates, the layoutand structureofforms, the requirements for the recommendations to be included in the certificates and the skillsneededtobeanissuerforexistingbuildings.[Source:FederalInstituteforResearchonBuilding,Ur-banAffairsandSpatialDevelopment(BBSR)]
Figure1:SampleEPCinGermany
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?2.2.2Accordingto§16EnEV,energyperformancecertificatesarenecessary:
• Afterthecompletionofanewbuilding• If-incorrespondencewithrefurbishmentmeasuresoralargerextension-anenergeticbal-
ancefortheentirebuildingiscalculated• Incaseofsaleorrentingofbuildingsorpartsofbuildings(e.g.apartments)• Fordisplayoncertainbuildingsofpublicservicefrequentlyvisitedbythepublic
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WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?2.2.3Toactasassessorandissuerofenergyperformancecertificates,aneducationandprofessionalexpe-rienceisneeded.Thisisfullyregulatedby§21EnEV.Acertificationofassessorsisnotforeseen.
ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?2.2.4• Authorities• Tenants• Buildingowners• Communities(ofbuildingownerormunicipalities)• Buildingusers• Buildingoperators• Investor,banks,financialserviceproviders• Municipality,municipaloperators• Government,Ministries(RequirementsfromClimateCabinet),Institutions• Energyconsultants
Whoarethekeymarketactors?2.2.5• Energyconsultants• Tenants• Buildingowners• Communities• Buildingusers• Buildingoperators• Realestatefinanceinstitutions
Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?2.2.6• Qualityassurance(forprocessandcontent)• Education,furthereducationoftheEPCissuer• Betterfocusonneedsandinformationdepthforthedifferentstakeholdergroups• Understandableinformationfornon-technicians• Linktootherinstrumentsconcerningenergyperformanceandrenovationissues(e.g.energy
consultancy,renovationstrategy,grantsetc.)
Whatarekeybarriers?2.2.7• Costs• Effort• Lackofqualityandthereforenotenoughtrustintheinformationforrelevantstakeholders• Lackofunderstandingoftheinformation• Lackoflinkingtheinformationtotherenovationprocess
2.3 Greece
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.3.1andregulations)?
• TheEPBDwastransposedtothenationallegislativeframeworkwiththeLaw3661of2008,updatedin2013(Law4122)inharmonizationwiththeEPBDrecast.
• EPCSareissuedinGreecesince2011,whenfullimplementationoftheEPBDstarted• AllEPCsareproducedautomatically(andstored)onaweb-basedplatform
(www.buildingcert.gr).
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• On-sitevisitoftheauditor,forpurposesofEPCissuance,ismandatory.• Thebuildingdatacollectedon-siteareusedforthecalculationofthebuildingenergyperfor-
mance,withtheuseofnationalsoftware.Thecalculationoftheenergyperformanceand• productionofthecertificateisperformedautomaticallyonthe‘buildingcert’platform,after
uploadingthebuildingdataandcalculations(xmlfile)bytheregisteredauditor,havingaccesstotheplatform.
• EnergyperformanceonEPCsiscalculatedwiththeuseofofficialnationalsoftwareintegratedintheplatformandalsoavailabletotheauditors.Theauditorscanalsousecommercialsoft-waretools,aftervalidationandapprovalofcomplianceandcompatibilitybytheMinistryofEnvironment&Energy.
• Themethodologicalapproachfordefiningtheenergyclassisthe'assetrating'approach(com-parisonwithareferencebuilding).Energyclassisdefinedbasedonthecalculatedprimaryen-ergyconsumption.
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?2.3.2EPCissuanceisrequiredfor:
• Newbuildings,aftercompletionofconstruction• Existingbuildings,incasesofdeeprenovation• Realestatetransactions(saleorrental)• Publicbuildingsover250m2• Applyingforfundinginnationalincentiveprogrammesprovidingfundingforrenovation
WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?2.3.3Qualifiedenergyauditors,registeredinthenationaldatabaseofenergyauditors,issueEPCs.Qualifi-cationsofauditorsaredefinedbylaw;theyneedtobelicensedengineers,MembersoftheHellenicTechnicalChamberorgraduateengineersoftechnologicalinstitutes.Theyareclassifiedin3catego-ries,dependingontheirqualificationsandprovenexperienceinenergyaudits.
• Energyexpertsclassifiedincat.Ahavetherighttoconductenergyauditsin(only)residentialbuildingsupto250m2andheatingorcoolingsystemsupto50kW
• Energyexpertsclassifiedincat.Bhavetherighttoconductenergyaudits,inbuildingsofato-talsurfaceareaof250-1,000m2,andinHeatingorACsystemsoftotalpowerof50-400kW.Energyexpertsofcat.Acanupgradetheircategorytocat.BandberegisteredincategoryB,ifrecordsofatleast30energyauditsofclassAareprovided.
• EnergyexpertsclassifiedincategoryChavetherighttoconductenergyauditsinallbuildings,independentlyofsize.Energyexpertsofcat.Bcanupgradetheircategorytocat.Candbereg-isteredincategoryC,ifrecordsofatleast10energyauditsofclassBareprovided.
ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?2.3.4• Buildingowners• Buildingusers• Publicauthorities,responsibleforenergyandclimate• Energyauditors• Engineers,Buildingdesigners• Contractors• Investors,Financialinstitutions
Whoarethekeymarketactors?2.3.5• Energyauditors/Energyconsultants• Policymakers• TheMinistryresponsiblefortheimplementationoftherelativebuildingenergyregulations
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• Buildingowners(publicandprivate)
• Buildingcontractors• Buildingmanagers
Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?2.3.6• QualitycontrolofEPCsandenergyauditors• Competencesofenergyauditors/Regulartraining• EPCdatabasesallowingforimplementationmonitoringandidentificationofgaps• FriendlinessofEPC• UsefulnessofEPCsrecommendationsindeeprenovations• Nationalprogrammesprovidingincentives(financial/fiscal)forbuildingrenovation
Whatarekeybarriers?2.3.7• LowlevelofawarenessandinterestofbuildingownersinEPCinformation• LowlevelofcredibilityandacceptanceofEPCasanefficienttoolforbuildingrenovation• LowfeesofenergyauditsresultinginlowqualityofEPC• Lackofregularpromotional-awarenessactivitiesonEPCsanddeepbuildingrenovation• LackofmonitoringofcompliancewiththeexistinglegislationonEPCsinrealestateadvertise-
ment–nosanctionsforeseen• Limitedfundingboostingdeeprenovationofthebuildingstock
2.4 Hungary
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.4.1andregulations)?
• TheregulationbasisofEPCsistheGovernmentRegulationNo.176/2008• EPC’sareregisteredinacentraldatabase.Somedataofthedatabase(addressofthebuilding
andenergycategory)isavailablepubliclyonline,butitisnotpossibletogetanydetailedin-formationandcalculationsfromthesystem.
• On-sitevisitsaremandatorybylaw,therehastobephotosincludedintheEPC,butinpractice,someEPCissuersdoitwithoutsitevisits,basedonbuildingpapersanddata.
• 2.5%ofEPCsarechecked.Iffaultsaredetected,assessorsarerequiredtocorrectthem.Whentheenergyclassisdeterminedwrongly,andthedifferenceis2classesormore,theassessorli-censeiswithdrawn.
• Itisnotnecessarytousethecertifiedsoftware,butmostassessorsuseoneoftheavailabletools.
• RecommendationsareacompulsorypartoftheEPCs,buttheyarenotnecessarilyonthefirstpages.Theyusuallydon’tcontainveryspecificinformation.
• ThecostisdeterminedintheEPCregulation:itisthemaximumof5500HUF/hour(about17EUR)plusreasonableadditionalcosts(e.g.travel).
• Itisregulatedinadecreewhocanbeassessors.Theymusthavearelevantexpertbackground(listedbyprofessionintheregulation)andtheymustfulfiltrainingforaccreditation.Furtherregulartrainingsareavailable,butnotcompulsory,itisnotaconditiontoremainanassessor
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2.5 Latvia
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.5.1andregulations)?
• BasedonLatvianlegislationEPCshavetobeissuedwhenbuildingis:1. Putintooperationafterbuildinganewbuildingorrenovatinganexistingbuilding;2. Soldorrented;3. Apublicbuildingownedbythestate;4. Isgoingforrenovationandreceivingfinancialincentives(co-financing)
• Inreallife,whenabuildingisbeingsoldorrentedtheEPCsarenotissued,asnobodyisaskingthem(itseemsthatnobodyactuallyknowsthatEPCinthiscaseshouldbeissued).Therespon-sibleorganizationinLatviaforoverseeingthisquestionisConsumerRightsProtectionCentre(CRPC).TilldateCRPChasnotreceivedasinglecomplaintaboutmissingEPCwhenbuyingorrentingabuilding.
• OnlycertifiedenergyauditorsareauthorisedtoissueEPCs.Currently,itisestimatesthattherearelessthan100energyauditorsinLatvia.
• ItseemsthatEPCsareissuedonlyincaseswhenlawmandatesit.ThereforetheEPCsareseenassomethingthathasnovalueandcostsmoney.MostoftheissuedEPCsareissuedforreno-vationofapartmentbuildingswheretherenovationprocessofthebuildingisco-financed(grants)byEU.Thereforethekeyactorsaretheapartmentbuildingmanagingcompaniesandtheinhabitantsofthebuildings.
• ThemainbarriercouldbethatEPCsareviewedasadocumentthathastobemadeincertaincasesbutnoone(expectenergyauditors)actuallylooksattheEPCs.Thereislackofinfor-mationingeneralpublicaboutEPCs.
2.6 Spain
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.6.1andregulations)?
Theenergyperformancecertificateorenergycertificateisanofficialdocumentdrawnupbyacom-petenttechnicianthatincludesobjectiveinformationabouttheenergycharacteristics.
Figure2:SampleEPCinSpain
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Inthissense,theenergycertificationqualifiesabuildingbycalculatingtheannualenergyconsump-tionnecessarytomeettheenergydemandofabuildingundernormalconditionsofoccupationandoperation,includingtheproductionofhotwater,heating,lighting,coolingandventilation.Theener-gy certification process concludeswith the issuance of an energy performance certificate and theassignmentofanenergylabel.TheenergyratingscaleissevenlettersandvariesbetweenthelettersA(mostenergyefficientbuilding)andG(leastefficientbuilding).ThenumberofbuildingsregisteredinSpainin2017isestimatedat9,730,999andthenumberofhomesof25,645,100.Thenumberofbuildingsandpartsofbuildingswithenergycertificateandregistrationhasbeen3,637,688asofDe-cember2018(Source:IDAE).
LegislationonEnergyCertificationinSpainisexplainedbelow:
TheTechnicalBuildingCode,CTEapprovedaccordingtoRD314/2006definesthelimitationofcon-sumption,demand,performanceofthermalinstallations,andefficiencyoflightinginstallations,min-imum solar contributions both photovoltaic and thermal. It is modified according to Order1635/2013, which contains all the information necessary tomeet theminimum energy efficiencyrequirements of new buildings, as well as the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings. Later in2018,aproposalofRDincludedmodificationsoftheTechnicalBuildingCodeonenergysavings.
Royal Decree 235/2013, “recast”, which approves the basic procedure for the certification of theenergyefficiencyof existingbuildings, and incorporatingnewbuildings that arebuilt tobe almostzeroenergyconsumption,inthetermsestablishedbyregulationinduecoursethroughtheTechnicalBuilding Code, a term that in the case of public buildings, is advanced two years (Royal Decree235/2013 approving the basic procedure for the certificationof the energy efficiency of buildings,2013). This document included references to the established methodology in Spain, published asRecognised Documents in the Official Website of Certification. The methodology was adapted toEuropean Standards in 2014, thereby also addressing theproblems,whichwere detected throughpreviousexperience. In2016,partof thesedocumentswas furtheradapted to improveprocesses,makethemethodologymoretransparent,andeliminatebarrierstonewtechnologicalsystems.Oneofthemainchangesthatoccurredwastheinclusionofasecondindicatorforenergyperformance,complementing theCO2emissions indicatorwithone fornon-renewableprimaryenergyconsump-tion(CAEPBD,Spain,2016).TheRoyalDecreeestablishestheobligationtomakeavailabletobuyersorusersofbuildingsacertificateofenergyefficiencythatmustincludeobjectiveinformationontheenergyefficiencyofabuildingandreferencevaluessuchasminimumenergyefficiencyrequirementsinordertothattheownersorlesseesofthebuildingoraunitofthebuildingcancompareandeval-uatetheirenergyefficiency.Inaddition,thisRoyalDecreecontributestothereportingofCO2emis-sionsusingenergyfromemittingsourcesintheresidentialsector,whichwillfacilitatetheadoptionofmeasurestoreduceemissionsand improvetheenergyratingofbuildings.The17RegionalGov-ernmentsareresponsibleforthemanagementofcertificatesandeachofthemcontrolaregistryofenergycertificates.
• Theuseofthecommonlabelisalsoregulatedthroughoutthenationalterritory,guaranteeingthespecificitiesthatarerequiredinthedifferentRegionalGovernments.Inthecaseofbuild-ings>250m2thatprovidepublicservicestoasignificantnumberofpeopleandthatarethere-foreusuallyfrequentedbythem,thedisplayofthisdistinctiveinaprominentwayismandato-ry.
Royal Decree 564/2017modifies RD 235/2013 and defines buildingswith nearly zero energy con-sumptionandbuildingsexcludedfromtheCertification.
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• NewbuildingsthatarebuiltasofDecember31,2020willbebuildingswithnearlyzeroenergyconsumption.Theminimumrequirementsthatthesebuildingsmustsatisfywillbethosede-terminedatthetimeintheTechnicalBuildingCode.
• NewbuildingsthatwillbeoccupiedandthatarepubliclyownedasofDecember31,2018willbebuildingswithnearlyzeroenergyconsumption.
TheMinistryofEcologicalTransitionhasmadeaproposalandapublicconsultation(in2019)forthemodificationofRD235/2013andadapts it toDirective2018/844/EU; theconsultationraisesques-tionssuchasthefactorstoconsiderimprovingtheprocedurefortheCertificationofEnergyEfficien-cyofBuildings.Inaddition,itincludesquestionsabouttheinformationprocedureontheenergyeffi-ciencyofahomeortherequirementsforcertificationtechnicians.
• Order588/2017FOM.Definesthe"nearlyzeroenergyconsumptionbuilding".• Proposal(year2018)tomodifytheR.D.314/2006(CTE)adaptingittoDirective2010/31/EU.• R.D.238/2013onThermalInstallationsofBuilding(RITE).Theenergyperformancerequire-
mentsforheating,coolinganddomestichotwatergenerationsystemsareregulatedthroughtheRITE.
EuropeanDirectives TranspositioninSpain
2002/91/CE,concerningtheenergycertificationofbuildings.(RepealedsinceFebruary2012).
R.D.47/2007,basicprocedurefortheenergycertificationofnewbuildings.
2010/31/UE,“recast”,includenewbuildingsandexistingbuildings.
R.D.235/2013,“recast”,alsoincludestheproce-dureforexistingbuildings.R.D.564/2017,correctionstoR.D.235/2013.
2018/844/UE,amendmentstotheDirective2010/31/UE.
ProposalbyR.D.(2019)tomodifytheR.D.235/2013,adaptingittoDirective2018/844/EU.
Table4:EuropeanDirectivesandtheirtranspositioninSpain
Certificationprocedure
Ingeneral,Spain’scalculationmethodologyisincludedinsix(6)officialcomputersoftwareprograms,whicharemandatoryforenergycertification,andareaveryusefultoolforcompliancewiththeCTE(MinistryforEcologicalTransitionandDemographicChallenge,n.d.).Thestepstobefollowedbythiscalculationmethodology,andthereforebythecomputersoftware,arefirstly,tocalculatetheenergydemand,both thermaland fordomestichotwaterand lighting; then, tocalculate theenergycon-sumptionofthesystemsnecessarytocoverthedemand.Thesecalculationsaremadebyintegratingthebuilding'sneedsonanhourlybasis,andbyatransitorytime-scaleregime.Withtheabove,thefinalenergyconsumptioniscalculatedandextrapolatedtonon-renewableprimaryenergyconsump-tion and CO2 emissions; these two indicators are finally evaluated and established by regulations.SincetheenergysimulationsoftwareinSpaincalculatesthefinalenergyconsumption,itisnecessarytohaveadequateconversionfactorstoobtainthenon-renewableprimaryenergyconsumptionandCO2emissions.Source:CAEPBD,Spain2016.Thecertificateisgeneratedbythesoftwareandusedfor10 years, after this timeanupdatedhas tobe implemented. Thenext table shows several officialsoftwarethatcalculatesandgeneratesthecertificate:
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Table5:EPCsoftwareinSpain
Currently,theseprogrammescanbedownloadedonthewebsiteoftheMinistryofEcologicalTransi-tion.
QualityAssuranceofEPCs
Inadditionto incorporatingEPC information intotheirdatabasesand issuingtheregisteredenergyperformance label, the aforementioned Regional Governments registries are also responsible forcontrol and inspectionworks. Control and inspection of EPCs have been established in a differentmanner ineachregion,whilemaintainingbasicrequirements,suchasestablishingastatisticalcon-trolbasedontheobtainedqualifications,aswellasestablishingmechanismstoprioritizesomecon-trolsandcarryingoutinspectionsinseveralstageswithseveraldegreesofdepth.Thecurrentsitua-tion is that 100%of the certificates are automatically controlled, thanks to computermechanismsthatevaluateall thecertificatedata,andgenerateautomaticnoticesaboutcertificatesthatdonotcorrespondwithreasonableaverageparameters.Additionally,adocumentcontroliscarriedoutonnearly 50% of the certificates using complementary information. There is also specific inspectionmechanism that reaches0.5%of the certificates in termsof information reviewand improvementmeasures,andadeepinspectionsystem,withavisittothebuilding,whichoccurs0.05%ofthetime.Thenumberofinspectionsandcontrolsasof2017aregiveninTable(CAEPBD,Spain2016).
DocumentControl
Visitstotheproper-
ty
VerificationofCompetentTechnicians
InspectionandControlofAdvertising
CompletedInspections
Sanctions
1,392,880 15,140 27,029 9,084 1,211 545Table6:EPCqualitycontrolstatisticsinSpain
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?2.6.2Itisanadministrativeprocedurethatismandatoryincasesof:
• Newconstructionprojects• Withsaleorrentingofthebuilding,orpartofthebuildingwithafloorsurfacelargerthan
50m2• Alsoforpublicbuildings:Buildingorpartofthebuildingwithafloorarealargerthan250m2
thatisoftenvisitedbythepublic
Procedure Typeofbuilding Useofthebuilding Toolsrecognized
GENERAL Newconstructionandexistingbuildings
Householdsandtertiarysector
HULCCYPETHERMHEPlusSGSave
SIMPLIFY
Newconstructionandexistingbuildings
Householdsandtertiarysector CE3X(smalltertiary)
Households CERMA
Existingbuildings Householdsandtertiarysector CE3
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It shouldbean information toolon theenergy consumptionandCO2emissionsof thebuilding, inadditionthisshowsitin4uses(heating,cooling,DomesticHotWaterandlighting),thelatteronlyforbuildingsofthetertiarysector.Ingeneral,consumerawarenessisaimedatfocusingonenergysav-ingsandthemitigationofCO2emissionsinthefieldofbuilding.Thecostofthecertificatevariesbytypeofhouseorbuilding,thereisnofixedprice,itisamarket,inanapproximaterangeof€45-350.
WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?2.6.3Thequalityandaccuracyofthecertificate,andbyextension,thereliabilityoftheentireEPCschemedependtoalargeextentonthecertifierskills.InSpainEPCassessorsdoesnotrequirethemandatoryaccreditation procedure. The EPC certifiers operate under their trade license and have a personalresponsibilitytocomplywiththeminimumqualificationrequirementsspecifiedinthenationallegis-lation(BPIE,2015). InSpain, listsofexpertsarepublishedbysomeRegionalGovernments.Thefol-lowingtablepresentsanoverviewoftheminimumrequirements:
Minimumeducationrequirements EngineeringdegreeandarchitectsProfessionalexperience NotrequiredAdditionaltraining VoluntaryVerificationofexpert’scompetence(i.e.mandatoryexam)
Noexam
Accreditationofthecertifiers BasedontradelicenseRenewaloflicense NorenewalofaccreditationPublicavailabilityoflists ListsofcertifiersprovidedbyregionTable7:MinimumqualificationsforEPCAssessorsinSpain
Forwhomarethecertificatesrelevant?2.6.4• Promotersandrealestateagencies• Companiessellingonlinebuildings• Ownerswhoaregoingtosellorrentahomeorbuildingwithafloorsurfacelargerthan50m2• Peoplewhoaregoingtobuyaflatwithafloorsurfacelargerthan50m2• Publicorprivatebuildingmanagers
Whoarethemarketplayers?2.6.5Mainly they will be responsible for the fulfilment of the obligations established for the followingmarketsplayers:
• Thepromotersandownersofbuildingsorpartsthereof,regardingcompliancewiththeobliga-tionsrequiredoftheirrespectivebuildingsorpartsthereof.
• Thecompetenttechnicalpersonnelinthefieldofenergyefficiencycertificationofbuildings,subscribersoftheEnergyPerformanceCertificates,regardingtheaccuracyandveracityofthedatacontainedtherein,aswellascompliancewiththetechnicalprocedureforenergycertifi-cation,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofChapterIIofRoyalDecree235/2013.
• TheagentsaccreditedfortheexternalcontroloftheEnergyPerformanceCertificates,regard-ingtherealizationoftheReport,inaccordancewiththeestablishedprocedure,aswellastheresultoftheactionstoverifythevalidityandveracityofthedatacontainedintherespectiveEnergyPerformanceCertificatesofbuildings.
• Thosewhoexercisefunctionsofoffering,promotionoradvertisingofsaleorleaseofbuildingsorpartofbuildings,withrespecttotheobligationsestablishedbycurrentregulationsregard-ingtheoffer,promotionoradvertisingofthesaleorleaseofbuildingorbuildingunits.
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Theresponsibleagentsmustkeepthedocumentationconcerningthebuilding'senergycertificationforanyinspectionorrequirementduringthetermoftheCertificate.
Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?2.6.6• Ensurethateachofthe17RegionalGovernmentshaveregulatedandmanagedtheorganiza-
tionandregistrationofEnergyCertificatesofnewbuildingsandexistingbuildings.InmostRe-gionalGovernmentsthereisalsoaRegistryofCertifiers.Theregistrationprocedureisdoneelectronically.
• SomeRegionalGovernmentsproposeregulatoryimprovements.ItisimportanttoemphasizethattheseRegionalGovernmentsareofdifferentpoliticalsign,soitisa“strongpoint”thatconsensushasbeenachievedinthisarea.Forexample,theBasqueCountryhaspublishedDe-cree25/2019ofFebruary26,withauniquetextthatincorporatesandimprovestheexistingregulationonthesubject(DECREE25/2019,ofFebruary26,certificationoftheenergyefficien-cyofbuildingsintheAutonomousCommunityoftheBasqueCountry,itscontrolandregistra-tionprocedure.,2019).
• TheMinistryforEcologicalTransitionhasmadeaproposalandpublicconsultationin2019tomodifyRD235/2013(recast)toadaptittoDirective2018/844/EU.
• Thereisanotherproposaloftheyear2018tomodifytheTechnicalBuildingCoderegardingtheminimumenergyefficiencyrequirementsofbuildings,whichwillimprovetheprocessofcerti-ficationandimplementationofimprovements.
• Matchtheenergycertificationbeforeandafterperformingtheactiononthebuildingenve-lope.Thedemanddecreaseforheatingandcoolingmustbeatleast30%toobtainpublicassis-tance(StateUrbanRegenerationandRenovationPlan2013-2017).
• ThePAREERaidprogramconsistsofabaseandanadditionalaidforactionsthatraiseuptoclass“A”or“B”rateorincreasingtwo2classestheinitialenergycertificate.TheprogramismanagedbytheIDAE.
• Greenmortgage.Itaimstoapplyinterestrateslinkedtoseveralparameters,amongwhichoneofthemistheenergyrating.Theinterestratesarelowerasthemoreefficientisthebuilding.Itappliestotheacquisition/construction/renovationofresidentialbuildings.Sometimesitisappliedtobuildingswithalmostzeroenergyconsumption.
• Thereisnosinglerecognized(official)softwarebutseveral(official)softwarethatcanbeusedforcertification.Therefore,thecertifierchoosesoneofthemtocertify.Andtheyareoftwotypes:simplifiedandgeneral.Allgivethereport(report)ofthecertificatewiththesamein-formation(butdifferentcalculationmethodologiesareused).
Whatarekeybarriers?2.6.7• Withanestimateof9,730,999buildingsand25,645,100homesin2017,until2018only
3,637,688energyperformancecertificateshavebeenregisteredthatmaycorrespondtobuild-ingsorunitsthathavebeenindependentlycertified(IDAE).It’saweakpercentage.
• Theratingscalehasaveryhighrange,ineachletter,ofCO2emissions,itwouldbenecessarytoupdateit.
• Thereshouldbeanumberofm2inthereforms,fromwhichitwouldbemandatorytoissuethecertificate(e.g.from2000m2),itseemsthatthispointisnotcontemplatedincurrentleg-islation.
• Thecertificationofpublicbuildingscanbecarriedoutbytheofficialsthemselves;thiscreatesdiscriminationintheso-calledfreemarket,andtheopportunitiesforcertifierscanbereduced.
• Thereisnomandatoryprocedurefortheaccreditationofcertifiers,noraspecificperiodtoperformtheworkofbeingacertifier.(Seepoint2.6.3).
• SlowprocessoftranspositionofsomeEuropeanDirectives,whichhasseveralimplications.
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• CertificationsystemmanagedbyRegionalGovernments(positiveornegative),maybewhathasinvolvedusingmanyresources.Createandmanage17CertificateRegistriesandsomeCer-tifierRegistriesandwithdifferentlevelsofcontrol(someregulationsaremoreadvancedthanothers).
• Weakpromotionbyorganizationsandinstitutionstoboostcertification.• FailuretoshowtheEnergyLabelinnumerouspublicbuildingsandthosefrequentedregularly.
2.7 Sweden
HowareEPCsimplementedinyourcountry/region(alsoasapartofnationalpolicies2.7.1andregulations)?
• TheimplementationofEPCsinSwedenisregulatedby:AlawdecidedbytheSwedishRiksdag:Lag(2006:985)omenergideklarationförbyggnader,ändradt.o.m.SFS2018:314.
• Regulationsdecidedbythegovernment:SFSnr:2006:1592.Förordning(2006:1592)omener-gideklarationförbyggnader,ändradt.o.m.SFS2016:178.
• DetailedregulationsdecidedbytheNationalBoardofHosing,BuildingandPlanning:BED10.Boverketsföreskrifterochallmännaråd(BFS2007:4)omenergideklarationförbyggnaderBED.Ändradt.o.m.BFS2018:11.
• Regulationsfordefinitionoftheenergyperformance:BBR28.Boverketsbyggregler(BFS2011:6)–föreskrifterochallmännaråd-BoverketsbyggreglerBBR9:2.Ändradt.o.m.BFS2019:2
• Regulationsfornormalisationtooftheenergyperformancetoastandardyearandstandardusers:BEN3.Boverketsföreskrifteromändringavverketsföreskrifterochallmännaråd(BFS2016:12)omfastställandeavbyggnadensenergianvändningvidnormaltbrukandeochettnormalår.Ändradt.o.m.BFS2018:5.
• Regulationsforcertificationofenergyexperts:CEX5.Boverketsföreskrifterochallmännaråd(2007:5)förcertifieringavenergiexpert.Ändradt.o.m.BFS2016:15.
WhatarepossiblepurposesforissuingEPCs?2.7.2ItismandatorytoalwayshaveavalidEPCfor:
• Buildingswithafloorarealargerthan250squaremetersthatareoftenvisitedbythepublic.• Buildingswhereaprivatepersonororganisation,otherthanthebuildingowner,havetheright
tousetheproperty.Examplesofsuchpropertiesaremulti-dwellingblocksandnon-residentialpremisesforlease.
ItisalsomandatorytoissueEPCsfor:
• Newbuildingspriortosaleorlatestwithintwoyearsaftercommissioning• Existingbuildings(orpartofbuilding)priortosale
SomebuildingsareexemptfromtheEPCobligation,e.g.buildingswithindustrialoperations,militarybuildings,weekendcottages,temporarybuildingsandbuildingswithafloorareasmallerthan50m2.ItiscompulsorytobasetheEPCsonmeasuredenergyperformance,ifsuchvaluesareavailable.Thatmeans thatnearlyallEPCs forexistingbuildingsarebasedonmeasuredvalues.Fornewbuildings,accordingtothebuildingregulations,requirementsofenergyperformancearebasedonmeasuredvaluesforafullyear.Validationmustbedonewithin24monthsafterthebuildinghasbeencommis-sioned.IfthebuildingisnotsoldwithinthistimetheEPCisbasedonthesemeasurements.FornewbuildingsthataresoldbeforemeasurementscouldbeperformedtheEPCisbasedoncalculatedval-ues.EPCsarevalidfor10years.On-sitevisitsarecompulsoryforallbuildings.
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The purposeof the lawof energy performance certificates is to promote efficient energy use andgood indoor environment in buildings. Therefore, the energy certificate also includes informationaboutradoncontent,ifithasbeenmeasuredforthebuilding,andifventilationcontrolisapproved,ifthebuildingissubjecttomandatoryventilationcontrol.
WhoisallowedtoissueEPCs?2.7.3Only certifiedenergyexpertsareallowed to issueEPCs.Today, twocertificationbodies inSwedenareaccreditedforcertificationofenergyexperts(EPCexperts).SWEDAC,Sweden'snationalaccredi-tationbody,inturnaccreditsthecertificationbodiesforAccreditationandConformityAssessment.Itorderstoqualifyforbecomingacertifiedenergyexpert;alistofrequirementsregardingexperienceandtrainingneedstobemet.Therearetwocertificationlevels:onenormalforsimplebuildingsandonequalifiedforcomplexbuildings.
ForwhomareEPCsrelevantandinteresting?2.7.4• Buildingowners• Potentialbuyersofabuilding• Tenants• Researchers
Whoarethekeymarketactors?2.7.5• Regularityauthority:TheNationalBoardofHousing,BuildingandPlanning(Boverket)• Supervisoryauthority:Eachmunicipality• ThecertificationbodiesKiwaandRISE• Consultantfirms• Individualenergyexperts• Buildingandhousingassociations• Contractors
Whatarethekeysuccessfactors?2.7.6• Focusonmeasuresthatarecost-effectivefromthebuildingowner’sperspective• Usingmeteredvaluesforassessmentoftheenergyperformance• Compulsoryon-sitevisits• Certificationofenergyexperts.Thishasreplacedaformersystembasedonaccreditationof
companiesassessingEPCs.Advantagesaredecreasedtransactioncostsforthebuildingowneraswellasreassuranceofindividualcompetence.
• Recertificationofenergyexpertsafter5years
Whatarekeybarriers?2.7.7• Thesystemhasreceivedcriticismforbeingcostlyinrelationtotheresultingbenefits.• Improvingthequalityofrecommendationsofrenovation(costeffectiveenergymeasures).• Lesstransparent,andtherebylessuseful,sinceDecember2016whenregulationsregarding
BENwereintroduced.BeforeBEN,meteredvalueswerepresentedintheEPCs.WithBEN,me-teredvaluesintheEPChavebeencorrectedtonormaluseofenergy.Thismeansthattoday,thevaluesdisplayedintheEPCareamixofmeteredandcalculateddata.
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3 ASSESSMENTANDCERTIFICATIONOFEPCSINEUMEMBERSTATES
This sectionanalyses the current stateof implementationwith respect toelementsof theEPCas-sessmentandcertificationproceduresrequired,implemented,oravailableinEUmemberstatesandtheUK.Thesub-topicsforanalysis includevariousEPCelements,suchasavailabilityofassessmenttools,userfriendlinessofEPCandavailabilityofonlinetools,especiallywiththeirrelationtorenova-tion recommendations provided on the EPC so that they become the first step towards individualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassports/roadmaps.Inthefollowing,eachsub-sectionpresentsthecur-rentstatusofanindividualelementofanEPCscheme.
3.1 OfficialorcertifiedprivateEPCSoftwaretoensurequalityandcomparabil-ityofassessments
WhendifferentEPCassessorscarryoutassessmentinsimilarbuildings,EPCresultsshouldbecompa-rableforenergyratingacrossthebuildings;however,theyshouldprovidespecificenergyefficiencyrecommendationsforeachbuilding.Suchcomparabilitycanbeensuredbyusing,asinglemandatory,orat leastanofficial (notmandatory) software,orbyestablishingacertificationmechanismwhenmultipleprivatevendorsprovidesoftwaresolutionsforEPCassessmentandrecommendations.ThelattermayalsoenableeasylinkagebetweenEPCandaninvestment-gradeenergyaudit,ifthecerti-fiedpartfortheEPCassessmentisembeddedonmorecomprehensivesoftwarefortheenergyaudit.ThefollowingfigureshowsthestatusofavailabilityofEPCsoftwareinvariousmemberstates.Inallmemberstates,eitherofficialorprivateEPCsoftwareareavailable.
In fewcountries, suchasLuxembourg,GreeceandSlovakia, theEPCprocedure isorganizedonlineandcontrolledbybackendsoftware.SomeoftheprivatesoftwareareabletoproducefinalEPCsontheir own (pending validation and assignment of identificationnumber),while fewother softwareareintegratedwiththeelectronicnationalEPCdatabase,orproduceoutputinformatssuchasxml,whicharethenusedbythedatabasetoproduceavalidEPC.
Mostmemberstateshaveanofficialcertificationmechanismforprivatesoftware,suchasvalidationofcalculationresultsfromtheprivatesoftwareagainsttheresultsfromanofficialtool,adoptingthecertified algorithms into private software programmes. Estonia uses amore open certification ap-proachwherethecommercialsoftwarecouldbevalidatedaspertheapplicableEuropean(EVS-EN),ISO, ASHRAE and CIBSE standards and the IEA BESTESTmethod, or an equivalent generally recog-nisedmethods.
AmongQualDeEPCproject partner countries,Hungary, Latvia and Swedenuses uncertifiedprivateEPCsoftware,whiletherestof thecountrieshaveeitherofficialsoftwareoracertificationmecha-nismforprivatesoftware.
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Figure3:AvailabilityofofficialorcertifiedEPCsoftwaretoensurequalityandcomparabilityofassessments
ThefollowingtableshowsinbriefthestatusofavailabilityofEPCsoftwareinthedifferentmemberstatesandtheUK.
Single,mandatorysoftwareoratleastanofficialsoftwareisavaila-
ble
Softwaresolutionsprovidedbyprivatevendorsareavailable
Certificationmechanismforsoftwareprovidedby
privatevendorsisavailable
Austria No.Officialsoftwareisnotavaila-ble.
Yes.Severalvalidatedprivatesoftwareareavailable(AustrianEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).RelevantstandardsoftheAustrianInstituteofCon-structionEngineering(OIB),areusedtodevelopanexceltoolthatservesasabasisforvalidationofprivatesoftwareproductsthatareusedintheimplementationofofficialEPCdatabasesbymeansofXML-interfaces(Maul&Wohlschak,2016).
Belgium
Yes.Sameversionofanofficialsoftwareisused3Regions(Wal-lonia,Brussels-Capital,Flanders)ofBelgium(WallonieenergieSPW,n.d.-a).
No.OnlyofficialsoftwareisusedforEPCpurposes. No.Seecolumns1and2
Bulgaria Yes.Officialsoftwareisavailable. No.Privatesoftwarearenotavailable. No.Seecolumns1and2
CroatiaYes.Thenationalcalculationtoolhasbeendevelopedandisinatestphase(Škoro,2018).
No.Privatesoftwaredonotappeartobeavailable. No.Seecolumns1and2
Cyprus
Yes.EnergyService,MinistryofEnergy,CommerceandIndustry,releasestheSBEMcysoftware,whichisvalidatedasperthepre-scribedmethodologyandisavaila-blefreeofcharge(EnergyService,n.d.).
Yes.PrivatesoftwareapprovedbytheEnergyServiceareavailable,forexample,Eco-Engine(MODECSOFTLtd,2020).EnergyServiceexaminesthecompatibilityofsoftwarewiththecalculationmethodologyandprovidesitsapprovalforissuingEPCs,uponjustifiedrequest(EnergyService,n.d.).
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Availability of official or certified private EPC Software to ensure quality and comparability of assessments
Single, mandatory or official software
Software provided by private vendors
Both official and private software● Certification of private software
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Single,mandatorysoftwareorat
leastanofficialsoftwareisavailableSoftwaresolutionsprovidedbyprivate
vendorsareavailable
Certificationmechanismforsoftwareprovidedby
privatevendorsisavailable
CzechRepublic
Yes.NationalCalculationTool-NKNII,afreetousesoftware,isavailableforcalculationandproductionofEPC(DepartmentofBuildingServices,CTU,2014).
Yes.PrivatesoftwareisavailableforEPCpurposes(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
No.Thereappearstobenovalidationmechanism(Ar-cipowskaetal.,2014).
Denmark No.Officialsoftwareisnotavailable(Brandetal.,2019).
Yes.PrivatesoftwareapprovedbytheDanishEnergyAgencyareavailable(Brandetal.,2019).
Yes.Seecolumn2.
Estonia No.Officialsoftwareisnotavailable(Kurnitski,2019).
Yes.Commercialsoftwareforcalculatingthebuildingenergyperfor-manceandissuingEPCsareavailable.Forexample,IDAIndoorClimateandEnergy(IDAICE)(EQUASimulationAB,n.d.).ApplicableEuropean(EVS-EN),ISO,ASHRAEandCIBSEstandardsandtheIEABESTESTmethod,oranequivalentgenerallyrecognisedmethodcanbeusedforvalidationofthesoftware(Minimumrequirementsforenergyperfor-mance,2012).
Finland
Yes.CalculationmethodologyandspreadsheetbasedtoolsareavailableforthecalculationofEnergyEfficiencyReferencenumber(E-number);basedonwhichEPCclassisdetermined(MotivaOy,n.d.-b).
Yes.Forexample,onesuchtoolismadeavailablebytheinsulationindustryforthecalculationofE-number(Eristeteollisuus,n.d.).
Informationnotfound.
France
No.Thepublicauthoritiesdonotprovidesoftware.However,asoft-warecodehasbeendeveloped,underfreesoftwarelicenses,andisavailableforsoftwarevendorsforuseinEPCcalculationtools(MinistèredelaTransitionécologiqueetsolidaire,n.d.).
Yes.Commercialsoftwareareavailable.Commercialsoftwarehavetobevalidatedasperanyoneofthethreeprescribedcalculationmeth-odologies.Officialalgorithmshavebeendevelopedforincorporationintoprivatesoftware(MinistèredelaTransitionécologiqueetsol-idaire,n.d.).
Germany No. Yes. Yes.
GreeceYes.National(official)softwaredevel-opedbytheHellenicTechnicalCham-berisavailableatlowcost.
Yes.Privatesoftwaretoolsdevelopedbythemarketcanalsobeused.PrivatesoftwaretoolsarevalidatedandapprovedbytheMinistryofEnvironment&Energy.TheyneedtobecompatiblewiththenationalofficialsoftwareintegratedinthenationalEPCweb-platform.
Hungary No.Officialsoftwareisnotavailable.Yes.Itisnotnecessarytousethecertifiedsoftware,andmostassessorsuseoneoftheavailableprivatetools.
No.Thereisnovalidationmechanism.
Ireland
Yes.Officialmethodologyforcalculat-ingBuildingEnergyRating(BER)fordomestic(DwellingEnergyAssess-mentProcedure)andnon-domesticbuildings(Non-domesticEnergyAs-sessmentProcedure)andtheircorre-spondingtoolsareavailable(SEAI,n.d.-i).
Yes. Private software are available, for example, IES-VE (IntegratedEnvironmental Solutions Limited, 2019). PrivateNEAP software pack-agesmusthavetheapprovalofSEAIandcanbeclassifiedasDynamicSimulationModelling(DSM)orInterfaceforSBEMie(SEAI,n.d.-e).
Italy
Yes.Softwarecalled'EnergyDiagnosisandCertificationSoftwareofexistingresidentialbuildings'isavailableforexistingresidentialbuildings(ITC-CNR,n.d.).
Yes.Alistofsoftwarevalidatedbytheauthorisedbody,theItalianThermotechnicalCommittee,isavailableontheirwebsite(CTI,n.d.-b).TheItalianThermotechnicalCommitteecarriesoutvalidationofcom-mercialsoftwaretools(CTI,n.d.-a).
Latvia No.Officialsoftwareisnotavailable.Yes.Therearesometoolsmadebyenergyauditorsbuttheyarenotcertifiedormandatedbylaw.
No.Certificationmecha-nismisunavailable.
Lithuania Yes.Officialsoftwareisavailable(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
No.Privatesoftwareappeartobeuna-vailable.(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
No.Seecolumns1and2
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Single,mandatorysoftwareorat
leastanofficialsoftwareisavailableSoftwaresolutionsprovidedbyprivate
vendorsareavailable
Certificationmechanismforsoftwareprovidedby
privatevendorsisavailable
LuxembourgYes.NationalsoftwareexistsandisincludedinthenationalEPCdatabase(Redingetal.,2018).
No.Privatesoftwareappeartobeuna-vailable. No.Seecolumn1and2.
Malta Yes.Officialsoftware,EPRDMSoft-ware,isavailable(BRO,2020).
No.Privatesoftwareappeartobeuna-vailable(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumns1and2
Netherlands
Yes.Forexistingbuildings,privatehomeownersreceiveaprovisionalEPC(basedoninformationtheau-thoritieshaveaboutthehouse)au-tomaticallyandcanconvertitonlineintoadefiniteEPC(lowcost).ThiscanbedonedigitallythroughEner-gielabelvoorwoningen.nl.Aremote,certifiedexpertwillverifytheentereddataandafinalenergylabelisgener-atedandsent(GovernmentoftheNetherlands,n.d.-b).
Yes.Fornewbuildings,adifferentmeasureofenergyefficiencyisrequired,calledEnergyPerformanceCoefficient(EPC).Softwarefromprivatevendorsareavailable.TheBuildingDecreedesignatesNEN7120asamethodfordeterminingtheenergyperformancecoefficient(EPC).AprogramcalledEPCheckisavailabletovalidatethecommer-cialsoftwareprogramsandcalculationsdonebyassessors.Howeveritisunclearwhetheracertificationmechanismforvalidatedsoftwareisavailable(Arcipowskaetal.,2014;GovernmentoftheNetherlands,n.d.-a).
Poland No.Thereappearstobenoofficialsoftware(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Yes.Severalprivatesoftwareareavaila-ble,forexample,theAudytorOZC,theArCADiaThermoandtheBuildDeskEner-gyCertificate(BPIE&KAPE,2017;Graitec,n.d.).
No.Thereappearstobenovalidationmechanism(Ar-cipowskaetal.,2014).
Portugal Yes.Officialsoftwareisavailable(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Yes.Privatesoftwareareavailableandcertificationmechanismexists(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Romania No.Officialsoftwareisnotavailable(BPIEetal.,2017).
Yes.Severalprivatesoftwareforapplicabletoallbuildingtypes,areavailable.E.g.,AllEnergy,Certificat-energetic.com,Doset–PEC,ALL-PLAN,MatrixEnergandTermoExpert(BPIEetal.,2017).However,certificationmechanismisavailableonlyforthesoftwareforissuingEPCsincollectiveapartments.
Slovakia
Yes.Forindividualapartments,theentireEPCprocedureisorganizedonlineandiscontrolledbythebackendsoftware(Sternova&Mag-yar,2018).
Yes.Privatesoftwareareavailable(Arcip-owskaetal.,2014).
No.Thereappearstobenocertificationmechanism(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Slovenia No.Thereappearstobenoofficialsoftware(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Yes.Privatesoftwareareavailable(Arcip-owskaetal.,2014).
Yes.Validationmechanismisinplace(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Spain No.Thereisnoofficialsoftware.
Yes.Thereare6freesoftwareandfewofthemrequirepaidupdates.Thatsoftwarecanbeimproved,oneofthemHULCiscomplexandothersareexcellentbasedinEnergyPlus.Thereareopinionsinfavourofonesinglemandatorysoftware,butitisnoteasyforlegalandmar-ketreasons.Certificationmechanismisinplace.
Sweden
No.BecausetheSwedishEPCisbasedonmeteredvalueswhensuchvaluesexist,therearenomandatorysoft-wareforcalculationofenergyper-formance.Forassessmentofnewbuildingsthataresoldpriortomeas-urementscalculatedvaluesareneed-ed.Anydynamiccalculationtoolcanbeusedsincetheauthoritiesprotectcompetitive-nessbetweencommercialsoftware.
Yes,thereareprivatesoftwareforenergyperformancesimulationsandcalculationsofreductioninenergyconsumptionbyadoptingvariousmeasures.Someofthemdirectlyhavehtml-codesforreportingtotheEPDregister.
No.Thereisnocertificationmechanism.
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Single,mandatorysoftwareoratleast
anofficialsoftwareisavailable
Softwaresolutionsprovidedbyprivatevendorsareavail-
able
Certificationmechanismforsoftwareprovidedbyprivatevendorsisavaila-
ble
UK
Yes.Fornon-residentialbuildings,atoolbasedonNationalCalculationMethod-ology,calledSimplifiedBuildingEnergyModel,withitsuserinterface,iSBEM,isusedtocalculateenergyperformanceofbuildingsandgenerateEPCs(BRE,2020).
Yes.Fornewandexistingdwellings,StandardAssessmentProceduresoftware(SAP)andReduceddataSAPsoftwareapprovedbyBREisusedforcalculatingBuildingEnergyPerformanceandgeneratingEPCs(BRE,n.d.-a).Fornon-residentialbuildingsNationalCalculationMeth-odologyallowsthecalculationtobecarriedoutbyapprovedsimula-tionsoftware,besidesSBEM(GOV.UK,n.d.-a).
Table8:AvailabilityofofficialorcertifiedEPCsoftwaretoensurequalityandcomparabilityofassessments
3.2 EPCSoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters
WhendifferentEPCassessorscarryoutassessmentinsimilarbuildings,EPCresultsshouldbecompa-rableforenergyratingacrossthebuildings.Comparabilitycanbeincreasedbyprovidingpracticalorrealisticdefaultvaluesfor inputdatathatcomecloseenoughtorealdataofabuildingorthelocalclimate;orinothercases,ratherthanexactdefaultvalues,certainvalidityrangesforinputdata.
Inmostcountries,defaultvaluesareoftenavailable:
• Intheregulationsorlegislationgoverningthebuildingenergyperformancecalculationmeth-odsforthepurposesofEPCs
• Asapartofthereferencestandardsorguidelinesasmentionedintherelevantregulationorstandards
• AsdefaultvaluesinEPCcalculationsoftware
Defaultvaluesareusuallyavailableforvariousinputs,suchasweatherdata,usageschedules,trans-missionvaluesofthebuildingenvelope,andefficienciesofbuildingtechnicalsystems.Inaddition,incountries,suchasIrelandandDenmark,whenon-sitevisitsaremandatoryforthecollectionofinputdata,guidelines,handbooksandflowchartsareavailableonwaystodeterminetheinputvalues. InAustria, an online public database calledbaubook is available that provides characteristics of con-structionproducts,suchaswalls,floors,roofs,andofsomebuildingsystems,suchaswoodheatingappliances,heatpumps,ventilationfans,ductsandpipes.
Infewcountries,alternativecalculationmethodologiesarealsoallowed,suchaschoosingbetweenmultiple prescribed methodologies for calculation or following un-prescribed methodology uponprovidingjustification.However,suchmeasuresshouldonlybeavailableforuseinrarecircumstanc-es,suchaswhencalculationmethodologiesarenotprescribedforinnovativebuildingtechnologies.
ThefollowingfigureshowsthestatusofavailabilityofinputdataforEPCsoftwareindifferentmem-berstates.
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Figure4:EPCsoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters
ThefollowingtableshowsinbriefthestatusofavailabilityofinputdataforEPCsoftwareinvariousmemberstates.
Practicaldefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable
Validityrangesforinputdataareavailable(ormultiple
valuescanbechosenfromtheavailabledefaultvalues)
Alternativecalculationmethodsfordetermininginputvalues,otherthanthedefaultvalues,are
available
Austria
Yes.Defaultvaluesareavailablefromprescribedstandards.Inaddition,anonlinepublicdatabase,calledbaubookthatprovidescharacteristicsofconstructionproducts,suchaswalls,floors,roofs,andofsomebuildingsystems,suchaswoodheatingappliances,heatpumps,ventila-tionfans,ductsandpipesisavailable.baubookGmbHisownedbytheEnergyInstituteofVorarl-bergandIBO(AustrianInstituteforHealthyandEcologicalBuilding)andisfinancedbyfeesfromproductandsystemmanufacturersthatusestheplatform(baubookGmbH,n.d.;Sutter&Geissler,2016).
Yes.EPCassessorcanchoosefromseveralequallycompliantoptionsfordeterminingtheinputdatanecessaryforper-formingEPCcalculations(Sut-ter&Geissler,2016).
Yes.Complexanddynamiccalculationscanbeper-formedtocalculatetheinputvaluesinplaceoftheavailabledefaultvalues(Sutter&Geissler,2016).
Belgium
Yes.Ingeneral,defaultvaluesexistaspertheapplicableregulations.Inaddition,'Walloonon-siteinputdatacollectionprotocol'oftheWalloonregionprovidesdetailedguidelinesforobtainingnecessaryinputdataforexistingbuildings,withanoptiontorevertingtodefaultvalueswhenothermeansofobtainingdefaultvaluesareunavailable(Loncouretal.,2016).
Yes.EPCassessorcanchoosefromseveralequallycompliantoptionsfordeterminingtheinputdatanecessaryforper-formingEPCcalculations(Lon-couretal.,2016).
Yes.PossibilityexistsforEPCassessortousealter-natemeansofcalculations,uponprovidingajustifica-tion(Loncouretal.,2016).
Bulgaria Yes.DefaultdataforthedifferentclimatezonesareintegratedintheEPCsoftware. No. No.
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EPC Software: default values or validity ranges for input prameters
Practical default values for input data are available
Validity ranges for input data are available
Both practical default values and validity ranges for input data are available
Information not found
●Alternative calculation methods for determining input values, other than the default values, are available
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Practicaldefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable
Validityrangesforinputdataareavailable(ormultiple
valuescanbechosenfromtheavailabledefaultvalues)
Alternativecalculationmethodsfordetermininginputvalues,otherthanthedefaultvalues,are
available
Croatia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Cyprus
Yes."MethodologyforCalculationofEnergyEfficiencyofBuildings"and"buildinginsulationguide(2ndVersion)"isusedforcalculationofECPs.Inaddition,"GuidetoCertifyingExistingResidentialEnergyPerformance"isusedasaguideforcollectingandevaluatinginputdataforexistingresidentialbuildings(Dracou,2016).Privatesoftwareincludesdefaultvaluesforinputdata,suchasconstructionelements(MODECSOFTLtd,2020).
Yes.Itappearstobethecase,becauseU-Valuesareusuallydeclaredbytheenergyasses-sorstothebuildingauthorities(asperlaw)andareusedintheofficialsoftware(Dracou,2016).
Informationnotfound.
CzechRe-public
Yes.Czechstandard'CSN730331-1:Energyper-formanceofbuildings-Typicalvaluesforcalcula-tion-Part1:Generalpartandmonthlycalcula-tiondata'providesthedefaultvaluesandgeneralinputdatarequiredforcalculationinthenationalcalculationtool(DepartmentofBuildingServices,CTU,n.d.).
No.ItdoesnotappeartothecaseasperCSN730331-1. Informationnotfound.
Denmark
Yes.DanishEnergyAgencyhasprovidedaHand-bookforEnergyConsultants(HB2019)thatisusedasareferenceguideforobtaininginputinformationforEPClabellingofnewandexistingbuildings.Inaddition,indicativedefaultvaluesforheattransmissionvaluesforbuildingelementsareprovidedinanwebsitededicatedforHB2019(DanishEnergyAgency,n.d.-a).
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase.Destructiveandnon-destructivetestscouldbeperformedtodeterminetheinputdata.Then,relevantstandardscouldbeusedtodetermineorcalculatetherequiredinputdata(DanishEnergyAgency,n.d.-a).
Informationnotfound.
Estonia
Yes.Guidanceforobtainingandcalculatingtherequiredinputdatafromrelevantstandards,andalternatecalculationprocedures.Defaultvaluesforsomeinputparametersareavailableintheregulation"Methodologyforcalculatingtheenergyperformanceofthebuilding"(Methodol-ogyforcalculationofenergyperformanceofabuilding,2019).
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecasefromtheavailableinformation.
Yes.Theregulationallowsformultiplecalculationprocedurestodeterminethevaluesforinputdata(Methodologyforcalcula-tionofenergyperformanceofabuilding,2019).
Finland Yes.Defaultvaluesforexistingbuildingsareavailable(MotivaOy,n.d.-b).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
France
Yes.Defaultvaluesfortypicalinputdataaswellasguidanceforon-siteinspectionareprovidedinguidebooksdedicatedforeachtopic(Rogeretal.,2014).
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase. Informationnotfound.
Germany No.Guidanceondefaultvaluesforinputdataareunavailable.
Yes.Itispossibletousereliableempiricalvaluesfortheener-geticqualityofexistingbuildingcomponentsbyusingpublica-tionofdetailedbuildingtypol-ogiesatregionallevel–forassetratingEPCs
Informationnotfound.
Greece
Yes,defaultvaluesareavailableasapartofthereferencebuildingstandards.EPCcalculationsoftwarealsoprovidesdefaultvaluesforclimaticdataofthevariousclimatezonesinGreece
Yes.ValidityrangesforinputdataareavailableintheTech-nicalGuidesdevelopedbytheHellenicTechnicalChamberandapprovedbyMinisterialDeci-sion.
No.
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Practicaldefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable
Validityrangesforinputdataareavailable(ormultiple
valuescanbechosenfromtheavailabledefaultvalues)
Alternativecalculationmethodsfordetermininginputvalues,otherthanthedefaultvalues,are
available
Hungary Yes.Practicaldefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable. No. No.
Ireland
Yes.Detailedproceduresforcarryingoutsurveyinresidentialandnon-residentialbuildingsareavailable.Wheninformationfromsurvey,orothersources,suchasmanufacturerdataareunavailable,defaultvaluesgiveninthesoftwareshouldbeused(SEAI,2019a,2019b).
No.Wheninputdatafromprimarysourcesisunavailable,defaultvaluesshouldbeused(SEAI,2019a,2019b).
Informationnotfound.
Italy
Yes.DefaultvaluesforinputparametersareavailableunderAnnexesofthenationalstand-ardsUNI/TS113002014(parts1to4)-energyperformancecalculationmethodologiesandotherrelevantstandardsoncalculationsforartificiallightingetc(Monetaetal.,2015).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Latvia
Yes.InthebeginningofMarch2020nationalannexestoaround40differentISOstandardsaboutbuildingenergyefficiencywerepublished.Inthesenationalannexesdefaultvaluesforinputdataalsoaredescribed.
No.Validityrangesforinputdataareunavailable.
No.Suchaprovisionisunavailable.
Lithuania
Yes.TechnicalRegulationSTR2.01.09:2012“EnergyPerformanceofBuildings;CertificationofEnergyPerformance”,adoptedon21August2012byOrderNo.D-1-674oftheMinisterofEnvironmentdefinesthecalculationprocedureandprovidesdefaultinputvalues(Energyperformanceofbuildings.EnergyPer-formanceCertification,2005;Monetaetal.,2015).
No.Itdoesnotappeartothecase.
No.Itdoesnotappeartothecase.
Luxembourg Informationnotfound Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Malta Yes.Guidanceondefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable(BuildingRegulationOffice,2015).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Netherlands
Yes.Theenergyqualityisdeterminedonthebasisofapredeterminedlimitednumberofhousingcharacteristicvalues.Theserelatetogeneralhousingcharacteristics(typeofdwelling,yearofconstruction)andenergetichousingcharacteristics(degreeofinsulation,typeofglassandinstallationandPV)(Berben&Ieke,2014).
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase. Informationnotfound.
Poland
Yes.Thecurrentregulation(regulationoftheministerofinfrastructureanddevelopmentof27February2015onthemethodologyfordetermin-ingtheenergyperformanceofabuildingorpartofabuilding,andenergyperformancecertifi-cates)givesaprocedureofdetermininginputdataforenergyefficiencyindicators-firstthemanufacturerdatashouldbeused,ifnotpresentthedatafromregularinspectionshouldbeused,ifnotpresentthedefaultdatacanbeused.Intermofdistributionandstorageefficiencyofthesystems(heating,cooling,d.h.w.)twoapproach-esaregiven-firstbasedonsizeoftheinstallationandheatlosesration,andsecondwiththeuseofdefaultvalues.
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase.
Yes.Seecolumn1.
Portugal Informationnotfound.
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
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Practicaldefaultvaluesforinputdataareavailable
Validityrangesforinputdataareavailable(ormultiple
valuescanbechosenfromtheavailabledefaultvalues)
Alternativecalculationmethodsfordetermininginputvalues,otherthanthedefaultvalues,are
available
RomaniaYes.CalculationmethodologyanddefaultvaluesareavailableintheregulationMC001-2006(Petranetal.,2017).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Slovakia
Yes.CalculationforEPCarecarriedoutinaccord-ancewithCENstandardsfullyintegratedintotheSlovaktechnicalstandardssystem(STN),andamendedbytherespectivenationalannexes.Defaultinputvaluesareavailableforvariousfields,suchasclimate,thermaltransmittancevalues(Sternovaetal.,2015).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
SloveniaYes.Defaultvaluesareavailable(Regulationsonthemethodologyforproducingandissuingener-gyperformancecertificatesforbuildings,2014).
Informationnotfound. YesFornon-residentialbuildingsalsoameteredEPCispossible(Regulationsonthemethodologyforproducingandissuingenergyperformancecertif-icatesforbuildings,2014).
Spain Yes.Commerciallyavailablesoftwareprovideforadefaultvalue,onedataasinputparameter.
No.Validityrangesforinputdataareunavailable.
No.Suchaprovisionisunavailable.
Sweden
Yes.Defaultvaluesfordataconnectedtouserbehaviourareavailable,fordifferenttypesofbuildings(domestic,office,educational),tocalcu-lateenergyperformanceofnewbuildingsbeforetheyarebuilt.Thesevaluesarealsousedtoadjustthemeasuredenergyperformanceofexistingbuildingstonormaluseofabuilding.TheEPCsarebasedonmeasuredenergyuseadjustedtonormaluseandanormalyear.
Yes.Thereisnoofficialdatabutdifferentguidesareavailable.
Yes.Thereisnoofficialdatabutdifferentguidesareavailable.
UKYes.CalculationmethodologyanddefaultvaluesforvariousinputdataareavailableinSAP,RdSAPandNCM(BRE,n.d.-b,2020).
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase.
No.Suchaprovisionap-pearstobeunavailable.
Table9:EPCsoftware:defaultvaluesorvalidityrangesforinputparameters
3.3 OnlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenova-tionrecommendations
Onlinetools,suchasthosethatallowbuildingownerstocomparetheenergyconsumptiondata(andthe renovation recommendations) asper theEPCwithmarket average/typical buildings and thosethat provide specific deep energy renovation recommendations, which are consistentwith typicalelementsofanindividual“deeprenovationpassport/roadmap”,willpromotedeeprenovation.Dur-ingorevenbeforeanenergyaudit,suchtoolsalsoactasadecisionsupportmechanismforbuildingownerstofocusonspecificmeasureswhilechoosingbetweendifferentdeepenergyefficiencyreno-vationrecommendations.
Inseveralmemberstates,anonlinedecisionsupport tool/mechanismforbuildingowners to focuson specific measures while choosing between different renovation recommendations is available(seefigurebelow).TheRequest2Actionproject,co-fundedbytheEuropeanCommission,hasenabledenhancingexistingtoolsandbringingtogetheronlineresourcesforhomeownersinitsprojectpart-ner countries. Similarly, another EuropeanCommission fundedproject, calledRentalCal has devel-
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opedaprofitabilitycalculationtool thatprovidesanopenandobjectivecomparisonof theretrofitopportunitiesavailabletoinvestorsintheresidentialrentalmarket.Anotherprojectco-financedbytheEuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFund,called‘PrioritiseEnergyEfficiency(EE)MeasuresInPublicBuildings:ADecisionSupportToolForRegionalAndLocalPublicAuthorities’,developedaweb-basedapplication, called Decision Support Tool. The tool helps local and regional authorities to quicklyevaluate the possibility for energy (and financial) savings by applying various energy efficiencymeasuresinpublicbuildings.
OnlinetoolsforcomparisonofenergyconsumptionasperEPCwithmarketaverage/typicalbuildingsareavailableinfewcountries,suchasFrance,IrelandandItaly.ThisisenabledintheEPCitselfinfewothercountries,suchasBelgiumandSweden.
AmongQualDeEPCprojectpartnercountries,anonlinetool/decisionsupportmechanismonenergyefficientrenovationsforresidentialbuildingsisavailableinGermany,GreeceandSweden.InSwedenand Latvia, an online tool is available that compares energy consumption as per EPCwithmarketaverage/typicalbuildings.
Figure5:AvailabilityofonlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenovationrecommendations
Thefollowingtableshowsinbriefthestatusofavailabilityofonlinetoolsinvariousmemberstates.
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Availability of online tool for comparing EPC recommendations to deep energy renovation recommendations
Online tool/decision support mechanism on energy efficient renovationsNo such tool availableInformation not found
● Online tool that compares energy consumption as per EPC with market average/typical buildingsQualDeEPC partner countries
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Onlinetool/decisionsupportmechanismforbuildingownerstofocusonspecificmeasureswhilechoosing
betweendifferentenergyrenovationrecommendationsisavailable
OnlinetoolthatcomparesenergyconsumptionasperEPCwithmarketaverage/typicalbuild-
ingsisavailable
Austria
Yes.Asuiteofonlinedecisionsupporttoolsforbuildingownerstochoosetheprofitabilityofvariousenergyeffi-ciencymeasuresisavailable(AustrianEnergyAgency,n.d.-a).
Informationnotfound.EPConlycarriesreferencevaluesasperofminimumenergyperformancerequirements(EnergieTirol,n.d.).
Belgium Yes.EPCtoolitselfincludesthisfeature. Yes.EPCtoolitselfincludesthisfeature.
Bulgaria No.Onlinetoolisunavailable. No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Croatia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Cyprus
Yes.Anonlinetoolisavailablethatprovidesrecommenda-tionsandcost-comfortanalysis.However,itdoesnotap-peartobeconnectedtoEPCorEPCrating(CyprusEnergyAgency,n.d.).
Informationnotfound.
CzechRe-public
Yes.CzechRepublicisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatranslatedRentalCaltoolinCzech(RentalCal,n.d.-a).
Informationnotfound.
Denmark
Yes.Energyefficientbuildingsolutions,theirtentativecostsandalongwiththedetailsofvendorsandhandworkersisavailableonSparEnergi.dk.ITtoolsforcost-benefitanalysisofenergyefficientrenovationsisavailablefromNationalBuildingResearchInstitute(StatensByggeforskningsinsti-tut,n.d.).DenmarkisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatranslatedRentalCaltoolinDanish(RentalCal,n.d.-c).
No.However,onecancompareEPCsofdifferentbuildingsonapubliclyaccessibledatabaseofEPCs(DanishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
Estonia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Finland Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
FranceYes.FranceisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatrans-latedRentalCaltoolinFrench(RentalCal,n.d.-d).
Yes.ThisfeatureisavailableonthepublicEPCdatabase(ADEME,n.d.).
Germany
Yes.AtoolfromtheMinistryforEconomicAffairsandEnergyisavailable(BMWi,2015).GermanyisalsoapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandandatranslatedRentalCaltoolinGerman(RentalCal,n.d.-b).
No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Greece
Yes.Anonlinedecisionsupporttool-EnergyHUBforALL-wasdevelopedintheframeoftheRequest2Actionprojectandisstillinoperation.ThetoolisintegratedinanOne-stop-shopforbuildingrenovationplatform(CRES,2017).
No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Hungary No.Onlinetoolisunavailable. No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Ireland
Yes.SEAIprovidesvarioustoolsforassessingenergysav-ingsbyoptingforefficientlightingandheatingsystemsetc.However,mostofthetoolsareavailablefordownloadaspreadsheets(SEAI,n.d.-j).
Yes.NationalBERResearchtoolprovidesforsearchingdwellingbasedontheirBER(EPC)rating,location,area,andyearofconstruction.Theresultsshowmainspaceheatingfuelandefficiency,thermaltransmissionvaluesofbuild-ingenvelopeetc.forbuildingswithsimilarsearchcriteria(SEAI,n.d.-g).
Italy Informationnotfound.
Yes.However,itsisamobileapplicationthatcomparestherealconsumptionofthepropertywiththereferenceenergyrequirementforcon-dominium-typebuildings,assigningeachbuildingaclassofmerit(good/sufficient/insufficient)forbothheatingandelectricalconsumption.Italsoincludesalistofinterventionstooptimizeitsperformance(DipartimentoUnitàPerL’efficienza
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Onlinetool/decisionsupportmechanismforbuildingownerstofocusonspecificmeasureswhilechoosing
betweendifferentenergyrenovationrecommendationsisavailable
OnlinetoolthatcomparesenergyconsumptionasperEPCwithmarketaverage/typicalbuild-
ingsisavailable
Energetica,2020).
Latvia No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Yes.However,itisnotactuallyatoolbuteachyearfor3typesofbuildings(apartmentbuildings,officebuildings,educationalbuildings)thevalueofspaceheatingconsumptionisgiven(thisvaluethengoesintoEPC)
Lithuania Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Luxembourg
Yes.Anonlinetool,calledEnergyPassSimulatorbymy-energyLuxembourg,isavailable.Itevaluatestheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsbasedoninputs(andnotbasedonEPCs)andprovidesrecommendationsforimprovingenergyperformanceofbuildings(myenergyLuxembourg,n.d.).
Informationnotfound.
Malta Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Netherlands
Yes.Anonlinetoolthatprovidesrecommendationsforenergyefficientimprovementsfordwellingsaswellascostbenefitanalysisisavailable.(MilieuCentraal,n.d.-b)Neth-erlandsisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedi-catednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatranslatedRentalCaltoolinDutch(RentalCal,n.d.-e).
Informationnotfound.
PolandYes.PolandisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatrans-latedRentalCaltoolinPolish(RentalCal,n.d.-f).
Informationnotfound.
Portugal Yes.Anonlinetoolisavailableasapartofone-stop-shop(CasaEficiente2020,2020).
Informationnotfound.
Romania Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Slovakia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Slovenia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Spain
No.Therearesixtools,buttheyarenotonline.Oneofthem,CE3XoffersthepossibilitytheEPCassessorwritesrecommendations.Havinganonlinetoolisinterestingandshouldbeimpartial.Accordingtotheresultsoftheques-tionnairesitisagoodideathatthetoolwillprovidespecificrecommendationsfordeepenergyrenovation.SpainisaregionalpartnerfortheprogrammeRentalCall.
No.Onlinetoolisunavailable.
Sweden Yes.TherearecommercialprogramsforsalethatareadaptedtoSwedishEPC,althoughthereisnoofficialtool.
Yes.WithintheEPCtworeferencevaluesaregivenbesidesthebuilding´sactualenergyper-formance.Onethatgivestheenergyperfor-manceforsimilarbuildingsandonesthatgivestherequirementfornewconstructionwithinthesamebuildingcategory.
UK
Yes.ServiceoftheEnergySavingTrust:HomeEnergyCheckHomeEnergyCheckScotlandincludeslotofdetailedinfor-mation,toolsandcalculators,FinancialSupport,listsofregisteredhandcrafts,databaseofenergyefficientprod-ucts(EnergySavingTrust,n.d.-d,n.d.-b).UKisapartnerintheRentalCalprojectandhasdedicatednationalpagesontherentalmarketandatranslatedRentalCaltoolinEnglish(RentalCal,n.d.-g).
Informationnotfound
Table10:AvailabilityofonlinetoolforcomparingEPCrecommendationstodeepenergyrenovationrecommendations
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3.4 On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment
During EPC assessment, an on-site inspection (including interview/consultationwith the owner) isveryuseful.Ithastheadvantagesofreducingtheinputerrorstoaminimum,butitentailsanaddi-tionalcost.Furthermore,insomecountries,EPCsoftwaredoesnotproviderecommendationsauto-matically(e.g.,basedonadatabaseofbuildingtypologyandrenovationmeasures),andtheassessorchoosesrecommendationsfromagivenlistofmeasuresorprovidestheirrecommendations.Insuchcases,itisevenmoreimportanttoconductanon-sitevisittoprovidebuilding-specificrecommenda-tions.Thefollowingfigureshowsthestatusofrequirementsforon-siteinspectionduringindifferentmemberstates.Inmostmemberstates,anon-sitevisitiseithermandatoryforallbuildingsorman-datoryforsomecategoryofbuildings(e.g.,existing/residential/non-residential/public).
AmongQualDeEPCpartnercountries,SpainandGermanyhavenorequirementsorguidelinesforanon-siteinspection,whileon-siteinspectionismandatoryforallbuildingsinSweden,Greece,Bulgaria,andLatvia. InHungary,on-site inspectionappears tobevoluntary, subject to interpretationof thelaw.
Figure6:On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment
The following table shows in brief the status of requirement for on-site inspection during EPC as-sessmentinvariousmemberstates.
On−site inspection during EPC assessment
On−site inspection is mandatory for all buildingsOn−site inspection is mandatory for some buildings (e.g., existing/new/residential/non−residential/public)On−site inspection is voluntaryNo requirements or guidelines for on−site inspection are in placeOn−site isnpecton is not requiredQualDeEPC partner countries
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On-siteinspectionismandatoryforallbuildings
On-siteinspectionismandatoryforsomebuildings(e.g.,exist-
ing/new/residential/non-residential/public)
On-siteinspectionisvoluntary
Austria No.On-siteinspectionisnotrequired(Ar-cipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1
Yes.Itisrecom-mendedespeciallyforoldbuildings(AustrianEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
Belgium Yes.On-siteinspectionismandatoryforallbuildings(Loncouretal.,2016). No.Seecolumn1 No.Seecolumn1
BulgariaYes.Itismandatory,undertheEEActandrelatedordinanceЕ-РД-04-1forEPCimple-mentation
No.Seecolumn1 No.Seecolumn1
Croatia
Yes.Anon-sitevisitandenergyauditismandatoryfortheissuanceofEPC(Ordi-nanceonenergyauditingofbuildingsandenergycertification,2017).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Cyprus No.Seecolumn2.Yes.Itappearsthaton-siteinspectionsarerequiredonlyforexistingbuildings(Dra-cou,2016).
No.Seecolumn2
CzechRe-public
No.On-siteinspectionisnotrequired(Ar-cipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1 No.Seecolumn1
Denmark No.Seecolumn2.
Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredonlyforfewcategoriesofbuildings,suchasde-tachedsingle-familyhouses,rowhouses(BekendtgørelseomHåndbogforEner-gikonsulenter(HB2019),2019).
No.Seecolumn2.
Estonia No.Seecolumn2.Yes.On-siteinspectionsarerequiredonlyinexceptionalcircumstances(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
No.Seecolumn1and2.
Finland
Yes.On-siteinspectionismandatoryforallbuildings(DecreeoftheMinistryoftheEnvironmentontheenergycertificateforthebuilding,2017).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
FranceYes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings(MinistryoftheEcologicalandInclusiveTransition,n.d.).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Germany No.Seecolumn3 No.Seecolumn3
Ithastobedifferen-tiatedtowhichoccasiontheEPCisissued,buttherearealternativesallowed
Greece Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings. No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Hungary Yes.On-siteinspectionismandatoryasperlaw. No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Ireland
Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings.TheBERAssessorisrequiredtovisitpremisesbeingassessed(SEAI,2019a,2019b).
No.Seecolumn1 No.Seecolumn1
Italy No.On-siteinspectionisnotrequiredforallbuildings(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Latvia
Yes.Itishardtosaywhetheritismandatorybutitiscommonpracticethatthebuildingsgetinspected
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
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On-siteinspectionismandatoryforallbuildings
On-siteinspectionismandatoryforsomebuildings(e.g.,exist-
ing/new/residential/non-residential/public)
On-siteinspectionisvoluntary
Lithuania Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
LuxembourgNo.Seecolumn2. Yes.On-siteinspectionismandatoryforexistingbuildings(Guichet.lu,n.d.). No.Seecolumn2.
Malta Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
NetherlandsNo.On-sitevisitisnotrequired(MinisterievanBinnenlandseZakenenKoninkrijksrelat-ies,2015).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Poland No.On-sitevisitisnotrequired(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Portugal Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Romania Yes.On-siteinspectionisrequiredforallbuildings No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Slovakia No.EPCscanbeissuedonline.Anon-siteinspectionisnotnecessary(e.g.(SSE,2020)).No.Seecolumn1.
Yes.Anon-siteinspectionispossi-ble,butmoreex-pensive(e.g.(SSE,2020)).
Slovenia
Yes.TheEPCissuanceincludestheinspec-tionofthebuildingandinstallations,analy-sisofbuildingandenergyusedataandthecalculationofthenecessaryenergyindica-tors.On-siteinspectionisnotobligatoryfordwellingsandnewbuildings(Regulationsonthemethodologyforproducingandissuingenergyperformancecertificatesforbuild-ings,2014).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Spain
No.Currently,on-sitevisitisnotmandatory,butthereisaproposalforRD235/2013modificationsthatwillincludethemandato-ryvisit.
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Sweden Yes.On-sitevisitismandatoryforallbuild-ings. No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
UK No.Seecolumn2.
Yes,On-sitevisitismandatoryforexistingbuildings,butnotfornewbuildings(De-partmentforCommunitiesandLocalGov-ernment,2017).
No.Seecolumn2.
Table11:On-siteinspectionduringEPCassessment
3.5 Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC
Foritseffectivenessandmarketacceptance,veryhighuser-friendlinessofvariousaspectsofEPCsisessential,suchaspresentationofenergyconsumptionandrating,andrecommendationsforrenova-tion,potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandotherbenefits.Thefollowingfigureshowsthestatusoftheseaspectsofuser-friendlinessoftheEPCindifferentmemberstates.Itwouldbeoptimalif‘highuser-friendliness were the first step to the development of an individual deep renovation pass-port/roadmapforabuilding.
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Inallmemberstates,energyratingonEPCispresentedinclasses,exceptinMaltaandPoland,whereaslidingscaleisused;andinSlovenia,wherebothclassesandslidingscaleareusedfornewbuild-ings, and only a sliding scale is used for existing buildings. EPCs also often provide detailed infor-mationontheexistingconstructionandbuildingsystems,anddescribethecalculationmethodology.
Recommendationsareusuallybasedontheirpotentialoftechnicalandeconomicfeasibilityfor im-plementationincompliancewiththeEPBDandarepresentedinEPCsofallmemberstates.AlistofpossiblerecommendationsisoftenavailabletotheEPCassessorsfromwhichtheyareabletochoosetheonesthatarecosteffectivetoimplement.However,inmostcasestheassessorsarealsofreetosuggestother recommendations,basedon justification. In someEPCs recommendationsareclassi-fied,bundledandpresentedundercategories,suchas:
• Improvementsinbuildingcomponentsandtechnologies,e.g.,buildingenvelope,technicalsys-temsetc.
• Short-termimprovementsandlong-termimprovements,i.e.,improvementsthatareimmedi-atelyrequiredandimprovementsthatcouldtakeplacewhenthebuildingcomponentsorsys-temsarerepairedorreplacedinthenearfuture.
• Majorandminorimprovements,basedontheamountoftheirenergyandcostsavings.
Aclearpresentationofpotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefits(e.g.,increasedcomfortlev-els)thatcouldbeobtainedbyimplementingtherecommendationsareprovidedin17countries. Infew countries, such asGreece, Italy and Luxembourg, recommendations are presented alongwithclearevidenceofpaybackperiods,andclassachievablethroughimplementingtherenovationseitherindividuallyorcumulatively.
Among QualDeEPC project partners, EPC rating and recommendations are provided in Spain andHungary,whileintheothercountries,potentialenergyandcostsavingsandbenefitsbyimplement-ingtherecommendationsarealsopresented(inGermany,thisisvoluntary).
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Figure7:Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC
EPCratingispresented(classesorslidingscale)
EPCratingandrecommendationsforrenovationarepresented
EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbene-
fitsarepresented
Austria
Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.Recommen-dationsforrenovationarepresentedintheAnnex.
Yes. No.Potentialenergyandcostsavingsandbene-fitsarenotpresented(OIB,2015).
Belgium Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses..
Yes.However,presentationofrecommendationsmightvaryregionally(envi-ronnement.brussels,n.d.;FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b;WallonieenergieSPW,n.d.-b).
Yes.Recommendationsarepresentedbasedontheirprofitability(cost-effectiveness)andtech-nicalfeasibility.Presentationmightvaryregion-ally(environnement.brussels,n.d.).
Bulgaria Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarepresented
Croatia Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Alistofcosteffectiverecom-mendationsarepresented
Yes.Asimplepaybackperiodisprovided(Ordi-nanceonenergyauditingofbuildingsandenergycertification,2017).
Cyprus Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.Seecolumn3.
Yes.RecommendationsreportispresentedalongwithEPC,whichconsistsofinformationonrecommendationsandpaybackperiods(Xichilos&Hadjinicolaou,2011).
CzechRe-public
Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Recommendationsforim-provementarepresented.
No.Potentialenergyandcostsavingsandbene-fitsarenotpresented(Šanceprobudovy,2018).
Denmark Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses Yes.
Yes.RecommendationsaswellaspotentialtonnesofCO2emissionandcostsavingsandbenefitsarepresented.Inaddition,alistofenergysavingsthatareestimatedtobeprofit-
High user−friendliness of the EPC
EPC rating and recommendations as well as potential energy (and cost) savings and benefits are presented
EPC rating and recommendations are presented
QualDeEPC partner countries
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EPCratingispresented(classesorslidingscale)
EPCratingandrecommendationsforrenovationarepresented
EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbene-
fitsarepresented
abletoimplementinshort-termandlong-termarepresented(DanishEnergyAgency,2016).
Estonia Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Alistofenergysavingmeasuresforexistingbuildings,whicharetechnicallyandeconomi-callyreasonable,ispresented.
No.Notrequiredaspertheregulation(Formatandprocedureofissuanceofenergyperfor-mancecertificates–RiigiTeataja,2014).
Finland Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.Recommendationsaswellaspotentialenergysavingsarepresented(MotivaOy,n.d.-d).
France
Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses(MinistèredelaTransitionécologiqueetsolidaire,n.d.).
Yes.Yes.Recommendationsaswellaspotentialinvestment,savings,paybackperiodandtaxcreditsarepresented(Rogeretal.,2014).
Germany
Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclassesonaslidingscale.However,forgeneralpublic,thesystemisdiffi-culttounderstand,e.g.demandandconsumptionbasedEPCsarenotcompa-rable.
Yes. Yes.DataonpaybacktimesorcostofkWhsavedarepresented.However,thisisvoluntary.
Greece Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarepresented.
Hungary
Yes.EPCsinHungarycon-tainthecalculations,withlotsofformulaeandnum-bers,whichisusuallynon-comprehendiblebytheuser.Theyusuallydon’tunderstandanythingapartfromtheenergyclass,butitdoesn’tmeanmuchtothem.
Yes.However,therecommenda-tionspartisalthoughcompulsory,itisnotverywelldeveloped,itusuallyincludesonlybroadsugges-tionsofmeasures(suchas:heatinsulationofthefacadesisrecom-mended).ThecurrentpracticedoesnotmotivatehomeownerstouseEPCs,theyonlyfinditabur-den.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented
Ireland Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses(SEAI,n.d.-a). Yes.
Yes.AnadvisoryreportisaccompaniedtotheBERcertificate,identifyingpotentialimprove-mentsthatcouldleadtobettercomfortlevels,reducedenergyuseandcosts.Thisadvisoryreportshowsindetailforeachbuildingcompo-nentpossibleimprovementmeasures.ThesemeasuresareratedwithCosts:lowtohigh,andwithImpact:lowtohigh(CommercialEnergyRatings,2017;SEAI,2017b).
Italy
Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.Classes(Min-istryofEconomicDevel-opment,n.d.).
Yes.
Yes.Recommendationshavetobemandatorilypresentedalongwiththeevidenceofpaybackperiods,andclassachievablethroughimple-mentingthemajorrenovations(MinistryofEconomicDevelopment,n.d.).
Latvia Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarepresented.
Lithuania Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Recommendationsforim-provementareprovided.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(Encius&Baranaus-kas,2018).
Luxembourg Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes. Yes.Alistofmeasuresforimprovementaswellastheirpotentialenergyandcostsavingsand
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EPCratingispresented(classesorslidingscale)
EPCratingandrecommendationsforrenovationarepresented
EPCratingandrecommendationsaswellaspotentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbene-
fitsarepresented
benefitsarepresented,alongwiththenewachievableenergyclass,whentherenovationmeasureisimplementedindividuallyorcumu-latively(guichet.public.lu,n.d.).
MaltaYes.EPCratingispresent-edinslidingscale(draftspecimen).
Yes.EPCratingandrecommenda-tionsforrenovationarepresented.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(BuildingRegulationOffice,2020b).
Netherlands Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Theenergylabelcontainstipsonmakingdwellingsmoreenergyefficient.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(EnergieDeskun-dig.nl,2019).
Poland
Yes.Linearcontinuousscalerangingfrom0to500(thelowerthenumber,themoreenergyefficient).
Yes.Recommendationsforcost-effectiveandfeasibletechnicalimprovementarepresented.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(RegulationoftheMinisterofInfrastructureandDevelopmentof27February2015onthemethodologyfordeterminingtheenergyperformanceofabuild-ingorpartofabuilding,andenergyperfor-mancecertificates,n.d.).
Portugal Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.Recommendationsarepresentedwithcostbenefitanalysisaswellasthepotentialclassachievablebyimplementingthoserecommen-dations,individuallyandcumulatively(ADENE,2019).
Romania Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Recommendationsareprovid-ed.
No.Informationonpotentialenergyandcostsavingsisnotoftenprovided(BPIEetal.,2017).
Slovakia Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses.
Yes.Recommendationsarepre-sented
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(energeticky-certifikat.sk,n.d.).
Slovenia
Yes.Bothclassesandslid-ingscalefornewbuildingsandonlyslidingscaleforexistingbuildings.
Yes.Alistofrecommendationsisprovided.Recommendationsshouldbestateoftheartandtechnicallyfeasible.Recommenda-tionstargetthebuildingshell,energyefficiency,useofrenewableenergyandorganizationalmeasures.
No.Potentialenergysavingsandbenefitsarenotpresented(Regulationsonthemethodologyforproducingandissuingenergyperformancecertificatesforbuildings,2014).
Spain Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses
Yes.However,theEPCassessormaywriteornottherecommenda-tionsandtheseareincludedinanotherfile.
No.Potentialenergy(andcost)savingsandbenefitsarenotpresented.
Sweden Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclassesfromA-G.
Yes.TheEPCassessorshouldgiverecommendationsforrenovationmeasuresthatarecost-effective.Recommendationsarepresentedinthreemaincategories;BACsystems,buildingservicesandbuildingenvelope.Therearesev-eralsubdivisions.
Yes.Recommendationsandindicativepotentialofenergy(andcost)savingsshouldbereportediftheyarecost-effective.Thismeansthatrecommendationsmaydifferdependentonavail-ableinputdataforinvestmentcosts.
UK Yes.EPCratingispresent-edinclasses. Yes.
Yes.Recommendationsforrenovationaswellaspotentialenergyandcostsavingsandbene-fitsarepresented(EnergySavingTrust,n.d.-a).
Table12:Highuser-friendlinessoftheEPC
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3.6 Improvingtherenovationrecommendations
ImprovingtherenovationrecommendationsprovidedontheEPCisimportantsothatitbecomesthefirststeptowardsanindividualbuildings‘deeprenovationpassport/roadmap’.Forthispurpose,therecommendations should focusonhigh-energy-efficiencyoptions consistentwithdeep renovation.Assessmentsoftwaretoolsshouldprovidesuchhigh-energy-efficiencyoptionsinhighqualityastheiroutputfortherenovationrecommendations.Furthermore,animprovementwouldbethatthefirstpagesoftheEPCwouldpresentanoverviewofsuchrecommendationsand(ifpossible)energysav-ings, togetherwith linksfor further informationandfinancialsupport for implementingtherecom-mendations.
Inthefollowingfigure, thepotentialof theEPCtobecomean individualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassport/roadmapisanalysedbyvariousaspectsonthewayrecommendationsarepresented,suchaspotentialenergy(andcost)savings,benefits forcomfortandwellbeing,paybackperiods,promi-nent display and explanation of recommendations and links to financial support. Among non-QualDeEPCprojectpartnercountries,whenmostofthesefeaturesarepresentinanEPC,thenit isregardedas“requirementsinforce/guidanceavailabletoproducetherenovationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindividualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassports/roadmaps”.Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal and UK, along with QualDeEPC project partners Germany,Greece, and Latvia, have progressive EPCs, tomotivate and facilitate the building owners towardsdeeprenovation,andwiththepotentialofbecomingdeeprenovationpassports/roadmaps.
Inmostmemberstates,EPCsprovidelinkstofinancialsupport,suchasincentivesorsubsidyschemesthatarehelpfulincarryouttherenovations.ThequalityofEPCsoftwareandinputdataalsoplaysacrucialroleforconductingdetailedanalysisrequiredfordeeprenovationpassports/roadmaps,suchasinvestmentscosts,savingsandpaybackperiods,forexample,EPCinUK.
AmongQualDeEPCproject partner countries,Hungary, and Spain do not have any of the featuresthat improvetherenovationrecommendationstowardsdeeprenovation. InSweden,cost-effectiverecommendationsshouldbepresentedinthefirstfewpagesofEPC.InGermany,recommendationsarepresentedinthefirstfewpagesofEPC(notnecessarilythefrontpage).Greece,andLatviaalsoindicate that there are requirements/guidance available to produce the renovation recommenda-tionsthatleadtoindividualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassports/roadmaps.ExceptforBulgaria,noneofthepartnercountrieshaveEPCsoftwaretoolsthatincludehighqualityandhigh-energyefficiencyoptionsforrenovationrecommendations.
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Figure8:Improvingtherenovationrecommendationstowardsdeeprenovation
The following table providesmore information regarding improving the renovation recommenda-tionstowardsdeeprenovationinvariousmemberstates.
Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
Austria Informationnotfound.
Yes.EPCsoftwareGEQprovideshighqualityandhigh-energyefficiencyoptions(GEQ,n.d.).How-ever,thiscouldpotential-lybetoolspecificandnotallavailabletoolsmayhavethisfeature.
No.RecommendationsarepresentedintheAnnex.
No.Suchrecommenda-tionsarenotprovidedintheguidelinesandmaybeabsentfromtheEPC(OIB,2015).
Belgium
Yes.Recommendationsarepresentedinawaytoimprovetheenergyclassofthebuilding.Infor-mationandbenefitsforfurtherpursuingade-tailedenergyauditandactingontherecommen-dationsarepresented,forexample,EPCsfromFlem-ishregion(FlemishEnergy
Yes.Recommendationsarepresentedinvariouscategories,suchasbuild-ingenvelope,heatingandhotwaterinstallations,ventilationsystemandrenewables,forexample,EPCsfromFlemishregion(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
Yes.Recommendationsareprovidedin2ndand3rdpagesoftheEPCreport(envi-ronnement.brussels,n.d.;FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b;WallonieenergieSPW,n.d.-b).
Yes.Linkstofurtherinformationandfinan-cialinformationareprovided(WallonieenergieSPW,n.d.-b).
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Improving the renovation recommendations towards deep renovation
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Assessment software tools include high quality and high energy efficiency options for renovation recommendations
Requirements in force and/or guidance available to produce the renovation recommendations in a way to become the first step towards individual buildings deep renovation passports/roadmaps
Recommendations on EPCs include links for further information and financial support
Summary of recommendations and (if possible) energy savings is provided on the first pages of the EPC (instead of in the detailed report or the Annex)
QualDeEPC partner countries
Absence of labels in QualDeEPC partner countries indicate that they are unavailable In other countries, it indicate that they are unavailable or information not found; check the corresponding table
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Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
Agency,n.d.-b).
Bulgaria No.Nosuchrequirementsorguidanceareinplace.
Yes.Highqualityandhigh-energyefficiencyoptionsarepresented.
Yes.Summaryofrecommenda-tionsareprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC.
No.Linkstofinancialsupportarenotprovid-ed.
CroatiaNo.Recommendationsareonlylistedwithasimplepaybackperiod.
No.Thenationalcalcula-tiontoolisstillintestphaseandtherearenocommercialtools.
Yes.Alistofcost-effectiverecommendationsispresentedonthethirdpageofEPC.
No.ItdoesnotappeartobethecaseintheprescribedformatoftheEPC(Ordinanceonenergyauditingofbuild-ingsandenergycertifi-cation,2017).
Cyprus
Yes.Renovationrecom-mendationsareprovidedalongwiththeircostsfortheirimplementation.Threesetofrecommen-dationsareprovided,short,mediumandlongpaybackperiodrecom-mendations.Further,theirimpactonenergysavingshasalsotobeevaluatedaslow,mediumorhigh.
Yes.EPCsoftwarepre-sentssomerecommenda-tions,andtheassessorcanchoosefromthislistand/orcancreatetheirownsetofrecommenda-tions.
No.RecommendationsareprovidedassupplementarydocumenttotheEPC.Howev-er,EPCisonly2pageslong.
No.Linkstofinancialsupportarenotprovid-ed(Xichilos&Hadjinico-laou,2011).
CzechRe-public
OnlyasummaryoftheimprovementsisprovidedonthefirstpagesofEPC.
Recommendationsarepresentedinvariouscategories,suchasbuild-ingenvelope,heatingandhotwaterinstallations,ventilationsystem.
SummaryofrecommendationsisprovidedinthesecondpageandtheirimpactonenergyperformanceisprovidedonthefirstpageoftheEPCcertif-icate.Detaileddescriptionoftherecommendationsareprovidedseparately(Šanceprobudovy,2018).
Informationnotfound.
Denmark
Yes.TheDanishgovern-mentlaunchedacompre-hensivestrategyforener-gyrenovationoftheexistingbuildingstockinMay2014,whichincludesvariousactivitiesandprogrammes,includingstepstomakingtheEPCsmorerobustandensurefurthersupportoftheenergyrenovationofbuildings(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Yes.Privatesoftwareappeartoincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficiencyoptionsforrenovationrecommenda-tions.
Yes.Bestchoiceofrecommen-dationsisprovidedonthesecondpageandadetaileddescriptionofrecommenda-tionsisalsoprovidedinthepagesfollowingthat(DanishEnergyAgency,2016).
Informationnotfound.
Estonia Informationnotfound.
Yes.RecommendationsareusuallyprovidedbytheEPCissuerfromthelistprovidedintheelec-
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase.
No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecase.
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Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
tronicenvironmentfordraftingenergyperfor-mancecertificatesinthenationalregisterofcon-structionworksanden-teredintotheregistry.Recommendationsarepresentedinvariouscategories,suchasbuild-ingenvelope,heatingandhotwaterinstallations,ventilationsystem(For-matandprocedureofissuanceofenergyper-formancecertificates–RiigiTeataja,2014).
Finland Informationnotfound
No.AssessmentsoftwareappearstobeusedonlytocalculatebuildingenergyperformanceandthecorrespondingEPCclass.Theassessorpro-videstherecommenda-tionbasedontheon-sitevisit.
Yes.Summaryofrecommenda-tionsisprovidedonthesecondpageanddetailsareprovidedfewpageslater.
No.Linkstofinancialsupportarenotmanda-torilyprovided(MotivaOy,n.d.-d).
France
Yes,renovationrecom-mendationsareprovidedinsufficientdetailtobeabletobecomethefirststeptowardsindividualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassport/roadmaps.
No.Assessorhastopro-viderecommendationsbasedonthesiteinspec-tion.A'recommendationsguide'isavailableforguidanceonhowtopro-videcost-effectiverec-ommendations.
Yes.Recommendationsaresummarizedonpage4ofEPC.
Yes.Linksforfurtherinformationandfinan-cialsupportareprovid-ed(Rogeretal.,2014,2015).
Germany Yes.
No.Assessmenttoolsdonotincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficiencyoptionsforrenovation.
Yes.Recommendationsfocusoncost-effectivemeasuresandareshownonpage4oftheEPC
No.Linkstofinancialsupportarenotprovid-ed.
Greece
Yes.Renovationrecom-mendationsareprovidedalongwithenergysavings,paybackperiodsandpotentialupgradeoftheenergyclass.
No.Assessmenttoolsdonotincludeoptionsforrenovation.
Yes.Auditorsprovidetherecommendationsonthe2ndpageoftheEPC(upto3).TechnicalGuidesincludeanextensivelist,toassistauditorsintheselectionofimprove-mentscenario.
No.Linksforfurtherinformationandfinan-cialsupportarenotprovided.
HungaryNo.Recommendationsusuallydon’tcontainveryspecificinformation.
No.
Yes.RecommendationsareacompulsorypartoftheEPCs,buttheyarenotnecessarilyonthefirstpages.
No.Seecolumn1.
IrelandYes.Grantsarelinkedtosomeofthepotentialrenovationrecommenda-
Yes.SBEMiesoftwaregeneratesadetailedadvisoryreportlisting
Yes.AlthoughthedetailedadvisoryreportistechnicallyanAnnex,astheEPCisonly
No.Linkstofinancialinformationarenotprovided.
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Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
tions(SEAI,n.d.-c). potentialrenovationrecommendationsforcosteffectiveimprove-menttotheenergyper-formanceofthebuilding.
onepage,thisisthenextpieceofinformationthatisavailableasapartoftheEPC(Commer-cialEnergyRatings,2017;SEAI,2017b).
ItalyNo.Recommendationsareonlylistedwithasimplepaybackperiod.
Informationnotfound
Yes.Thesectiononrecom-mendationsisonthesecondpage.Itreportstherecom-mendedinterventionsandtheestimateoftheresultsachiev-able,withthesingleinterven-tionorwiththerealizationofallofthem,expressingaroughassessmentofthepotentialforimprovementofthebuildingorpropertysubjecttotheenergyperformancecertifi-cate.
Yes.Page4ofEPCpro-videsinformationonopportunities;alsointermsofnationalorlocalsupporttools,relatedtotheexecutionofenergyauditsandenergyredevelopmentinterventions,includingmajorrenovations(Min-istryofEconomicDevel-opment,n.d.).
Latvia Yes. No. No.
No.EPChasamandato-ryannexwithcalcula-tionofenergyefficiencymeasures.
Lithuania Informationnotfound Informationnotfound Informationnotfound Informationnotfound
Luxembourg
Yes.Renovationrecom-mendationsareprovidedinsufficientdetailtobeabletobecomethefirststeptowardsindividualbuildingsdeeprenovationpassport/roadmaps.
No.EPCassessorprovidestherenovationrecom-mendationsbasedonthesitevisit(Reding&Flies,2014).
Yes.Alistofmeasuresforimprovementaswellastheirpotentialenergyandcostsavingsandbenefitsarepre-sentedinpagefiveoftheEPC.
Yes.Linksareprovidedbelowtherecommenda-tionsmeasures(gui-chet.public.lu,n.d.).
Malta Informationnotfound Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Netherlands
No.ThebuildingownersthemselvesviaonlineportalgenerateEPC.Theredoesnotappeartobeanymechanismforpresentingrenovationrecommendations(MilieuCentraal,n.d.).
No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1. No.Seecolumn1.
Poland
No.Cost-effectiveandfeasiblerecommenda-tionsareprovided,with-outfurtherinformationformakinginformedchoiceonrenovationrecommendations.
Yes.Theassessmentsoftwareallowsincludinghighqualityandhighenergyefficiencyoptions.However,thechoiceoffinalrecommendationsdependsontheauditor.
Yes.RecommendationsareprovidedinthethirdpageoftheEPCreport.
No.Nolinksareprovid-ed(RegulationoftheMinisterofInfrastruc-tureandDevelopmentof27February2015onthemethodologyfordeterminingtheenergyperformanceofabuild-ingorpartofabuilding,andenergyperformancecertificates,n.d.).
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Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
Portugal
Yes.Fundingschemesforenergyefficientrenova-tionaredesignedusingtheinformationavailableinEPCdatabase.EPCisprovidedinsufficientdetailtobeabletobe-comethefirststepto-wardsindividualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-port/roadmap(Fragoso&Baptista,2018).
Yes.Atleastoneoftheavailablesoftwaretoolshasthecapabilitytoconductandpresenttechnoeconomicfeasibil-ityofrenovationrecom-mendations(Itecons,n.d.).
Yes.Summaryofrecommenda-tionsarepresentedonpage2and3(ADENE,2019).
Yes.Linkstofinancialincentiveschemesareprovidedimmediatelyafterpresentingtherecommendations(ADENE,2019).
Romania
Yes.EPCdataisusedtomapenergyrenovationopportunitiesandcouldalsobeusedtomonitorandshowcaseimple-mentedrenovationpro-jectsforEuropeanCom-mission’sHorizon2020programme,theENER-FUNDonlineapp(Teneaetal.,2018).
InformationnotfoundYes.Summaryofrecommenda-tionsareprovidedonpage2(Construction21.org,n.d.).
No.Linksarenotavaila-bleaspertheprescribedformat.
Slovakia No.Onlygenericrecom-mendationsareprovided.’Informationnotfound
Yes.Recommendationsarepresentedonthefirstpageitself.Linkstofinancialincentivesarepresentedbesidetherecommendations(energeticky-certifikat.sk,n.d.).
Slovenia No.Onlygenericrecom-mendationsareprovided. No.Seecolumn1.
Yes.Recommendationsareprovidedonpage3oftheEPCreport.Theenergyperformancecertificatelistssourcesformoredetailedinformationonthecost-effectivenessoftherecommendations.Italsoprovidesinformationonthemeasurestobetakentoimplementtherecommendations,aswellasinformationonenergyauditsandotherincentivesandfundingoptions(Regula-tionsonthemethodologyforproducingandissuingenergyperformancecertificatesforbuildings,2014).
Spain No. No.
No.TheEPCassessormaywriteornottherecommenda-tionsandtheseareincludedinanotherfile.
No.
Sweden
No.However,cost-effectiverenovationmeasuresshouldbegiv-en.
No.Yes.Cost-effectiverenovationmeasuresaregiveninthefirstfewpages.
No.
UK
Yes.Renovationrecom-mendationsandtheassociatedinformationarepresentedinawaytobecomefirststeptowardsindividualdeeprenova-tionpassports.
Yes.AsperrequirementsinSAP(BRE,2020).
Yes.Currentandpotentialofenergyuse,CO2emissions,lightingcosts,heatingcostsandhotwatercostsarepre-sentedonthe1stpage.Fur-therrecommendations(lowercostmeasuresplusfurthermeasures)arepresentedon
Yes.Linksandeligibilityforanindividualrec-ommendationtobefinancedunderGreenDealarepresentedinthetableofrecommen-dationsalongwithcapitalcost,typical
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Requirementsinforceand/orguidanceavaila-bletoproducethereno-vationrecommendationsinawaytobecomethefirststeptowardsindi-vidualbuildingsdeeprenovationpass-ports/roadmaps
Assessmentsoftwaretoolsincludehighqualityandhighenergyefficien-cyoptionsforrenovation
recommendations
Summaryofrecommenda-tionsand(ifpossible)energysavingsisprovidedonthefirstpagesoftheEPC(insteadofinthedetailedreportorthe
Annex)
RecommendationsonEPCsincludelinksfor
furtherinformationandfinancialsupport
page3. savingsperyear,ratingafterimplementingtherecommendation(Ener-gySavingTrust,n.d.-a).
Table13:Improvingtherenovationrecommendationstowardsdeeprenovation
3.7 CompliancebetweenEPCratingandoperationalrating
Inallmemberstates,exceptinSweden,EPCratingfornewbuildingsisbasedonassetratingandnotrevisedtoreflectoperationalrating.InSweden,newbuildingsmusthaveanEPCbasedonmeteredenergyusetwoyearsaftertheyhavebeenbuilt,atthelatest;however,ifthebuildingissoldpriortothatmeasuredvaluesareavailable,theEPCcanbebasedoncalculations(validfor10years).Inexist-ingbuildings,ithasbeenobservedthatsomeofthecountriesbasetheEPCratingonanoperationalrating. Sometimes, different EPCs based on asset and operational ratings are issued for differentbuildingtypologies,suchasresidentialandnon-residentialbuildings.
3.8 EPCschemefornewbuildingscompatiblewithNZEBrequirements
Article9of theEPBDdirects thatby2019and2021,allnewbuildingsownedbypublicauthoritiesandallnewbuildings,respectively,arenearlyzero-energybuildings(NZEB)(basedoncountryspecif-icdefinitionsofNZEB).Furthermore,countriesarerequiredtodrawnationalplansforincreasingthenumber of nearly zero-energy buildings. This section examineswhether the existing EPC schemesalreadyincludeanddisplayNZEB-equivalentbenchmarks(countryspecificdefinitions)alongwiththecorresponding energy ratingon the EPC label. For example, if existing energy rating class ‘B’ for acategory of buildings correspond to nationalNZEB definitions, then the EPC label clearly indicatesthatenergyratingclass‘B’asNZEBorthisisclearlyindicatedinthecorrespondingpolicydocument,suchas thenationalplan forNZEB. InEPCs, thishighlightswhether thebuildingsalreadymeet theNZEB2019/2021requirements.However,onceArticle2oftheEPBDisimplementedandenforcedbythecountriesfrom2021,EPCenergyratingclass/scalefornewbuildingsneedstobecompatiblewithcountryspecificdefinitionsofNZEBrequirements.Furthermore,mostofthecountrieshavealreadyenforcedNZEBrequirementsforpublicbuildingsfrom2019orevenbefore,anditisunclearwhethertheEPCsalreadyreflectanewscaleforenergyclassforthesebuildings,whichmeetNZEBrequire-ments. The following figure showswhether and how current EPC schemes reflectNZEB in variousmember states.Approximately11 countriesEPCsalready clearly indicatewhen thebuildingsmeetNZEBrequirements.Insomecountriesthisisindicatedontheexistingenergyscale,asanadd-ontothebestclass,whichisA,forexample,asA++inLithuania,A2020inDenmark,A2inIrelandetc. Inother countries, it is displayed as a check box, for example, in Italy. AmongQualDeEPC countries,EPCsinBulgaria,Greece,Hungary,Latvia,SpainandSwedenarecompatiblewithNZEBrequirements.
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Figure9:CompatibilityofEPCswithNZEBrequirements
The following table shows in briefwhether and how current EPC schemes reflectNZEB in variousmemberstates.
EPCschemefornewbuildingsiscompatiblewith(national)NZEBrequirements
AustriaNo.After31December2020,allnewbuildingsshallbeNZEBwithinthemeaningofArticle2(2)ofDirective2010/31/EUandasdefinedinOIB-330.6-014/14-012NationalPlanforlowenergybuildings(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2018).However,existingEPCdoesnotindicateenergyratingclassthatcorrespondstoNZEB.
BelgiumNo.Cost-optimalstudieshavebeenconductedtodefineNZEBbasedonanenergyperformanceindicator(E-level)andatimelinehasbeenestablishedforenrollingitindifferentbuildingtypologies.However,NZEBisnotreflectedinEPCs(DeMeulenaer&Triest,2018).
BulgariaYes.ThereisNationalPlanforNZEBthatsetrequirementsfornewpublicandprivatebuildings.TheOrdinanceforEnergyEfficiencyinbuildingsstillrequiredEnergyClassBfornewbuildingsandEnergyClassCforexistingbuildings.
Croatia Yes.EPCenrolsthebuildingasNZEBiftheenergyperformanceofabuildingmeetstherequirementsforzeroenergybuildings(Ordinanceonenergyauditingofbuildingsandenergycertification,2017).
Cyprus Yes.2ndnationalplanforincreasingthenumberofNZEBsindicatesthatNZEBclassas'A'.
CzechRe-public
No.NZEBdefinitionsareinplaceandallnewbuildingsmustgraduallymeetNZEBrequirementssince2016,subjecttotheirfloorareaandwhetherthebuildingsarepublicbuildings,toensurethatallnewbuildingscompletedby31December2020willbeNZEBs.However,NZEBisnotreflectedintheexistingEPCs(Svobodaetal.,2015).
Denmark
Yes.EPChasthreecategoriesinclassA,A2010,A2015,andA2020,whichrepresent.Theyearreferstothebuildingregulationsthatthebuildingmeets.Buildingwhichvoluntarilycomplieswiththebuildingclass2020(equivalenttoNZEBlevel)energyrequirementsfrom2020islabelledA2020(DanishEnergyAgency,2016;Thomsenetal.,2018).
Estonia No.DefinitionsforNZEBandthedatesfortheirenforcementareinplace,however,NZEBisnotreflectedonEPC.Onlyminimumenergyperformance(MEP)markasrequiredbytheMEPregulationisshown.
Finland No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC.
EPC for new buildings compatible with NZEB requirements
EPC scheme for new buildings is compatible with (national) NZEB requirements
Not compatible
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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EPCschemefornewbuildingsiscompatiblewith(national)NZEBrequirements
France No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC.
Germany Informationnotfound.
Greece
Yes.EPCschemefornewbuildingsiscompatiblewithNZEBrequirements(MinisterialDecreeofDecember2018–ApprovaloftheNationalPlanforincreasingthenumberofnearlyzero-energybuildings).Fornewbuildings,theenergyratingcorrespondingtoNZEBontheEPClabelisA(ForexistingbuildingstheEPCratingisB+)
Hungary Yes.
Ireland Yes.NZEBcompatiblebuildingswillhaveaBERratingofA2comparedwithacurrentratingfornewbuildsofA3(GovernmentofIreland,2019).
Italy Yes.EPCclearlyindicateswhetherNZEBstandardhasbeenattained(MinistryofEconomicDevelopment,n.d.).
Latvia
Yes.InEPClegislationNZEBisdefinedasabuildinghavingAclassenergyconsumptionforspaceheating.Alsoventilationwithheatrecuperationhastobeused.BuildingisclassifiedasaNZEBifthereisatleastapartofrenewableenergyusedforbuildingenergyneeds.InEPCthereisacheckmarkifabuildingqualifiesasaNZEB.Since2019newbuildingsownedandcontrolledbythestateandoccupiedbythestathavetobeNZEB.OthernewbuildingshavetoreachNZEBrequirementsiftheyarebuiltstartingfrom2021.
Lithuania Yes.NZEBisintroducedasA++classintheEPC(Encius&Baranauskas,2018).
LuxembourgYes.InLuxembourg,from2017,everynewresidentialbuildingwillbeaNearlyZeroEnergyBuilding(NZEB).AsaruletheNZEBcorrespondstoclassesAAA.However,site-specificconditionsarealsotakenintoaccount,whichcanresultindeviationsfromclassesAAA(myenergy,2020).
Malta Informationnotfound.
Netherlands
Yes.Fornewbuildings,adifferentmeasureofenergyefficiencyisrequired,calledEnergyPerformanceCoeffi-cient(EPC)(RVO,n.d.-c).AnNZEBwillhaveanEPCvalueof0.From2015,buildingpermitswereonlyissuedforhomeswithanEPCof0.4,andfrom2021EPCof0willbecomemandatoryfortheissueofbuildingpermits(MilieuCentraal,n.d.-a).
Poland No.Although,NZEBrequirementsareinplaceandareobligatoryfrom1stJanuary2021forallnon-publicbuildings(Bekierskietal.,2018).
Portugal No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC.
Romania No.However,theEPCformatshallbereviewedtointroducediversifiedenergyclassesforresidential/non-residentialNZEB(Teneaetal.,2018).
Slovakia No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC.However,NewpublicbuildingsmustfulfilNZEBrequirementsfrom1January2019(Sternova&Magyar,2018).
Slovenia No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
SpainYes.Residentialbuildingsthatareconstructedafter2021-forpublicbuildingsare2019-mustmeettheNZEBparameters;Theseparameters(i.e.energydemand,efficiencyetc.)arealreadyincludedintheCTE,TechnicalBuildingCode.
Sweden Yes.
UK No.NZEBisnotdisplayedontheEPC.However,UKhasatargetforallnewhomestomeettheZeroCarbonStandardfrom2016andforallnewnon-residentialbuildingsfrom2019.
Table14:CompatibilityofEPCswithNZEBrequirements
3.9 TreatmentofinnovativetechnologiesinEPCassessmentcalculations
Achievingconvergingcalculationmethods,especiallyforinnovativetechnologiesintheEPCassess-ment,e.g.forheatrecoveryventilation,buildingautomationandcontrolsystems,reversibleheatpumps,advancedsolarshadingsystems,aswellasforrenewableenergysystems(cf.CAEPBDCCT1report)ensuresconvergenceintheEPCassessmentsbetweenvariousmemberstates.MostofthedocumentationontechnologiesconsideredinEPCassessmentcalculationisinthegoverningstand-ardsorintheirnationallanguage,whichisnoteasilyaccessible.Therefore,technologiesfromfewcountries,whereinformationcouldbeeasilyaccessible,orfromtheQualDeEPCpartnercountriesarepresentedhere.
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InmostmemberstatesandtheUK,typicalheatgenerationanddistributionsystems,andventilationsystemsalongwithheatrecoveryareconsidered.SolarthermalandsolarPVsystemsareoftencon-sidered,however,windturbinesareonlyconsideredinfewcountries.Advancedlightingcontrolsorbuildingautomationcontrol(BAC)systems,suchasavailableinSweden,arenotoftenconsideredinothercountries.ThefollowingtableshowsinbriefthestatusoftreatmentofinnovativetechnologiesinEPCassessmentscalculationsinvariousmemberstates.
Listofinnovativetechnologiesthatareavailableintheassessmentprocess
Austria
Yes.OIB-Richtlinie6,whichisaguidedocumentforEPCs,indicatesthatuseofheatrecoverysystems,highlyeffi-cientalternativeenergysystems,suchasdecentralizationsupplysystem,cogeneration,heatpumps,andsolarthermalandphotovoltaicsystemsetc.shouldbeconsidered.Furthermore,thecalculationmethodologyforEPC,'LeitfadenEnergietechnischesVerhaltenvonGebäuden',usesbuildingstandardsthataccountforcalculationpro-ceduresformanyadvancedbuildingtechnologies(OIB,2015).
Belgium
Theassessmentprocessconsidersvariousheating,coolingandventilationtechnologies,anddomestichotwatersystems.Heatingandcoolinggenerationtechnologies,suchasheatpump,solarwaterheater,cogeneration,andresidualheatareconsidered.ElectricitygenerationthroughsolarPVsystemsisconsidered.Showerheatrecoveryisconsideredinenergyconsumptionfordomestichotwatercalculations.Humidificationandvariouslightingsys-temsarealsoconsideredfornon-residentialunits(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
BulgariaThenationalmethodologyforcalculatingenergyconsumptionindicatorsandtheenergyperformanceofbuildingswasdevelopedonthebasisofBDSENISO13790andthebestEuropeanpracticesinthefieldofdeterminingtheannualenergyconsumptionforheating,ventilation,coolingandhotwater.
Cyprus
TheinputsintoSBEMcysoftware,whichisusedtogenerateEPCs,includetheHVACSystem,theDHWsystem,solarthermalsystem,photovoltaicsystem,windgenerator,andcombinedheatandpowersystems.Inaddition,lightingandlightingcontrols,ventilationandexhaustsystemsareconsidered,aswellas,thermalandphotovoltaicsolarsystems(Abela,2014).
EstoniaVarioustypesofheatingsystemsincludingheatpumps,districtheating;ventilationsystemswithheatrecovery,systemsthatutilisefreecooling,heatorelectricitygeneratedfromsolar,wind,waterandgeothermalenergysourcesareconsidered(Methodologyforcalculationofenergyperformanceofabuilding,2019).
HungaryHeatrecoveryventilation,heatpump,buildingautomation,solarpanels,solarcollectorsareconsidered’.’
IrelandDifferenttypesofHVACsystems,hotwatergeneratorsincludingsolarhotwater,SolarPVandwindturbinesforelectricitygeneration,combinedheatandpower,lightinganditscontrol,demandcontrolledventilationetc.areconsidered.
Sweden
Technologies/energymeasuresrelatedtothefollowingareasarelisted:BACsystems(e.g.heating,cooling,lightingandventilationondemand,pressure-controlledpumpsandvariablespeed-controlledfans),buildingservicessystems(e.g.energyefficientlighting,heatpumps,heatrecovery,solarcollectorsandsolarcells)andbuildingenvelope(e.g.energyefficientwindowsanddoors,additionalinsulation).
Table15:TreatmentofinnovativetechnologiesinEPCassessmentcalculations
3.10 CostofEPCs
ThecostofEPCsvariesconsiderablyacrossmemberstates.Especially inthosecountrieswheretheEPCsareissuedautomaticallyviaanonline-tool,costsarequitelow.Forexample,allbuildingsintheNetherlandsautomaticallyreceivedafreeprovisionalEPC.Onlyincaseofsellingorrentingadefini-tiveEPChastobeissued,whichcostsabout50EUR.InSlovakia,thereareseveralEPCassessorsof-feringonlineEPCsstartingatabout90EUR(e.g.https://www.certifikatybudov.sk),dependingonthetypeofbuilding..TherearetwotypesofEPCsinGermany.Themarketregulatesthepriceforissuingdependingonthesizeandtheeffortfordataacquisitionofthebuilding,therearealsoregionaldif-ferences.Aserious issuedconsumption-basedEPCcostsat least50Euros.Forasmallsingle familyhouse, the price for a demanded-based EPC is at least 300 Euros. For large and complex non-residentialbuildings,thepricesareseveralthousandEurosfordemanded-basedEPC.InHungarythecosts forEPCsaredetermined in the regulation:AnEPCcanbe issued fora residentialbuildingatabout75EUR,formulti-familyornon-residentialbuildingsanEPCcancostseveralthousandEUR.In
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theUK,areliableEPCwillcostabout75to120GBP. IntheCzechRepublic,DenmarkandSpainanEPCcostsabout800EUR (AtanasiuandConstantinescu,2011). Typicalprices in Swedenare250–500Euroforone-familyhousesandfornon-residentialbuildings1000Euroormorearecommon.
Inmostcountries,themarketregulatesthecostsforEPCs.Especiallyinthosecountrieswhereanon-siteinspectionismandatoryorwheretheEPCalsoincludessomeelementsofanenergyaudit,thecostsaremuchhigher.AtanasiuandConstantinescu(2011)cometothesameconclusion:UsuallyalowerpriceofEPCcanberelatedtoalowerquality.
3.11 UpdatingofEPCswhenlegislationandregulationsforEPCschemechang-es
Thecomparabilityand,hence,theusefulnessofEPCsforbuildingmarketswould improve, if itwaspossibletogenerateupdatesofEPCswhenthe legislationandregulationsfortheEPCscheme(e.g.thelabellingscale)arechanged.Itwouldbebest,ifthiswereautomaticallyexecutedonline,withthehelp of a central database. However, such a provision is available only in Greece, which is aQualDeEPCcountrypartnercountry.Inmostothercountries,EPCsonceissuedarevalidfor10yearsandarenotre-issuedbeforethat.
3.12 EPCcalculationprocedureinadherencewithnewCENOASstandard
EPCcalculationmaybechanged tobe inadherencewith thenewCENOASstandard.TheEUmayestablish an overarching standard that provides a common,modular calculation core for buildingenergy performance calculation while leaving establishment of national user interfaces and inputvalues toMSs; (cf EN ISO52000-1:2018-03Energyperformanceofbuildings -OverarchingEPBas-sessment).TheadoptionofCENOASstandardsandthecorrespondingcalculationmethodologyareunderconsiderationinGreece,whichisaQualDeEPCcountrypartnercountry.InPoland,thereweremeetingsin2018withthedepartmentresponsibleforEPCsysteminPolandwherethepostulateofincludingnewENISOstandardshasbeenraised.
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4 REQUIREMENTSFORQUALIFIEDEXPERTSINEUMEMBERSTATES
InadditiontoconciseEPCassessmentandcertificationrulesandtools,theknowledgeoftheexpertsallowed to perform the EPC assessment and issue the EPCs is another important precondition forqualityandcredibilityof theEPCs.SeveralpotentialelementsofagoodpracticeEPCschemewereanalysedinthisarea.
4.1 RegistryofEPCassessors
Anofficial registryofEPCassessors isusefulandpotentiallyevenneeded forcredibilityof theEPCscheme. Itallows for thebuildingowners to transparentlycheck thecredentialsofavailableasses-sors, and choose an assessor basedon their preference. In addition, a registry of EPC assessors iscrucialforqualitycontrolpurposes.
ThefollowingfigureshowstheavailabilityofregistryofEPCassessorsinvariousmemberstates.Ex-ceptforGermany,allothercountrieshaveanofficialregistryofEPCassessors.Fewcountries,suchasAustria andNetherlands also haveunofficial registriesmaintainedby professional bodies. In somecountries,theregistrationisautomaticallydonealongwiththequalificationasanEPCassessor,andin other countries EPC assessors have to register themselves upon qualifying. The following tableprovidesmoredetailsofEPCassessorsituationineachcountry.OfficialregistriesaremaintainedbyconcernedMinistries, EnergyAgencies, and sometimes, professional chambers. Association of EPCassessoretc.alsomaintainunofficial/commercialregistries.
Figure10:RegistryofEPCassessors
Registry of EPC assessors
An official registry of EPC assessors is available
Both official and commercial registries are available
EPC assessor registry is unavailable
QualDeEPC partner countries
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The following table shows in brief the information on EPC assessor registers in various memberstates.
AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable
Anunofficialand/orcommercialregistryofEPCassessorsisavaila-
ble
Austria Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailableatfederallevel.Forexample,(EnergieTirol,2019)
Yes.AcommercialdatabaseofEPCprovidersisavailable(energieaus-weis.at,n.d.).
Belgium Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsfordifferentbuildingtypologiesisavailable,regionally(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-e). No.Unavailable.
Bulgaria Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailableasperthenationallegislation. No.Unavailable.
Croatia Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofCon-structionandPhysicalPlanning,RepublicofCroatia,2020). No.Unavailable.
Cyprus Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofEnergy,CommerceandIndustry-EnergyService,2020). No.Unavailable.
CzechRe-public
Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofIndustryandTrade,2018). No.Unavailable.
Denmark Yes.Registryofenergylabellingcompaniesisavailable(Energistyrelsen,n.d.). No.Unavailable.
Estonia Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofEconom-icAffairsandCommunications,n.d.-b). No.Unavailable
Finland Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(HousingFinanceandDevelopmentCenter,n.d.). No.Unavailable.
France Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofEcology,Energy,SustainableDevelopmentandtheSea,n.d.). No.Unavailable.
Germany No.Unavailable. No.Unavailable.
Greece Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable No.Unavailable.
Hungary Yes.AvailableatthehomepageoftheChamberofArchitectsandtheChamberofEngineers. No.Unavailable
Ireland Yes.TheNationalRegisterofBERAssessors,maintainedbySEAI,isavail-able(SEAI,n.d.-h). No.Unavailable.
Italy Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(Monetaetal.,2015). No.Unavailable.
Latvia Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(StateBureauofConstructionControl,n.d.). No.Unavailable.
Lithuania Yes.Anofficialregistryisavailable(SPSC,2020a). No.Unavailable.
Luxembourg Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(Guichet.lu,n.d.). No.Unavailable.
Malta Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(BuildingRegulationOffice,2020a). No.Unavailable
NetherlandsYes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsismaintained,whichisaccessi-blebythebuildingowners,whenrequestingforadefinitiveenergylabel(RVO,n.d.-a,n.d.-b).
Yes.Anun-officialregistryofEPCassessorsforresidentialunitsisalsoavailable,whichismaintainedbzFedEC,aprofessionalassociationofenergyadvisors(maatwerkadviesvoorwoningen&FEDEC,n.d.).
Poland Yes.AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable(MinistryofInfra-structureandConstruction,n.d.).
Yes.TheAssociationofEnergyAuditorshasaregistryofrecom-mendedauditors(AssociationofEnergyAuditors&AssociationofEnergyAuditorsThemeIsle,n.d.).
Portugal Yes.ADENEmaintainsacentralregisterofallEPCassessors(ADENE,n.d.-e). No.Unavailable.
Romania MinistryofRegionalDevelopmentandPublicAdministrationmaintainsa Informationunavailable.
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AnofficialregistryofEPCassessorsisavailable
Anunofficialand/orcommercialregistryofEPCassessorsisavaila-
ble
registryofenergyauditorsonitswebsite(MinistryofPublicWorks,DevelopmentandAdministration,2018).
Slovakia Yes.AnofficialregisterofEPCassessorsisavailablefromtheSlovakChamberofCivilEngineers(SlovakChamberofCivilEngineers,2020). No.Unavailable.
Slovenia Yes.AnofficialregisterofEPCassessorsismaintainedbytheMinistryofInfrastructure(MinistryofInfrastructure,n.d.).
Yes.Thewebsitewww.energeskaizkaznica.siprovidesasearchforindependentEPCasses-sors(energetskaizkaznica,n.d.).
Spain Yes.ThereisanofficialregistryinsomeRegions. No.Unavailable.
Sweden Yes.AvailableonthewebpageoftheNationalBoardofHousing,Build-ingandPlanning. No.Unavailable.
UKYes.AccreditedpersonstoundertakeanEPCareofficiallyregistered.Thisregisterispublicallyavailable(MinistryofHousing,CommunitiesandLocalGovernment,n.d.).
No.Unavailable.
Table16:RegistryofEPCassessors
4.2 RequirementsforregularmandatoryEPCassessortrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsasapreconditionforcertificationandregistry
UndergomandatorytrainingonEPCassessmentandprovidingrecommendationsforbeingcertifiedasanEPCassessorandincludedintheregistryenablesEPCassessorstoavoidcommonmistakes.ThefollowingfigureshowsthecurrentstatusoftrainingrequirementsforEPCassessorsinvariousmem-berstates.Mandatorytrainingonassessmentandrecommendations isrequiredfor initialcertifica-tionandregistrationinsomecountries,whileinotherstherearenosuchrequirements.However,inmanycountrieswithouttherequirementsformandatorytraining,thereareopportunitiesforvolun-tarytraining,andmostoftencandidatesshouldpassanexaminationforcertification.
The duration and contents of the course varies in variousmember states. In some countries, thequalificationsofthecandidatesandtheirprofessionalexperiencedeterminetheamountofrequiredtraining,whileinothercountriesallcandidatesmusttaketherequisitecourses.Primarily,theman-datorytrainingcoversaspects,suchasobtaininginputdata,performingcalculations,providingcost-effectiverecommendations,usingthedatabasesofregistriesforEPCsandEPCassessors,EPCasses-sorobligationsetc.Trainingisprovidedbyvariousorganizations,suchasUniversities,EnergyAgen-cies,Professionalchambers,oraccreditedthirdparties.
After initialcertificationoraccreditation (withorwithoutmandatorytraining),undergoingperiodictraining ismandatory insomecountries.This is toensure thatEPCassessorsupdate their skills re-gardingtechnicaladvancements,andlegislativeorregulatorychangesintheirfield.
AmongQualDeEPCpartnercountries,infourcountries,Germany,Greece,SpainandSweden,certifi-cationisnotlinkedwithmandatorytraining(inGermany,therearealternativestoit,whichhowevermayalsorequiretraining).InLatviaandHungary,mandatorytrainingisrequiredforobtainingcertifi-cation/accreditationandregistrationasanEPCassessorforthefirsttime.InSweden,itismandatorytopassanexaminationbeforebeingcertified,whichmeansthatnearlyallassessorsaredoingtrain-ingprovidedbyacademiaorcommercialeducationbodiesbeforeobtainingcertificationasanEPCassessorforthefirsttime.
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Figure11:RequirementsforregularmandatoryEPCassessortrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsforcertificationandregistry
ThefollowingtableshowsinbrieftherequirementsforregularmandatoryEPCassessortrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsforcertificationandregistryinvariousmemberstates.
Amandatorytrainingonassessmentandrecommen-dationsisrequiredforinitialcertificationandregistra-
tionofEPCassessorsisrequired
PeriodictrainingismandatoryformaintainingEPCassessorcertification
Austria
No.Professionalsfromthelistedsectors,suchasbuild-er,electricalengineering,civilengineering,andarchi-tectureareeligiblytoissueEPCs.Mandatorytrainingisnotrequired(GovernmentofAustria,n.d.).
No.Seecolumn1.
Belgium
Yes.MandatorytrainingandexaminationarerequiredtoqualifyasanEPCassessor.Separatetrainingandexamsareconductedfordifferentbuildingtypologies,suchastypeAcertificationforresidentialbuildingsandtypeCcertificationforpublicbuildings(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-c).
Yes.Continuingtoreceiveannualtraininghasbeenmandatorysince2017inordertoretainrecognitionastypeAenergyexpert(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-d).
Bulgaria Yes.Aninitialandmandatorytrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsisrequiredforaccreditation. No.Notrequired.
Croatia Yes.Mandatorytraininginspecificmodulesisrequired.
Yes.Authorizednaturalpersonswhocarryoutenergycertification,energyauditsofbuildingsandregularinspectionsofheatingsystemsandcoolingorair-conditioningsystemsinbuildingsareobligedtoat-tendonceayearthetrainingprogramme(MinistryofConstructionandPhysicalPlanning,n.d.).
Cyprus
No.EPCassessorsarerequiredtopassaqualifyingexaminationunderthecategoriesforresidential,non-residentialbuildingsorboth.Trainingisnotmandatory(MinistryofEnergy,CommerceandIndustry,n.d.).
No.SeeColumn1.
CzechRe-public
No.Mandatorytrainingisnotrequired.Takinganex-aminationiscompulsory.
Yes.Continuingprofessionaleducationisrequired(EnergyManagementAct,2001).
Requirements for regular mandatory EPC assessor training on assessment and recommendations for certification and registry
Mandatory training on assessment and recommendations is required for obtaining certification and registration as EPC assesor for the first time and maintaining certification after validity period of certification
Mandatory training on assessment and recommendations is required for obtaining certification and registration as EPC assessor for the first time
Periodic training is mandatory for maintaining certification and registration as EPC assessor after validity period of certification
Mandatory training on assessment and recommendations is not required for obtaining certification and registration as EPC assesor for the first time and maintaining certification after validity period of certification
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Amandatorytrainingonassessmentandrecommen-dationsisrequiredforinitialcertificationandregistra-
tionofEPCassessorsisrequired
PeriodictrainingismandatoryformaintainingEPCassessorcertification
DenmarkNo.Mandatorytrainingisnotrequired.However,itismandatorytopassanexaminationdependingonthebuildingtypologytheywishtoissueEPCsfor.
Yes.Qualifiedenergyconsultantsmustattendman-datorycoursesandmeetingsinaccordancewiththeDanishEnergyAgency’sdecision(Orderonenergylabelingofbuildings,n.d.).
Estonia
Yes.TheOpenUniversity,ofTallinnUniversityofTech-nology,providesmandatorytrainingandtheexamina-tionisconductedbytheEstonianAssociationofHVACEngineers(MinistryofEconomicAffairsandCommuni-cations,n.d.-a).
Yes.Mandatoryamountofacademicpointshastobecollectedduringaperiodoftime(fiveyears).
Finland
No.Itappearsthatmandatorytrainingisnotrequired,however,FinnishAssociationofHVACEngineerspro-videstrainingfortakingthemandatoryexaminationforqualifyingasanEPCassessor.
No.However,asinitialaccreditationisvalidfor7years,periodictrainingisoneoftheoptionsforcon-tinuingasEPCassessorafterthecompletioninitial7years(MotivaOy,n.d.-a)..
France No.Takinganexaminationismandatory,butnottrain-ing.
Yes.EPCassessorsarerequiredtokeepabreastoftechnical,legislativeandregulatorydevelopmentsinthefieldconcernedandcompletestraininglastingatleastthreedays(fivedaysforcertificationwithmen-tion)duringthecertificationcycle,includingatleastoneday(twodaysforcertificationwithmention)inthelasteighteenmonthsofthecertificationcycle(DecreeofDecember13,2011amendingthedecreeofOctober16,2006asamendeddefiningthecriteriaforcertificationoftheskillsofnaturalpersonscarry-ingouttheenergyperformancediagnosisandthecriteriaforaccreditationofcertificationbodies,2018).
GermanyNo.Trainingisnotmandatoryforexpertscertifiedforprovingenergyperformanceofnewbuildingsorwhoareaswornpublicexpert.
No.Seecolumn1.
Greece
No.Althoughnotmandatory,trainingseminarsareorganizedbyvocationalcentersandacademicinstitu-tionsandattendedonavoluntarybasisbyinterestedauditors.
No.Seecolumn1.
Hungary Yes.EPCassessorsmustundergomandatorytrainingforaccreditation.
No.Furtherregulartrainingsareavailable,buttakingpartinthemisnotaconditiontoremainanassessor.Theycanbeattendedonavoluntarybasis.
IrelandYes.TrainingcourseismandatoryforDomesticBERAssessorsandrecommended(normandatory)forNon-DomesticBERAssessors.
No.BERassessorregistrationisvalidforoneyear.Renewalmaybesubjecttoadditionaleducationaloradministrativerequirements,butnotdefinitive(SEAI,n.d.-b).
Italy
Yes.Regionalandautonomousprovinceshavetheirownapproachtowardsmandatorytraining,butusuallymandatedespeciallyforpeoplewithrelevantprofes-sionalqualifications.
No.Notnecessary(Monetaetal.,2015).
LatviaYes.Itismandatorytoworkunder(train)for2yearsundertheguidanceofacertifiedEPCassessortobeabletotaketheexamforbecominganenergyauditor.
No.Periodictrainingisnotrequired.
LithuaniaYes.Undertakingtrainingcourseorganizedbydesig-natedorganizationsandpassingaqualifyingexamina-tionismandatory(SPSC,2020a).
Yes.EPCassessormustundertakeanadditional20hoursoftrainingandpassanexaminationevery5years(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg
No.Architectsandconsultingengineerswhoseprofes-sionisregulatedbytheLawof13December1989ontheorganizationoftheprofessionsofarchitectsandconsultingengineersarenotrequiredtotakeamanda-torytraining.However,otherexpertsareapprovedbytheMinistryofEconomicAffairstoissueEPCsafter
No.Periodictrainingisnotrequired.
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Amandatorytrainingonassessmentandrecommen-dationsisrequiredforinitialcertificationandregistra-
tionofEPCassessorsisrequired
PeriodictrainingismandatoryformaintainingEPCassessorcertification
takingmandatorytraining(Guichet.lu,n.d.).
MaltaYes.UndertakingatrainingthatisapprovedbytheBuildingRegulationBoardismandatory(EnergyPer-formanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
No.Itisunclearfromthelegislationortheavailableinformationifsuchtrainingisnecessary.Thereap-pearstobenorequirementsformandatoryperiodictraining.
Netherlands
No.Onlyaqualifyingexaminationisrequired.Forcerti-ficationasanEPCassessorfornon-residentialbuildings,optionalvoluntarytrainingisavailableafterclearingthequalifyingexamination(RVO,n.d.-a,n.d.-b).
No.Seecolumn1.
PolandNo.Thereisnoneedtocompleteamandatorycourseandpassanexamination,accordingtotheActonEner-gyPerformanceofBuildings.
No.Seecolumn1.
PortugalYes.EPCassessorsshouldundertakemandatorytrain-ingcourses.Besidesmandatorycourses,therearealsocomplementarytrainingcourses.
No.Periodicverificationisnotmandatory(ADENE,n.d.-a).
Romania
Yes.Aninitialmandatorytraininginshort-termcoursesof80hours,ormasterclassesin1to2-yearpro-grammesonenergyefficiency,ortheenergyperfor-manceofbuildingsandanexaminationarerequired.
Yes.EPCaccreditationisawardedforaperiodof5years,whichmaybeextendeduponevidenceofcontinuoustraining(Teneaetal.,2015).
SlovakiaNo.Trainingisonlyoptional.Additionally,anexamina-tionatatestcommitteehastobedone.(Sternovaetal.,2015).
No.Seecolumn1.
Slovenia Yes.Aone-weektrainingwithawrittenandoralexamisneededforaccreditation(Šijanec&Potočar,2015). No.Periodictrainingisnotmandatory.
SpainNo.TheonlyrequisitetobecomeEPCassessoristohavetheacademicdegreeofengineer,architectortechnicalvocationaltraininginSpanishFP.
No.Seecolumn1.
Sweden
No.Itis,however,mandatorytopassanexaminationbeforebeingcertified,whichmeansthatnearlyallassessorsaredoingtrainingprovidedbyacademiaorcommercialeducationbodiesbeforedoingtheexami-nation.Furthermore,a2-yeartechnicaldegreefromuniversityand5yearsofpracticalexperiencewithinthebuildingsectorthereof2yearsshouldbewithintheenergyuseandindoorclimatearerequired.
No.However,theEPCassessorneedstoreportanyupdatingofskillsandsendinassessedEPCstothenationalcertificationbodyonceayear.
UK
Yes.Although,theexactinformationisunavailable,itappearsthatEPCassessorshavetoundertakelevel3and4assessment,dependingonthebuildingtypetheywishtoissueEPCsfor,whichtrainstheminusingap-provedsoftware,conductingon-sitevisitsandrecord-inginformationonsiteetc.
Yes.Assessorshavetoupdatetheirskillsandknowledgeregularly.
Table17:RequirementsforregularmandatoryEPCassessortrainingonassessmentandrecommendationsforcertificationandregistry
4.3 Eligibilityrequirements(pre-qualifications)forEPCassessorcertification
For providing effective recommendations for deep renovation qualified EPC experts should haverelevant educational background or professional qualification. Ideally, they should have undertak-en/implementedacourseofoneormoreofnewbuildingshell/heating/cooling/ventilationtech-nologies,RES, certificationsoftware,etc.asapartof theireducation.Except for fourcountries,allothercountrieshaveeligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification(seefigurebelow).
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Inmostcourtiers,highereducation intechnicaldisciplines,suchasengineering,architectureorsci-encesare required,alongwithprofessionalexperience.However, it isalsopossible to takepart insupplementary training programmes (see section 4.2)when the candidates do not have sufficientcredentialsfromtheireducationorprofessionalqualification.ThefollowingtablebrieflyexplainstheeligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertificationinvariousmemberstates.
AmongQualDeEPCmembers,onlySpaindoesnothaveanyeligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification.
Figure12:EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification
Thefollowingtableshowsinbriefeligibilityrequirements(prequalifications)forEPCassessorcertifi-cationinvariousmemberstates.
EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification
Austria Yes.Professionalsfromthelistedsectors,suchasbuilder,electricalengineering,civilengineering,andarchi-tectureareeligiblytoissueEPCs.(GovernmentofAustria,n.d.).
BelgiumNo.Noprerequisitesarerequired.BasicsecondaryeducationdiplomaorsimilarqualificationsaresufficientfortakingpartintrainingandexaminationfortypeAenergyexpert.ThereappearstobenoprerequisitesfortypeCexpertasnoinformationregardingithasbeenprovided(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-c).
Bulgaria
Yes.AccordingtotheEEAct,theenergyauditorsshouldhave:asecondarytechnicaleducation,highereduca-tionoranadvanceddegreeinthefieldofhighereducation"TechnicalSciences",completedorrecognizedintheRepublicofBulgaria,orasecondarytechnicaleducation,highereducationoranadvanceddegreeinequivalenthighereducationinanothermemberstatetheEuropeanUnion,orinanothercountrypartytotheAgreementontheEuropeanEconomicArea,ortheSwissConfederation;haveacquiredaninternshipinthespecialtyaftercompletionofeducation-notlessthan6yearsforpersonswithsecondarytechnicaleducation,notlessthanthreeyearsforpersonswithabachelor'sdegreeandnotlessthantwoyearsforthosewithamaster'sdegreeandascientificdegree.
Croatia Yes.Undergraduationorgraduationinprofessionaldisciplines,suchasarchitectureorengineeringisrequired(MinistryofConstructionandPhysicalPlanning,n.d.).
Cyprus Yes.Previousexperienceintheareaofbuildingorenergyorbuilding'stechnicalsystemsandmembershipof
Eligibility requirements (pre qualifications) for EPC assessor certification
Eligibility requirements for EPC assessor certification
No eligibility requirements for EPC assessor certification
QualDeEPC partner countries
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EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification
registrationattheCyprusScientificandTechnicalChamberinthefieldofArchitectureorEngineeringfields,suchasmechanical,electrical,environmentalarerequiredtobeaQualifiedExpertforenergyperformancecertification(MinistryofEnergy,CommerceandIndustry,n.d.).
CzechRe-public
Yes.Higher,secondaryortertiaryprofessionaleducationinthecertainfieldsengineeringsuchaselectrical,powerengineering,orenergy,orconstructionareprerequisitesforqualifyingas"EnergySpecialist"beforetakingthemandatoryexamination(EnergyManagementAct,2001).
Denmark Yes.Relevanttechnicaleducationatminimumlevel4orhigherofminimum3yearsdurationisaprerequisitefortakingtheenergyconsultantexamination(Orderonenergylabelingofbuildings,n.d.).
Estonia Yes.MandatoryEPCassessortrainingisofferedforprofessionalswithaUniversitydegreeintechnology(TailinUniversityofTechnology,n.d.).
Finland Yes.TechnicalqualificationorequivalentprofessionalexperiencethatisrequiredforperformingbuildingperformancecalculationsandissuingEPCsisrequired(ActonBuildingEnergyCertification,2013).
France
Yes.Postsecondarydiplomainthefieldofbuildingtechnologyorequivalentprofessionalexperience(DecreeofDecember13,2011amendingthedecreeofOctober16,2006asamendeddefiningthecriteriaforcertifi-cationoftheskillsofnaturalpersonscarryingouttheenergyperformancediagnosisandthecriteriaforac-creditationofcertificationbodies,2018).
Germany Yes.UniversitydegreeinrelevanttechnicalfieldsorGermanprofessionaleducationentitlingtoownacom-panyintherelevantfieldsofbuildingworks,pluseitheramandatorytrainingorotherrelevantqualification.
GreeceYes.Universitydegreeinengineeringorarchitectureisrequiredordiplomaofengineeringoftechnologicalinstitutes.Assessorsareclassifiedindifferentcategories,dependingontheirqualificationsandprovenexpe-rienceinenergyaudits.
Hungary Yes.Onlyprofessionalswithrelevantexpertbackground,aslistedbyprofessionintheregulation,canqualifyasEPCassessors.
IrelandYes.DomesticAssessorsrequireaNFQLevel6AdvancedCertificate/HigherCertificateinconstructionstudies(orsimilar)orarecognizedequivalent.Inaddition,membershipofoneofthespecifiedprofessionalbodiesatthespecifiedgradeisapre-qualification(SEAI,n.d.-b).
Italy Yes.Professionaleducationandregistrationinthefields,suchasengineeringandarchitecturearerequired(Monetaetal.,2015).
Latvia
Yes.Firstorsecondlevelhigherprofessionaloracademiceducationintherelevanteducationprogramthatprovidesknowledgeinthefollowingsubjects-thermalengineeringofbuildingenvelopes,buildingengineer-ingsystems(heating,cooling,ventilation,airconditioning,watersupply,lighting),buildingclimatologyandindoorclimateevaluationandcalculationmethodsarerequired.
Lithuania Yes.EPCassessorsshouldhaveanengineeringdiploma,3yearsofexperienceinconstruction,andpracticalexperienceofcertificationofatleast3buildings(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg Yes.Atleast3yearsuniversityeducationinarchitectureorengineering,orequivalentfieldisrequired(Reding&Flies,2014).
Malta Yes.Onlyprofessionalsfromthedisciplinesarchitecture,civil/structuralengineering,mechanicalorelectricalengineeringareallowedtobecomeEPCassessors(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Netherlands No.OnlymandatorycertificationofBRL9500-01,-02,-03,-04,-06arerequiredforresidentialandnon-residentialbuildings(RVO,n.d.-a,n.d.-b)..
Poland
Yes.AccordingtotheActonEnergyPerformanceofBuildings,onlyaqualifiedexpertmayissueanEPC.Apersonwhoisqualifiedexperthascompleted:higherstudiescompletedbyobtainingthetitleofprofessionalengineer,architectengineer,landscapearchitectengineer,fireengineer,masterarchitectengineer,masterengineerlandscapearchitect,masterfireengineerormasterengineer;orhigherstudiesotherthanthosementionedaboveandpostgraduatestudies,theprogramofwhichtakesintoaccountissuesrelatedtotheenergyperformanceofbuildings,performingenergyauditsofbuildings,energy-savingconstructionandre-newableenergysources;orhasbuildingqualifications.
Portugal Yes.Professionalsfromthefieldsofarchitectureorengineering,withspecificqualificationsandminimumexperienceof5yearsarerequired(ADENE,n.d.-b,n.d.-c).
Romania
Yes.Inordertobecertified,thecandidatesshouldbeengineers(graduatesincivilorpowerengineering);orarchitects,withatleastthreeyearsofprofessionalexperienceforthecertificationofapartmentsandapart-mentbuildings,andatleastfiveyearsofprofessionalexperienceforthecertificationandenergyauditsofalltypesofbuildings(Teneaetal.,2015).
SlovakiaYes.Itisnecessarytohaveaprofessionalcompetenceregardingenergyconsumptioninbuildings(Implement-ingActno.555/2005Coll.ontheenergyperformanceofbuildingsandonamendmentstocertainacts,asamended,2012).
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EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification
SloveniaYes.ForaccreditationasEPCassessoritisnecessarytohave3-yearuniversitywithtechnicalstudiesinmajorplus2yearsofexperiencewithenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyinbuildings.Additionally,aone-weektrainingwithawrittenandoralexamisneeded(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Spain No.
Sweden
Yes.DetailedknowledgerequirementsarelistedinregulationCEX.Alsoneeded:relevanttechnicaleducation(2yearsatuniversitywithinenergyuseinbuildings,buildingservicesorbuildingphysics)anddocumentedexperienceofpracticalwork(atleast5yearswithinthebuildingsector,ofwhich2yearsshouldberelatedtoenergyuseandindoorclimateinthecorrespondingcategoryofbuildings).Comment:Thelatermaycauseaproblemsincewenowhaveagenerationshiftinthefield,withmanyofthecertifiedenergyexpertsretiring.
UK Yes.Theamountofmandatorytrainingonassessmentandcertificationdependsonthepreviousexperienceinthefieldofconstructionandenergy(GOV.UK,n.d.-c,n.d.-b).
Table18:EligibilityrequirementsforEPCassessorcertification
4.4 UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation
Insomememberstates,EPCassessorsshouldundergoaperiodicverification,bymeansofanexami-nation,forbeingaccreditedandincludedintheregistry(seefigurebelow).ThisistoensurethatEPCassessorskeepabreastoflatesttechnologies,andupdatesofrelevantlegislationandregulation;andbuilding upon on the training. Although in most countries only continuing education and furthertrainingisrequiredasameansforbeingcertifiedandregistered,fewcountriesalsorequireanexam-ination.
AmongQualDeEPCpartnercountries,aperiodicverification,bymeansofanexaminationismanda-toryonlyinSweden.
Figure13:UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation
Updating EPC assessor accreditation
Periodic verification, by means of an examination is mandatory
Periodic verification, by means of an examination is not required
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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ThefollowingtablebrieflyexplainstherequirementsforupdatingEPCassessoraccreditationinvari-ousmemberstates.
Periodicverificationbymeansofanexaminationismandatory
Austria No.Professionalsfromthelistedsectors,suchasbuilder,electricalengineering,civilengineering,andarchi-tectureareeligibletoissueEPCs.Separateverificationisnotrequired(GovernmentofAustria,n.d.).
Belgium No.TypeAexpertsshouldtakepartcompulsoryannualtrainingforstipulatednumberofhoursandcontexttoretaincertification(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-c).
Bulgaria No.
Croatia No.(MinistryofConstructionandPhysicalPlanning,n.d.).
Cyprus No.Itdoesnotappeartobethecasefromtheavailableinformation(MinistryofConstructionandPhysicalPlanning,n.d.).
CzechRe-public
Yes.ContinuouseducationisprovidedbytheStateEnergyInspectoratetodeepenandupdatesexpertiseinthefieldofenergymanagementandusetoensuretheoperationofbuildings,energysavings,energyperfor-manceofbuildingsandenergymanagement,etc.Creditsareawardedforsucheducationprogrammes(Ener-gyManagementAct,2001).Assessorshavetoundergofurthereducationandpassanexamination(Svobodaetal.,2015).
Denmark Yes.Allenergyconsultantsmustpassarefreshercoursenolaterthanevery3years(Orderonenergylabelingofbuildings,n.d.).
Estonia No.Notingfromtheavailableliteratureortherelevantregulationmentionsso.
FinlandNo.Thecertificateisvalidforsevenyears.TorenewthequalificationafterthattheEPCassessorshouldmain-taintheirprofessionalskillsbyissuingcertificates,undertakingtrainingetc.(ActonBuildingEnergyCertifica-tion,2013).
France
Yes.Thecertificateisreneweduponsatisfactoryclearanceofadocumentaryexamandapracticalexam(De-creeofDecember13,2011amendingthedecreeofOctober16,2006asamendeddefiningthecriteriaforcertificationoftheskillsofnaturalpersonscarryingouttheenergyperformancediagnosisandthecriteriaforaccreditationofcertificationbodies,2018).
Germany No.Proofofexpertisethroughreferencesinthefieldofenergy-efficientconstructionandrenovationorpar-ticipationinfurthereducation,similartotheevidencesupportingtherenewaloftheentryintheEEElist.
Greece No.EPCassessorsarecertifiedonlyonce.
Hungary No.Notrequired.
Ireland
No.Renewalofregistrationsissubjecttopaymentoffees,in-dateinsurancepolicies,andmaybesubjecttoadditionaleducationaloradministrativerequirements(SEAI,n.d.).However,aBER/DEC-Assessorisre-quired/expectedfromtimetotimetoupdate,athis/herowncost,theirskillsand/orresourcestomeetthestandardsrequiredonanon-goingbasisbySEAI;thismaybesubjecttoverificationbySEAIoritsappointedagentsorcontractorsinordertoapproverenewalofregistrations(SEAI,2018).
Italy Yes.Althoughvariesregionally.
Latvia No.EPCassessorsarecertifiedonlyonceandthencanissueEPCsfortherestoftheirlife.
Lithuania Yes.EPCassessormustundertakeanadditional20hoursoftrainingandpassanexaminationevery5years(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg No.Notrequired.
Malta No.Itisunclearfromthelegislationortheavailableinformationifsuchtrainingisnecessary.Thereappearstobenosuchperiodictrainingprogramme.
Netherlands Informationnotfound(vanEck,2015)
Poland No.Thereappearstobenosuchrequirements(Kasperkiewiczetal.,2015).
Portugal No.Thereappearstobenosuchrequirements(Fragoso&Mateus,2015).
Romania No.Thereappearstobenosuchrequirements(Teneaetal.,2015).
Slovakia No.Thereappearstobenosuchrequirements(Sternovaetal.,2015).
Slovenia No.ThelicenseforEPCassessorsisvalidforunlimitedtime(DecreeonthepromulgationoftheEnergyAct(EC-1),2017).
Spain No.
Sweden Yes.Thecertificateisvalidfor5years.Afterthatitneedstoberenewedwithanewtheoreticaltest.Thetest
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Periodicverificationbymeansofanexaminationismandatory
forrecertificationisalesscomprehensivethanthefirstcertificationtest.Also,theEPCassessorneedstoreportnumberofperformedassignmentsandanyupdatingofskillsandsendinassessedEPCstothenationalcertificationbodyonceayear.
UK No.Therearenosuchrequirements(GOV.UK,n.d.-c,n.d.-b).
Table19:UpdatingEPCassessoraccreditation
4.5 Regular events andworkshops on innovative solutions for deep renova-tion
Organisationby thenationalEPCbodyorothers, suchasprofessional chambers,of regulareventsandworkshopsforpresenting innovativesolutionsfordeeprenovationand implementingmore in-telligentandadvancedenergymeasures.
IncountrieswherecontinuingprofessionaleducationthroughmandatorytrainingforbeingcertifiedasanEPCassessor,suchasBelgium,France,Irelandtheintentbehindthecoursesistoprovidead-vancement in technologies including deep renovation technologies, besides updating about thechangesinregulationsandEPCassessmentroutines.InPoland,since2000theAssociationofEnergyAuditors organize the conference "Forum Termomodernizacja" where various topics related withenergyefficiency,renovation,technologiesarepresented(AssociationofEnergyAuditors,n.d.).Fewcountries have explicitly mentioned that these trainings focus on renovation recommendations,however,thecontentofthesetrainingandtheirlinktodeeprenovation,includinginnovationssolu-tionscannotbeeasilyaccessible.Inaddition,inmostcountriessuchworkshopsondeeprenovationareorganizedasapartofvariouspubliclyfundeddeeprenovationprojects,howevertheyarespo-radic.Oneexampleofaregularprogramfordeeprenovation is ‘BedreBolig’schemebytheDanishEnergyAgency.‘BedreBolig’isatrainingcoursethathasbeensetupwiththeaimoftrainingadviserstooffercomprehensive,professionaladviceonenergyrenovationofhomes(CentreforEnergyEffi-ciency,2017).
AmongQualDeEPCpartnercountries,opportunitiesforsuchrenovationworkshopsareavailableonlyinLatvia.
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5 INDEPENDENTCONTROLSYSTEMSFOREPCSINEUMEMBERSTATES
Article18oftheEPBDrequiresmemberstatestoinstallindependentcontrolsystemsforenergyper-formancecertificatestomonitortheirqualityandcompliancewithlegalrequirements.AsperAnnexIIoftheEPBD,“thecompetentauthoritiesorbodiestowhichthecompetentauthoritieshavedele-gatedtheresponsibilityfor implementingtheindependentcontrolsystemshallmakearandomse-lectionof all theenergyperformance certificates issuedannually and subject them to verification.Thesampleshallbeofasufficientsizetoensurestatisticallysignificantcomplianceresults.Theveri-ficationshallbebasedontheoptionsindicatedbeloworonequivalentmeasures:
a| Validitycheckoftheinputdataofthebuildingusedtoissuetheenergyperformancecertifi-cateandtheresultsstatedinthecertificate;
b| Checkoftheinputdataandverificationoftheresultsoftheenergyperformancecertificate,includingtherecommendationsmade;
c| Fullcheckoftheinputdataofthebuildingusedtoissuetheenergyperformancecertificate,fullverificationoftheresultsstatedinthecertificate,includingtherecommendationsmade,andon-sitevisitofthebuilding,ifpossible,tocheckcorrespondencebetweenspecificationsgivenintheenergyperformancecertificateandthebuildingcertified.”
However,thesamplesizeofEPCsforcontrol,thelevelandcontentoftheinputdataappearstodif-ferbetweenmemberstates.Thissectionanalysesdifferentaspectsofindependentcontrolinvariousmemberstates.
5.1 Usingcommonqualitycriteriaforindependentcontrol
IndependentcontrolofthequalityofEPCsandEPCassessorsisbasedonqualitycriteria.Theconver-genceofthesecriteriabetweenEUMSenhancesqualityofEPCsacrossmemberSates.Mostmemberstates have established a nodal authority with well-defined responsibilities for quality control ofEPCs. The independent control authorities areoften theMinistries concernedwith EPCs, technicalinspectorates,andenergyagenciesandinafewcases,accreditedthirdparties.
WhentheEPCregister/softwareconsistsofautomaticvalidationoftheinputdata,inputparametersofalmostallEPCsarescreenedforqualitycheck.Intheabsenceofautomaticvalidation,deskcheckofinputparametersisconducted.WhilemostcountriescheckinputdataofbuildingparametersandEPCassessorcredentials,the levelandcontentvariesamongvariousmemberstates.Thefollowingtableincludesinformationonthenodalauthorityandqualitycontrolprocedureinvariousmemberstates.
Usingcommonqualitycriteriaforindependentcontrol
AustriaControlisorganisedatthelevelofprovinces.Forexample,intheZEUS-regionsBurgenland,Kärnten,SalzburgundSteiermarktheEPCswillbecontrolledbyindependentinspectionbodieslikeEnergyAgencies.Therou-tinesforcontrolintheregionsaredifferent(ZEUS,n.d.).
Belgium IntheFlemishregion,theFlemishEnergyAgencyexecutesqualitycheckofEPCs(DeMeulenaer&Triest,2018).IntheBrusselscapitalregion,aprivatebodyhasbeenhiredforthepurpose.
Bulgaria
TheNationalEPCBody–SustainableEnergyDevelopmentAgencyistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceofEPCs.Thequalitycontrolincludesconductingaverificationofcompliancewiththeregulatoryrequirements(completenessofdocuments,formandmodel)ofthesubmitteddocumentationfromtheener-gyefficiencyauditandbuildingcertification;sendingnotificationletterstocorrectidentifieddeficiencies;
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performinginputcontrolfortheaccuracyofthedataandtheresultsofdocumentationfromenergyefficiencyauditsofindustrialsystemsandenergyefficiencyauditsandcertificationofbuildings;sendingnotificationlettersincaseofidentificationofgapsinthereceiveddocumentationfortheeliminationofthegapsandcorrectionofthedata.
Croatia
TheMinisterofConstructionandPhysicalPlanningistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceofEPCs.Detailedcontrolincludeschecksofthecontentofthereportontheenergyauditofthebuilding,thevalidityandcompletenessoftheinputdata,theaccuracyoftheEPCandthecalculatedandproposedmeasurestoimprovetheenergyperformanceofthebuilding(Škoro,2018).
CyprusTheMinistryofEnergy,CommerceandIndustryistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceonEPCs.Approximatelytenspecificinputparametersarechecked;amongU-values,efficienciesofheatingandcoolingsystems,andwindowsizearespecificallychecked(Hadjinicolaou,2016).
CzechRe-public
TheStateEnergyInspectorateistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceofEPCs.VerificationincludeswhethertheEPCswereprocessedobjectively,truthfullyandcompletely,aspertherequirementsoftheEner-gyManagementAct(Svoboda,2016).
Denmark TheDanishEnergyAgencyistheimplementingauthorityonqualityassuranceforEPCs(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Estonia
TheEstonianTechnicalRegulatoryAuthorityistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceonEPCs.Checksincludetheproceduralformalities,suchasuseofcorrectforms,inputdataetc.Fornewbuildings,thefulfil-mentofminimumenergyperformancerequirementsarecheckedthroughtheEPCbeforethepermitisissued(Kuusketal.,2016).
FinlandTheHousingFinanceandDevelopmentCenteristheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceonEPCs.Anumberofenergycertificatesissuedeachyearareaudited,withafocusonthecorrectnessofthecertificate'ssourcedata,energyquantities,andrecommendationsforsavings(ActonBuildingEnergyCertification,2013).
FranceInFrance,thefocusofcontrolliesonEPCassessors.NewEPCassessorsarechecked4timesduringthefirstyear,and4moretimesinthefollowing4years.In2013thisledtoacheckofabout11,600EPCs(Rogeretal.,2015).
GermanyTheDeutschesInstitutfürBautechnik(DIBt)carriesoutrandomelectronic1stlevelcontrols.2ndand3rdlevel(moredetailed)controlsareunderthesovereigntyoftheFederalStates.Theseprobablyhavedifferentquali-tycriteria.
Greece
AutomaticvaliditycheckisperformedforallEPCsuploadedonthewebplatformandoperatedbyCRES,On-deskchecksofdataentryarealsoperformedforarandomlyselectedsample,bythecompetentMinistry’sassignedstaff.Checkson-siteareperformedbytheMinistry’sassignedstaffwheneverrequired(e.g.depend-ingontheresultsofon-deskchecksorincaseofcomplaints).On-deskchecksofallEPCsissuedforthepur-posesofnationalsubsidyprogrammesareperformed.
HungaryThereisnoparticularbodydesignatedtoqualitycontrol.Theexpertsofthetwochamberscanperformcon-trollingactivities,buttheyareseparatelyassignedandsubcontractedforthispurpose,theyarenotemploy-eesoftheChambers.
Ireland
SEAImonitorsthetechnicalperformanceandprofessionalconductofBER/DECassessorsandBER/CEDas-sessmentsviaaudits.Checksincludecomprehensiveinputdata,suchasbuildingdrawingsanddocumenta-tion,datafromsitevisitandsurveyforms,andoutputdata,suchasprovisionalandfinalBER/DECsandadvi-soryreport(renovationrecommendations).Furthermore,theauditprocessistailoredtominimize(common)errorsinfuturebyprovidingasystematicanddirectfeedbacktoBER/DECassessors(SEAI,2016).
Italy
TheresponsibilityforqualityassuranceoftheEPCslieswiththeregions.Thenationallegislationrequires2%ofallEPCstobeannuallycheckedstartingfrombestclassEPC.ChecksareasperEPBDoptionc),point1ofAnnexII“fullverificationoftheresultsstatedinthecertificate,includingtherecommendationsmade,andon-sitevisitofthebuilding(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Latvia Thereisaprovisionforindependentcontrol.
Lithuania
AllEPCsinthedatabasearecheckedautomaticallyandtheoutliersareselectedfordeskaudit,primarilyforincorrectand/orincompletedata,softwareversion,certificatevalidationandthecompletionofanyaddition-altrainingneededbyqualifiedexperts.Adetailedauditisalsoperformedfollowingclientcomplaints(Encius&Baranauskas,2018).
Luxembourg
AnannualseriesofcontrolsofissuedEPCsiscarriedoutbytheMinistryoftheEconomyorganisestoverifytheircompliancewiththelegalrequirements.ThefirstlevelconsistsinanautomaticplausibilitycheckofthecalculatedvaluesbytheEPCsoftware,andthesecondlevelincludesdeeperanalysisoftheEPCcontainingnonplausibleelements(Redingetal.,2015).
MaltaTheMaltaCompetitionandConsumerAffairsAuthority(MCCAA)istheresponsibleauthorityforqualityas-suranceonEPCs.TheverificationsystemdevisedbytheBROandMCCAAconsistsofanumberofchecksonastatisticallysignificantsampleofcertificatesincludingtheinputdata,results,anrecommendations(Degiorgio
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&Barbara,2018).
Netherlands
SinceJanuary2015,theDutchEnvironmentandTransportInspectorate(IL&T)isresponsibleforthequalityassuranceofEPCs.Forthepurposeofqualityassurance,theIL&ThasaccesstotheRVOdatabasethatcom-prisestheupdatedentries,evidenceandexpertassessments.Inaddition,theRVOalsocheckswhetherener-gyassessorscomplywiththeproceduralrequirements,suchaspricingpolicyandindemnity(vanEck,2015).
Poland
AnindependentbodyexistsandthefollowingfactorsarecheckedduringEPCcontrol:calculationresults,efficiencyoftechnicalbuildingsystemsandU-valuescomparedwithrequirementsconcerningthermalinsula-tionofthebuildingenvelopecomponents,energydemandindicators,energyconsumptionandcategoriesofcost-effectiverecommendations,correctnessofdescription,etc.(Bekierskietal.,2018).
Portugal
Therearethreestepsofchecking:automaticinputvalidation,simplequalitychecks,anddetailedqualitychecks.Qualitycheckincludesafulldatareviewofcalculationsandabuildingaudittocheckthecompliancewiththerequirementsandmethodologies,basedonsupportingdocumentationpreparedandusedbytheexpert(e.g.,projects,drawings,reports,photos,etc.)andidentificationofeventualdifferencesandmistakesthatoccurredandpossiblyasitevisit(Fragoso&Mateus,2015).
Romania
TheStateConstructionInspectorateisresponsibleforthequalityassuranceofEPCs.Checksincludeenergyauditorcertificationrequirements(specifichighereducation,areaofexpertise),signaturesandstampsontheEPCsandenergyauditreportsforbuilding,ifrequired;thecompletenessandaccuracyofinformationpre-sentedintheEPCsandenergyauditreports.(Teneaetal.,2015).
Slovakia Since2014,theStateEnergyInspection,aspartoftheSlovakTradeInspection,isresponsibleforthequalityassuranceofEPCs(Sternovaetal.,2015).
Slovenia TheMinistryofInfrastructureistheresponsibleauthorityforqualityassuranceofEPCs.Checksincludethevalidityoftheinputdata,resultsandrecommendations(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Spain ThequalitycontrolismanagedbyRegionalGovernments.Twostepsofcontrol:automaticinputvalidationandqualitychecks.
Sweden Boverket,theNationalBoardofHousing,BuildingandPlanning,makesyearlycheckof1%ofEPCs.Further-more,individualscangivecomplaintstoBoverketortothecertificationbodies.
UK
SchemeOperatingRequirements(SORs),whichensuresacommonsetofminimumqualitystandardsforallaccreditationschemes,coverthequalityassuranceforEPCs.Thsincludesseveralproceduralaspectspertain-ingtotheassessors,suchastheirstatusofcertification,qualification,indemnityetc.aswellaschecksspecifictoEPCassessmentandrenovationrecommendations.Inaddition,theGovernmentalsocarriesoutqualityassuranceaudits(Delorme&Cousens,2015).
Table20:Usingcommonqualitycriteriaforindependentcontrol
5.2 Achievingsufficientsamplesizeforindependentqualitycontrol
AchievingasufficientsamplenumberofbuildingsandtheirEPCsandtheirassessorsforperformingverificationandquality controlofEPCs is requiredasperAnnex IIof theEPBD (alsocf.DGEnergyguidanceon sample sizes).However, the sample size significantly varies between variousmemberstatesandalsobetweenregions inacountry.Thefollowingtablebrieflyshowsthe informationonhowthequalitycontrolisimplementedinEUmemberstates.
Sufficientsamplesizeforverificationandqualitycontrol
Austria In2013,11,039EPCswerechecked(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2018).
Belgium InBrusselsCapitalRegion156EPCswerecheckedin2013,236in2014(Govaertetal.,2016).IntheWalloonRegionabout50%ofEPCshavebeenselectedbythewebapplicationforcontrolin2014(Fourezetal.,2015).
BulgariaTheControlandMonitoringDepartmentofSEDApublishesyearlyreportsofthecontrolactivities.Accordingtothepublishedreportsfor2018itisperformedcheckof65%(or1061documents)ofthereceivedenergyaudits.11visitstocontrolatplaceforimplementationoftheenergyrecommendationshavebeenperformed.
CroatiaSofar,324outofabout150,000EPCsintotalwerecheckedindetail,50ofwhichweredeclaredinvalid.ThefutureplansistostrengthentheexistingqualityassessmentschemeandincreasethenumberofEPCstobecontrolled,whichcurrentlystandsat0.3%ofissuedEPCs(Škoro,2018).
Cyprus Intheperiod2010to2013,10%ofEPCshavebeencheckedbydeskaudit,21%ofEPCsbyon-sitecheck(Hadjinicolaou,2015).
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Sufficientsamplesizeforverificationandqualitycontrol
CzechRe-public
In2016,theStateEnergyInspectoratecontrolled20%ofenergyspecialists.Thesecontrolscovered1,305EPCstoverifywhethertheywereprocessedobjectively,truthfullyandcompletely,asperrequirementsoftheEnergyManagementAct(Svoboda,2016).
Denmark AnelectronicanalysisiscarriedoutforallEPCs.Atechnicalrevisionmustbecarriedoutfor0.25%ofallEPCs(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Estonia Thesizeofthesamplerisesfromyeartoyear(Kuusketal.,2016).
Finland In2013,120EPCs(about2%)havebeenchecked(Haakanaetal.,2015).
FranceInFrance,thefocusofcontrolliesonEPCassessors.NewEPCassessorsarechecked4timesduringthefirstyear,and4moretimesinthefollowing4years.In2013thisledtoacheckofabout11,600EPCs(Rogeretal.,2015).
Germany TheEnEVrequiresthattherandomsamplesmusteachcoverastatisticallysignificantpercentageofallnewlyissuedenergycertificatesinacalendaryear.
GreeceOnEPCregistrationplatform,allEPCsarecheckedautomatically.Inaddition,lawrequireson-deskcheckofarandomlyselectedsampleof5%.AllEPCsissuedforobtainingrenovationgrantsorfinancearecheckedtoo.Uptotheendof2018,approx.a2.5%ofallEPCsissuedhasbeenfurthercheckedon-deskoron-site.
Hungary 2.5%ofEPCsarechecked,ofwhich0.5%(i.e.20%ofthetotalsamplesize)shouldhavetotalinspectionwithon-sitevisit.
IrelandEveryBERassessorcanexpecttoreceiveatleastonedatareviewperyear,atleastonedeskreviewordocu-mentationandpracticeauditperyear,andadditionalauditingonafrequencyreflectingthenumbersofBERpublished,riskprofiling,complaintsorotherindicators(SEAI,2016).
Italy Thenationallegislationrequires2%ofallEPCstobeannuallycheckedstartingfrombestclassEPC(Costanzoetal.,2018).
LatviaInformationnotfoundregardingEPCs.EachEPCassessorhastobecontrolledbytheEPCassessorcertifyingorganizationatleastonceina5-yearperiod.ActualassessmentofEPCshasstartedinLatviafromendof2019.
Lithuania AllEPCsareautomaticallycheckedbysoftware.About0.5%ofallissuedEPCsarecontrolledviaadetailedaudit(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg In2013,43EPCshavebeenchecked(Redingetal.,2015).
Malta
Yes.ToensureahighqualityofEPCsandtoachievealevelofindependenceintheauditingprocess,theInde-pendentControlSystemhasbeenentrustedtotheMaltaCompetitionandConsumerAffairsAuthority(MCCAA).TheverificationsystemdevisedbytheBROandMCCAAconsistsofanumberofchecksonastatisti-callysignificantsampleofcertificates(Degiorgio&Barbara,2018).
Netherlands In2014,1,429EPCswerecheckedby4certificationinstitutes(vanEck,2015).
Poland EPCsarequalitycontrolledexofficioorbyrequest.Sofar,lessthan10EPCshavebeencontrolleduponarequest.ThenumberofEPCscontrolledexofficiointheperiod2015-2016is180(Bekierskietal.,2018).
Portugal About5to6%ofEPCsreceiveasimplequalitycheck,about0.5%ofEPCsareverifiedbyadetailedqualitycheck(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2015).
Romania 10%ofissuedEPChavetobecheckedforcomplianceeachyear(Teneaetal.,2018).
Slovakia In2013,103EPCs(0.035%)havebeenchecked(Sternovaetal.,2015).
Slovenia AstatisticallysignificantproportionofannualissuedEPCs,seton31Marcheachyear,willbechecked(DecreeonthepromulgationoftheEnergyAct(EC-1),2017).
Spain
Thesituationisthat100%ofEPCsareautomaticcontrolled,thankstocomputermechanism.Additionally,adocumentcontroliscarriedoutonnearly50%oftheEPCs,thenumberofdocumentcontrolwas1.392.880in2017.Alsospecificinspectionthatreach0.5%ofEPCsandadeepinspectionwithvisittothebuildingwith0.05oftheEPCsin2017.Theverificationofcompetenttechniciansasof2017covered27029assessors.
Sweden Boverket,theNationalBoardofHousing,BuildingandPlanning,makesyearlycheckof1%ofEPCs.
UK RegardingpublicbuildingsinEngland,therandomsizeshouldbeatleast2%(Delorme&Cousens,2016).
Table21:Sufficientsamplesizeforverificationandqualitycontrol
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5.3 QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors
Inmostcountriescontrol isbasedonthesampleofEPCs, i.e.,statisticallysignificantpercentageofEPCsisverified.However,fewcountriessuchasFranceandCzechRepublic,controlisbasedonEPCassessors,i.e.,statisticallysignificantpercentageofEPCassessors/allEPCassessorsareverified,peri-odically.Eitherway,practically, in themajorityof thememberstates,bothEPCsandassessorsarecontrolled(seefigurebelow).QualitychecksonEPCsincludeaccuracyoftheinputdataandresults,calculation methodology used. Quality checks on assessors include their accreditation, history oferrors, and quality of recommendations. However, the basis of quality checks might vary acrossmemberstates.
Figure14:QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors
ThefollowingtablebrieflyexplainstheproceduresfollowedforqualitycontrolofEPCsandassessorsinvariousmemberstates.
QualitycontrolofEPCs Qualitycontrolofassessors
Austria
Yes.Forexample,intheZEUS-regionsBurgenland,Kärnten,Salz-burgundSteiermarktheEPCswillbecontrolledbyindependentinspectionbodieslikeEnergyAgencies.Theroutinesforcontrolintheregionsaredifferent(ZEUS,n.d.).
No.TherearenospecificcheckstargetedatEPCassessors.
Belgium Yes.Flanders:TheEnergyAgencyrandomlychecksthecorrectnessofEPCs.
Yes.Flanders:TheEnergyAgencyrandom-lychecksthequalificationsandservicesprovidedbyEPCassessors(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-a).
Bulgaria Yes. Yes.
Croatia Yes.Detailedcontrolincludeschecksofthecontentofthereportontheenergyauditofthebuilding,thevalidityandcompleteness
Yes.AssessorsareobligatedtorectifythemistakesfoundinEPCsduringquality
Quality control of EPCs and assessors
Quality control of both EPCs and assessors
Quality control of EPCs
QualDeEPC partner countries
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QualitycontrolofEPCs Qualitycontrolofassessors
oftheinputdata,theaccuracyoftheEPCandthecalculatedandproposedmeasurestoimprovetheenergyperformanceofthebuilding(Škoro,2018).
check.IfanumberofEPCsfromaparticu-larassessorarefoundtobeincorrect,theiraccreditationmayberevoked(Marđetko-Škoro,2015).
Cyprus Yes.DeskauditfromthedataretrievedfromtheEPCdatabaseandon-sitevisitsareperformed.
Yes.EPCassessorsareauditedattheirpremises(Hadjinicolaou,2015).
CzechRe-public
Yes.In2016,theStateEnergyInspectioncontrolled20%ofenergyspecialists.Thesecontrolscovered1,305EPCstoverifywhethertheywereprocessedobjectively,truthfullyandcompletely,astheEnergyManagementActrequires(Svoboda,2016).
Yes.SeeColumn1.
DenmarkYes.TheDanishEnergyAgencycarriesoutqualityassurancesofEPCsonaregularbasisandinthecaseofacomplaint(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Yes.Certifiedcompaniesincurstagedsanctions(threelevels)fromnotificationforrectificationoferrors,warning,andsuspensionofcertificationdependingonthenatureandfrequencyoferrors(Thom-senetal.,2015).
Estonia Yes.In20130.6%ofEPCshavebeenqualitychecked(Arcipowskaetal.,2014). No.
Finland
Yes.Itisregulatedbylaw,thattheHousingFinanceandDevelop-mentCentershallauditanumberofenergycertificatesissuedeachyear,withafocusonthecorrectnessofthecertificate'ssourcedata,energyquantities,andrecommendationsforsavings.
Yes.Criminalliabilityprovisionsshallapplytoacertifyingstaffmemberintheperfor-manceofhisorherduties(ActonBuildingEnergyCertification,2013).
FranceYes.ThecertificationbodyhastocheckatleastoneEPCwithanon-siteinspectionforeachcertificationcycle(5years)ofallex-perts(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Yes.EPCassessorsarechecked4timesduringthefirstyear,and4moretimesinthefollowing4years.Thereafter,expertsarechecked4timesevery5years(Rogeretal.,2015).
Germany Yes.TheinspectionbodyhastorandomlycheckEPCs. No.
Greece Yes.On-deskcontrolofthedataretrievedfromtheEPCdatabaseandon-sitevisitsareperformed
Yes.Penaltiesforassessorsarealsosetandvarydependingonthetypeofmis-takesornegligence
Hungary Yes. No.
Ireland Yes.QualitycontrolofEPCassessmentsiscarriedout.
Yes.SEAIhasputinplaceaqualityassur-ancesystemforBERassessors,andare-lateddisciplinaryprocedurepursuanttoitspowers(SEAI,2016).
Italy Yes.Thenationallegislationrequires2%ofallEPCstobeannuallycheckedstartingfrombestclassEPC.
Yes.Thetoleranceoferrorsandpenaltydependsonthetypeandrepetitionrate(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Latvia Yes. Yes.
Lithuania
Yes.ArandomsamplingofEPCsischeckedregardinginputdataandresults.Detailedchecksarecarriedoutwhenresultsareoutofrange.On-sitevisitsarecarriedoutforalimitednumberofEPCs.
Yes.Possiblesanctionsincludewarning,suspensionandcancellationofthecertifi-cation(Meškauskienėetal.,2015)..
Luxembourg Yes.TheMinistryofEconomycontrolsEPCsinordertoverifytheircompliancewithlegalregulations.
Yes.Penaltiesintheformofatime-limitedsuspensioncanbeimposed(Redingetal.,2018).
Malta
Yes.ToensureahighqualityofEPCsandtoachievealevelofindependenceintheauditingprocess,theIndependentControlSystemhasbeenentrustedtotheMaltaCompetitionandCon-sumerAffairsAuthority(MCCAA).TheverificationsystemdevisedbytheBROandMCCAAconsistsofanumberofchecksonastatis-ticallysignificantsampleofcertificates(Degiorgio&Barbara,2018).
No.Article22oftheEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018appearstosuggestthatonlyEPCsareregulatedandEPCassessorsareonlyobligedtorectifyfaultyEPCs(EnergyPerformanceofBuild-ingsRegulations,2018).
NetherlandsYes.QualifiedexpertsbasethequalitycontrolofEPCsonthecheck.ItincludesthecheckofacertainnumberoftheEPCsissuedbyqualifiedassessors.
Yes.ThequalitycontrolofEPCsisbasedonthecheckbyqualifiedexperts.ItincludesthecheckofacertainnumberoftheEPCs
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QualitycontrolofEPCs Qualitycontrolofassessors
issuedbyqualifiedassessors(vanEck,2015).
Poland Yes.AnindependentcontrolsystemofEPCstookplacebetween2013and2014.
No.Thenumberoflicensedpersonsissu-ingEPCsistoohighforaqualitycontrolprocess(BPIE&KAPE,2017).
Portugal Yes.ShortordetailedassessmentsofEPCscantakeplace(Fragoso&Baptista,2018). Informationnotfound.
Romania Yes.TheISCcontrolmainlyfocusesonthevalidityofEPCasses-sor’squalification(Teneaetal.,2018).
Yes.TheISCcontrolmainlyfocusesondisplayofEPCsinlargeandpublicbuild-ings,compliancewithlegalregulations,andthecompletenessofEPCs(Teneaetal.,2018).
SlovakiaYes.Since2014,theStateEnergyInspection,aspartoftheSlovakTradeInspection,isresponsibleforthequalityassuranceofEPCs(Sternovaetal.,2015).
Informationnotfound.
Slovenia Yes.A2-levelapproachofEPCqualitycontrolisgiven(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Yes.ThequalitycontrolofEPCsalsoin-cludesan"expertsupervision".
SpainYes.AlltheEPCsarecontrolledandgenerateautomaticnoticesabouttheEPCsthatdonotcorrespondwithreasonableaverageparameters.
Yes.Thequalitycontrolofassessorsasof2017coveredtheverificationof27,029technicians.
Sweden Yes. Yes.
UK
Yes.TheaccreditationschemesareresponsibleformonitoringthequalityoftheEPCsbyensuringtheirenergyassessorsarecompe-tentandpossesstheappropriateskillstoconductenergyassess-ments(DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalDevelopment,2017).
Yes.Seecolumn1.
Table22:QualitycontrolofbothEPCsandassessors
5.4 Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments
Performinganautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckduringtheassessmentand/orduringuploadtoEPCdatabase/registryforallEPCs,e.g.,throughanautomaticonlineregistertofillintheEPCcharacteris-ticsandanintegratedtoolcheckingthese,willconsiderablyincreasethequalityofEPCsandreducethenecessitiesfor increasedqualitycontrolmeasuresata laterstage.Someofthememberstates,including QualDeEPC partner countries, Germany, Greece and Sweden, have the infrastructure toperformautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments(seefigurebelow).Thecontentsoftheautomatic check include inputdataofbuildingparameters, resultsof energy consumption, energyclass, EPC assessor credentials, and renovation recommendations. Furthermore, the level of checkalsovaries, forexample, inputdataofbuildingparameters includebuildingtypology,area,thermaltransmittanceproperties,systemefficiencies;andEPCassessorcredentialcheckmightincluderegis-trationnumber, qualifications, and indemnity. However, the level and contentof checks varies indifferentmemberstates.
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Figure15:Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments
Thefollowingtableshows inbrieftheavailabilityofAutomaticvalidity/qualitycheckduringassess-mentand/orduringuploadtoEPCdatabaseforallEPCsinvariousmemberstates.
Automaticvalidity/qualitycheckduringassessmentand/orduringuploadtoEPCdatabaseforallEPCsisavailable
Austria Yes.Insomeregionsautomaticqualitychecksareimplementedinthecalculationsoftware.Insomeregions,theEPCdatabaseisusedforindependentqualitychecks(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Belgium Yes.ForexampleintheWalloonRegionallEPCssubmittedtothedatabaseareautomaticallyscreenedbyacontrolwebapplication(Fourezetal.,2015).
Bulgaria Yes.ItisalreadypartiallyimplementedinBulgaria,butcanbeimproved,forexample,throughadditionaldatabasefunctionality.
Croatia No.
CyprusEPCassessorssubmitEPCsviamailtoMECI-EnergyService,whichisresponsibleforthemaintenanceofregis-triesforEPCsandEPCassessors,andreceiveditbackwithinoneworkingdaywithauniquenumberthatprovesitsvalidity(Hadjinicolaou,2015).
CzechRe-public Informationnotfound.
Denmark Yes.TheEPCdatabasehasanautomaticdatavalidation(Brandetal.,2019).
Estonia Yes.Anautomaticvalidationofthedata(onlyformatofuploadischecked)iscarriedout.ThisisnecessaryfortheissuanceoftheEPC(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Finland Yes.ThedatabaseautomaticallycheckstheinputdataofallEPCs(Haakanaetal.,2015).
France Informationnotfound.
Germany Yes.
Greece Yes.AutomaticvaliditycheckofEPCsdataisperformedonthenationalEPCregistryplatform.
Hungary Informationnotfound(UnclearifYesorNo).
Ireland Informationnotfound.
Italy Yes.However,itisaregionalapproachandmaynotbeavailableinallregions(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Performing automatic validity/quality check of EPC assessments during assessment and/or during upload to EPC database
Automatic validity/quality check of EPC assessments is implemented
Automatic validity/quality check of EPC assessments is not implemented
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Automaticvalidity/qualitycheckduringassessmentand/orduringuploadtoEPCdatabaseforallEPCsisavailable
Latvia Yes.WhenregisteringEPCinadatabaseonlybasicmathischecked(itischeckedifnumbersthatshouldmakeacertainsumdoactuallymakethissumandothersimilarmathematicalchecking).
Lithuania Yes.AnautomaticqualitycheckintheEPCdatabaseisimplemented(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg Yes.TheEPCdatabaseaswellasthenationalsoftwarecurrentlycheckstheplausibilityoftheEPCautomati-cally(Redingetal.,2015).
Malta Informationnotfound.
Netherlands No(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Poland
Yes.ThereisanautomaticcheckofinputdataintheregistrywhenEPCisissuedinthecaseofmissingdata.However,thereisnoautomaticcheckofcorrectnessofdataonEPC.ProposalstoimprovethecentralregisterofEPCsarecurrentlybeingprepared.Followingtheirintroduction,itwillbepossibletocheckthecorrectnessofEPCsmorequicklyandeasily.
Portugal Yes.Thesoftwareautomaticallycheckstheinputdata(Fragoso&Baptista,2018).
Romania Informationnotfound.
Slovakia Yes.Theonlinedatabaseautomaticallycarriesoutqualitycontrols(Davisetal.,2018).
Slovenia Yes.TheelectronicEPCregistryrunsanautomaticcheck(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Spain Yes.AnautomaticqualitycheckintheEPCregistryisimplementedaftertheEPC.Regionalvariationsmayexist.
Sweden Yes.EPCregistryperformsautomaticcheck.
UK Informationnotfound.
Table23:Performingautomaticvalidity/qualitycheckofEPCassessments
5.5 AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccord-ingtoEPBD
ThefollowingfigureshowsthelevelofcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBDAnnexII.ThemajorityofthememberstateshaveClevelcontrols(seeexplanationonthedefinitioninfigure19).
AmongQualDeEPC partner countries, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, andHungary have C* level con-trols,whileavailableinformationsuggestsLatviaandSpainhaveneitherCnorC*levelcontrols.
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Figure16:AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBD
ClevelcontrolaccordingtoEPBD
forthesampleisachieved
C*levelcontrolaccordingtoEPBDforthesample
isachieved
BothCandC*areachieved
Austria Yes.ForexampleinKärnten,thecontrolisbasedonthreestepsasperAnnexIIofEPBD(ZEUS,n.d.). Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn
1.
Belgium
Yes.InFlanders,aClevelcontrolisachieved.TheFlemishEnergyAgencyexecutesaqualitycheckontheworkofanumberofqualifiedexperts,basedonpossibleillogicalinputsofdataaswellasatrandom.
Yes.Sitevisitsarealsoper-formedasapartofqualitycheck(DeMeulenaer&Triest,2018).
Yes
Bulgaria Yes.AllthreeoptionsmentionedinDirective2010/31areappliedinBulgaria. Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn
1.
Croatia
Yes.Thecontrolincludedcontrolofinputdata,accuracyofenergyclasscalculationsandproposedmeasuresforim-provedenergyperformanceofbuildings(Marđetko-Škoro,2015).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Cyprus Yes.DeskauditfromthedataretrievedfromtheEPCdata-baseandon-sitevisitsareperformed(Hadjinicolaou,2015). Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn
1.
CzechRe-public
Levelofcontrolsisnotdefinedintheclearlydefined(EnergyManagementAct,2001). Informationnotfound. Informationnot
found.
DenmarkYes.AnelectronicanalysisiscarriedoutforallEPCs.Atech-nicalrevisionmustbecarriedoutfor0.25%ofallEPCs(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Yes.Thetechnicalrevisionin-cludesare-certificationoftheEPCandcanalsoincludease-condon-sitevisit.
Yes.
Estonia Yes.Thesamplesarefullychecked(Kuusketal.,2016). Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Finland
Yes.TheHousingFinanceandDevelopmentCentreofFinlandchecksthesampleEPCsregardingtheinputdata,theaccura-cyofcalculationsandtheappropriatenessofrecommenda-tions(Haakanaetal.,2015).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
France Yes.ThecertificationbodyhastocheckatleastoneEPCwithanon-siteinspectionforeachcertificationcycle(5years)of Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn
1.
Achieving c or c* level control of EPC assessments for the sample according to EPBD
Both C and C* level control are achieved
C level control is achieved
None of both is achieved
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
C including full check of input data, calculation results, and recommendations; C* with additional check through on−site visit if C level has shown major deviations
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ClevelcontrolaccordingtoEPBD
forthesampleisachieved
C*levelcontrolaccordingtoEPBDforthesample
isachieved
BothCandC*areachieved
allexperts(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).EPCassessorsarechecked4timesduringthefirstyear,and4moretimesinthefollowing4years.Thereafter,expertsarechecked4timesevery5years(Rogeretal.,2015).
Germany
Yes.Thecontrolincludesacheckofinputdata,outputdata,recommendations,andincaseofconsentwiththebuildingowneranon-siteinspection(DeutscheBundesregierung,2014).
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Greece
Yes.Thereare3levelsofcontrol.1stvaliditycheckofEPCinputdataperformedontheEPCplatform.2ndlevelofcon-trolisperformedon-deskforrandomsample.3rdlevelifcontrolisperformedon-site,dependingonresultsoftheon-deskcontrol.
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Hungary Yes. Yes. Yes.
IrelandYes.Allsupportingdrawings,documentsetc.usedtodrawuptheBERandtheaccompanyingadvisoryreportisaudited(SEAI,2018).
Yes.Qualitycontrolauditpro-cesscouldalsotakeplaceonthebuildingsite(SEAI,2018).
Yes.Seecolumn1and2.
ItalyYes.Fullverificationoftheresultsandrecommendationsisdone,althoughsubjecttotheregulationsbyindividualre-gions.
Yes.On-sitevisitsformapartofthecontrols,althoughsubjecttotheregulationbyindividualregions.However,regionsmightchoosetolimiton-sitevisitsbyincreasingtherateofClevelcontrol(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Informationnotfound.
Latvia No. No. No.
Lithuania
Yes.ArandomsamplingofEPCsischeckedregardinginputdataandresults.Detailedchecksarecarriedoutwhenresultsareoutofrange.On-sitevisitsarecarriedoutforalimitednumberofEPCs(Arcipowskaetal.,2014).
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Luxembourg No.(Redingetal.,2015). No. No.
Malta
Yes.ScheduleII(Regulation32)oftheEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2012allowsforalllevelsofcontrolsincludingc*(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Netherlands Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
PolandYes.ControlsareinplacetoverifywhetherEPCswerepro-cessedobjectively,truthfullyandcompletely,astheEnergyManagementActrequires(Svoboda,2016).
Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Portugal
Yes.Shortqualityassessmentsanddetailedqualityassess-mentscanbecarriedout.Ashortassessmentincludesacheckoftheinputdata;adetailedonefurtherincludesanon-siteinspection(Fragoso&Baptista,2018).
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Romania Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Slovakia Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
SloveniaYes.FirstlevelcontrolisanautomaticvaliditycheckbytheEPCregistry.ASecondlevelcontrolincludesacheckoftheEPCissued(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
No. No.
Spain Yes.However,levelcontrolisvariedindifferentRegions Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
SwedenYes,FirstlevelcontrolisanautomaticvaliditycheckbytheEPCregistry.TheNationalBoardofHousing,BuildingandPlanning,alsomakesyearlycheckof1%ofEPCs.Thecheck
Yes.Seecolumn1. Yes.Seecolumn1.
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ClevelcontrolaccordingtoEPBD
forthesampleisachieved
C*levelcontrolaccordingtoEPBDforthesample
isachieved
BothCandC*areachieved
maybefullcheckofinputdata,calculationsresultsandrec-ommendationsaswellason-sitevisit.Additionalsamplechecksmayalsobedoneiftherehavebeenspecificcom-plainsaboutincorrectcertificates.
UK Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound. Informationnotfound.
Table24:AchievingCorC*levelcontrolofEPCassessmentsforthesampleaccordingtoEPBD
5.6 AvailabilityofacentraldatabaseforreportingerrorsorfaultyproceduresfromEPCassessmentsforanalysisandlearning
Reportingerrorsorfaultyproceduresinacentraldatabaseallowscreatingstatisticsofcommonmis-takes,andidentifyingassessorswithhigherrorrates.Thecommonmistakescanalsobehighlightedintheassessortrainings,sothatassessorslearntoavoidtheminthefuture.
Althoughqualitycontrolmechanismisavailableinallthecountries,whichaimstoidentifyerrorsinEPCassessments,communicatewiththeassessorsandgettingthemrectified,itisunclearfromtheavailableliterature,suchasCAEPBDimplementationstatusreports,whethersuchcentraldatabasefor reporting errors or faulty procedures from EPC assessments exists, except in Portugal, and tosomeextentinDenmarkandIreland.
InPortugal,all technicalmistakesandotheraspectsmustberegistered in thecentraldatabaseontheindividualrecordofqualityassurance(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2015).InDenmark,althoughitisunclearwhether it is a central databaseor not, there is a seven-stepplan in implementation thatentailsshorteningthetimefromerrortolearningincreasetheoverallqualityoftheEPC(Thomsenetal., 2018). In Ireland, care is taken that issuesorerrors identifiedduring theauditprocessarenotrepeatedinthefuturebycommunicatingthefeedbackdirectlywiththeconcernedBER/DECassessorand to other BER/DEC assessors as appropriate through relevant communication channels (SEAI,2016).
InGreece,oneoftheQualDeEPCpartnercountries,suchaprocessofidentificationoferrorsorfaultyproceduresisperformedontheplatformandautomaticwarningorwrittennotificationissenttotheassessor, thecommonmistakes/errorsarenotyetaggregatedtobeused instatisticsor in futuretraining.However,theissueisunderconsideration.
5.7 SanctionsandpenalisationforEPCassessors
This element aims to ensure quality control of EPCs and assessors through creating differentiatedand staged sanctions for EPC issuers for producing poor quality assessments or recommendationsonceorrepeatedly:stage1)obligationtoproducecorrectEPCprobono(andcontrollingthatithap-pens), stage2) fines, and stage3)withdrawalof certificationoraccreditation.Theprocess should,however,beabletodistinguishbetweenfraudandnegligence.Amajorityofthememberstates(seefigurebelow) levydifferentiatedandstagedsanctions incaseofpoorassessmentorrecommenda-tions,whilefewcountriestendtomakethedistinctionbetweennegligenceandfraud,whichattractsthemaximumfineandpunishment.
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Figure17:SanctionsandpenalisationforEPCassessorsincaseofpoorassessmentsorrecommendations
ThefollowingtableshowsinbriefproceduresforsanctionsandpenalisationforEPCassessorsincaseofpoorassessmentsorrecommendationsinvariousmemberstates.
DifferentiatedandstagedsanctionsforEPCissuersincaseofpoorqualityassessmentsorrecommendationsareinplace
Adistinctionbetweenfraudandnegli-genceismade
Austria
Yes.EPCassessorsareliableforthecorrectnessofthecontents.Theyarealsoliablewithinthescopeoftheso-calledexpertliabilityfordamagesthathaveoccurredduetothisincorrectlyissuedEPCs(WirtschaftskammerÖsterreich(WKO),2019).
Informationnotfound.
Belgium Yes.Flanders:Sanctionscanreachfromre-issuanceoftheEPCtopenaltiesfrom250to5,000EUR(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-a). Yes.Seecolumn1.
Bulgaria Yes.ThesanctionsaredefinedinEEAct.Yes.EPCassessorsareprovidedanopportunitytocorrecterrorsintheEPCs.
CroatiaYes.IfseveralinvalidEPCshavebeenissued,EPCassessorcanbesanctionedwithafineorlossofaccreditation(Marđetko-Škoro,2015).
Informationnotfound.
Cyprus
Yes.Initially,warningsareissued,ifEPCdataisfoundincorrect.Ifthemistakesarenotcorrectedintimeboundmannerorrepeated,thenthelicensemaybesuspended.ThetimeofsuspensiondependsontheAssessorsabilitytoprovethattheycanperformcorrectcalcula-tions.
Yes.IntheeventthatitisproventhattheQEischangingdataand/ormanipu-latingcalculationsonpurpose,thesuspensionmightbeforlife(Hadjinico-laou,2015).
CzechRe-public
Yes.Severallawviolationshavebeenidentified,andpenaltieswereimposedonthe178relevantenergyspecialists.PenaltiesforwronglyprocessedEPCsresultedinmorethan13,000€(Svoboda,2016).
Informationnotfound.
Denmark
Yes.EPCassessorshavetocorrecterrorsintheEPCs.Incaseofsub-stantialerrors,EPCassessorsmayreceiveawarningbeingdisplayedintheonlineregisterofexperts.Asalastresort,theEPCassessorcanlosehislicense.
Yes.EPCassessorshavetocorrecterrorsintheEPCs.Incaseofsubstan-tialerrors,EPCassessorsmayreceiveawarningbeingdisplayedintheonlineregisterofexperts.Asalastresort,the
Sanctions and penalisation for EPC assessors in case of poor assessments or recommendations
Differentiated and staged sanctions
Differentiated and staged sanctions, and a distinction between fraud and neglicence is made
QualDeEPC partner countries
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DifferentiatedandstagedsanctionsforEPCissuersincaseofpoorqualityassessmentsorrecommendationsareinplace
Adistinctionbetweenfraudandnegli-genceismade
EPCassessorcanlosehislicense(Brandetal.,2019).
EstoniaNo.UsuallyEPCassessorsareaskedtocorrecttheirmistakes.Incasethisisnotdone,penaltiesof64,000EURforcompaniesor6,400EURforindividualscanbeimposed(Kuusketal.,2016).
No.Seecolumn1.
Finland Yes.CriminalliabilityprovisionscanbeappliedforEPCassessors(ActonBuildingEnergyCertification,2013).
Informationnotfound.
France
Yes.Penaltiesuptolossofaccreditationareinplace(DecreeofDe-cember13,2011amendingthedecreeofOctober16,2006asamendeddefiningthecriteriaforcertificationoftheskillsofnaturalpersonscarryingouttheenergyperformancediagnosisandthecrite-riaforaccreditationofcertificationbodies,2018).
Informationnotfound.
Germany Yes.Basedonnon-compliancefoundduringrandomEPCcontrols,EPCissuersmaybethreatenedwithfines(EnEV,2014).
Informationnotfound.
Greece
Yes.Administrativeandmonetarysanctionsareimposedtoassessorsforfaultyproceduresanderrors.A1stwarningissentifrepeatedfaultsareidentified.Temporarylicensesuspension(1-3years)orpermanentisforeseen,dependingonthegravity/impactofmis-takes.Monetaryfinesrangingfrom500to20,000€arealsoforeseenanddependongravity/impactofmistakesorfraud.
Yes.Seecolumn1.
Hungary Yes.Penaltiesuptowithdrawalofaccreditationareinplace. No.
Ireland
Yes.ThestatedobjectiveforthedisciplinaryprocessofBER/DECSchemeistheclassificationofnon-compliancesonthebasisoftheseriousnessoftheirimpactontheintegrityofthescheme.Inaddi-tion,sanctionsarebasedonseverity.Penaltiesincludesuspensionorterminationfromregistration.(SEAI,2016).
Yes.Seecolumn1.
ItalyYes.Penaltiesintheregionsrangefrom300€toamaximumof10,000€,accordingtothebreachoftherules.Penalconsequencesmaybeawardedincaseoffraud(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Yes.Seecolumn1.
Latvia
Yes.Apenaltypointsystemisimplemented(RegulationNo.531Regu-lationsRegardingAssessmentoftheCompetenceofIndependentExpertsandMonitoringofProfessionalActivityThereofintheFieldofEnergyPerformanceofBuildings).With10penaltypoints,theEPCassessorcertificateiswithdrawn.
Yes.5pointscanbegivenonlyifdelib-erateviolationsofthelawsandregula-tionsinthefieldoftheassessmentofenergyperformanceofbuildingsaremade.Inothercasesmaximumof3pointscanbegivenforerrorsinEPCs.
Lithuania Yes.Penaltiesuptolossofaccreditationareinplace. No.Doesnotappeartobethecase(Meškauskienėetal.,2015).
Luxembourg Yes.Penaltiesintheformofatime-limitedsuspensioncanbeim-posed(Redingetal.,2018).
Informationnotfound.
MaltaYes.EPCassessorsareobligatedtorectifyincorrectEPCsinstipulatedtime,pendingwhichtheiraccreditationmightbesuspended(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Informationnotfound.
NetherlandsYes.Penaltiescanbeimposed.Byrepeatednon-compliance,theEPCassessorcanloseitslicenseandwillbeexcludedfromactivitiesrelat-edtoEPCs(vanEck,2015).
Yes.
Poland Yes.Expulsion/disqualificationistheonlyfromsanctionavailable,exceptforminorerrors.
Yes.Therearenopenaltiesforminorerrors(Kasperkiewiczetal.,2015)
Portugal
Yes.Penaltiesareinplace,uptothe(limited)suspensionoftheEPCassessorfromthenationallist(Approvestheaccessandexerciserequirementsoftheexpertactivityqualifiedforenergycertificationandinstallationandmaintenancetechnicianforbuildingsandsys-tems,conformingitwiththedisciplineofLawNo.9/2009,of4March,whichtransposedDirectiveNo.2005/36/EC,oftheEuropeanParlia-mentandoftheCouncil,of7September2005,ontherecognitionofprofessionalqualifications.,2013).
Informationnotfound.
Romania Yes.BasedonspecificcontrolprocedureapprovedbyMDRAPOrder Informationnotfound.
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DifferentiatedandstagedsanctionsforEPCissuersincaseofpoorqualityassessmentsorrecommendationsareinplace
Adistinctionbetweenfraudandnegli-genceismade
no.3152/2013(PCC001-2013indicative)penaltiesandsanctionscanbeimposed(Teneaetal.,2018).
Slovakia Yes. Yes.
SloveniaYes.Thepenaltydependsonthemistake.Ifnecessary,theEPCasses-sorhastocorrecttheEPCaswellasissueandstoreanewoneintheregister(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
No.
Spain Yes.InitiallywarningsareissuedifEPCdataisfoundtobeincorrect.Usuallythemistakesarecorrected,andtheEPCisregisteredagain. Yes.Seecolumn1.
Sweden
Yes.IftheEPCassessorfailsinitsindependenceorhasissuedincor-rectdeclarations,itmaybenotifiedtothecertificationbodywhichmaywithdrawthecertification.TheSwedishNationalBoardofHous-ing,BuildingandPlanningcanalsowithdrawcertifications.
Yes.
UK
Yes.Penaltiescanbeimposed.Ifanon-compliancesituationisre-peated,thespecificexpertswilllosetheirlicenseandwillbeexcludedfromactivitiesrelatedtoEPCs(DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalDevelopment,2017).
Informationnotfound.
Table25:SanctionsandpenalisationforEPCassessorsincaseofpoorassessmentsorrecommendations
5.8 ChannellingmonetarygainsfromsanctionsforenhancingEPCschemes
Ifthereisamechanismtosetsanctions,thenthefinancecomingfromthesanctionsmaybespenttoimprove theEPC scheme– i.e.newEPCplatforms, training sessions,qualitymonitoring team,etc.Thisisaninnovativeidea.WehavenotfoundanyinformationwhereaEUmemberstatehasalreadyimplementedit.Iftherewereanyfinesimposedatall,itseemstheproceedsaregoingtothegeneralbudgetandarenotearmarkedforimprovingtheEPCschemes.
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6 USEOFEPCSANDTHEIRDATAINEUMEMBERSTATES,INCLUD-INGINWIDERBUILDINGS-RELATEDDATABASES
WhilethethreepreviouschaptersanalysedpotentialwaysofimprovingthequalityofEPCsbymeansofassessmentandcertification,qualificationofEPCassessors,andindependentcontrolsystems,thischapteranalysespotential improvementsonhowEPCsareused in thebuildingmarkets. This con-cernstheuseofEPCsinbuildingtransactions(e.g.,saleorrental)andadvertisements,aswellastheuseofEPCdataforotherpolicyormarketpurposes,respectingdataprotectionissues.
6.1 PublicopinionaboutEPCs
For EPCs to achieve the expected impact ofmaking building energy performance transparent andrelevant inbuildingmarkets, it iscrucialthatthepublic isawareofthemandhasahighopinionofthem.However,wefindthatthecurrentpublicopinionaboutEPCsintheEUmemberstatesisun-clear.ThepublicationbytheHorizon2020projectEnerfundfound,thattheinterestinEPCsispoor,as the general public in theEUdoesnot sufficientlyunderstand theEPC itself and its importance.Additionally, the informationprovidedby theEPCs isnoteasilyunderstandable for themajorityofthegeneralpublic.Whatisunderstandable,however,istheclassificationintheenergyclassesfromAtoG.EPCsbringaddedvalue to thebuilding in its rentingorselling,butmainlyhavenoor littleimpactonbuildingrenovation.Thisisoftenthecase,whenEPCsonlyprovidegenericrecommenda-tionsbasedontemplateswithnodetailassessmentsandcosting.Forabuildingrenovation,anaddi-tionalenergyauditbecomesnecessary.However,as canbeseen in the following table,at least insomecountriesamorepositivepublicopinionaboutEPCscouldbereached.
PublicopinionaboutEPCs
Austria Thegeneralpublicdoesnothaveagoodunderstanding,andisnotveryinterested(Geissleretal.,2016).
Bulgaria Statisticalinformationnotfound.QualDeEPCcountrypartnerestimatesthatpeoplearelessawareaboutEPCsoroftenseethemasaburden.
Cyprus ThegeneralpublicinCyprusisconsiderednottobewellawareabouttheEPCanditsimportance(Geissleretal.,2016).
DenmarkTherehasbeenanincreasingunderstandingoftheinformationprovidedbytheEPCs.Nowatleastthepriceofhigherrankingofbuildingsisgenerallyaccepted(Geissleretal.,2016).
FranceIngeneral,thepublichasalimitedunderstandingofwhatisreallyprovidedbytheEPC.TheconsiderationforthegeneralusefulnessofEPCsislimited,exceptfortheroleitcanhaveinaddingvaluetoapropertyandtoimproveitssellingorleasingpotential(Geissleretal.,2016).
GermanyInformationnotfound.
Greece
ThegeneralpublicseemstohavesomeunderstandingoftheenergycategoriesprovidedintheEPCtetc.andthelegalobligationtoacquireanEPC.However,thegeneralusefulnessofEPCsislimitedtotheaddedvaluethebuildingmayhaveinitsrentingorsellingpotential(Geissleretal.,2016).TheQualDeEPCcountrypartneresti-matesthatEPCshavelittleimpactinstimulatingenergyefficiencyrenovation,duetolimitednumberofrecom-mendationsgiveninEPCs.
Hungary
TheQualDeEPCcountrypartnerestimatesitismoreseenasaburden,butopinionsdifferonthescale.Duringthesaleorrentalprocedure,itisonlyaburdenandhomeownersusuallygetitinthelastminute.Whenitisneededforagrantapplicationforinstance(orforfinancialsupport,oracreditassessment)forenergyrenovation,itisvaluedmore,becausethiswaypeoplegettoseewheretheyareheading,whatthestateoftheirbuilding/flatis,andwhatwillitachieveafterrefurbishment.
Latvia Statisticalinformationnotfound.TheQualDeEPCcountrypartnerestimatesthatmanypeopledonotcareaboutEPCsorseethemasaburden.
Poland Inordertoincreasethepublicperception,thegraphicdesignoftheEPCcouldbeimproved.Additionally,includ-
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PublicopinionaboutEPCs
ingrecommendationsintotheEPCwouldbesupportive(BPIE&KAPE,2017).
Portugal Informationnotfound.
Romania ThereislackofawarenessandsuspicionsontheEPCquality,thathampertheeffectiveuseoftheEPConthemarket(Geissleretal.,2016).
Slovakia ThegeneralpublichasonlylimitedunderstandingoftheinformationprovidedthroughEPC.Understandablearetheenergyclassesduetothesimilaritytotheenergylabellingofappliances(Geissleretal.,2016).
Slovenia ThegeneralpublicisnotverywellinformedregardingEPCnecessity.EspeciallyownersatrentingorsellingareconsideringEPCas“necessaryfinancialburden”whichhastobeobtained(Geissleretal.,2016).
Spain Statisticalinformationnotfound.TheQualDeEPCcountrypartnerestimatesthatmanypeopledonotcareaboutEPCsorseethemasaburden.EPCisnotfullyunderstoodbygeneralpublicandnobodyexplainsthemeaning.
Sweden
Statisticalinformationnotfound.TheQualDeEPCcountrypartnerdrawsthefollowingconclusions:Itdiffersalotbetweendifferenttypesofbuildingowners,anditalsodependsonhowfarthebuildingownerhascomeintheworkofimprovingenergyperformance.Largerbuildingowners:AlotthankstothefirstroundofEPCs,energyconsumptionisnowhighontheagendainmanyofthesecompanies.However,nowthattheyneedtohavetheEPCsredone(10yearshavepast),atleastsomeofthemseethisasmainlyofaburden.Energyefficiencymeasuresaretodayalreadypartoftheirdailyworkandgoals.Single-familyhouseowners:Thegeneralopinionamongprivatepersonssellingapropertyseemstobethatitismainlyaburdenandanunnecessarycost.Forprivatepersonslookingtobuyaproperty,theopinionsseemtobemoreofamix.
UKThegeneralpublicdoesnothaveagoodunderstandingoftheinformationprovidedintheEPCandcanmisinter-pretit.Thisisinpartbecausethedocumentitselfisoftennotdisplayedinitsentiretyatthepointofsaleorlease(Geissleretal.,2016).
Table26:PublicopinionaboutEPCs
6.2 MandatoryuseofEPCduringsaleandrentalofbuildings
TheEPBDrequests,thatineachmemberstateitbecomesobligatorytodisplaytheEPCinthesaleorrentalprocessofabuilding.InallmemberstatetheEPBDhasbeentransposed,sothatarespectivenational law exists. Usually, the EPCs have to be presented to the buyer or tenant. However, thestrictimplementationofthisrequirementisdifferentinvariousmemberstates.Insomecountries,itistoleratedtosubmittheEPCacertaintimeaftertheselling,whereasinsomecountriestheabsenceofanEPCatthetimeofsalemayresultinafinefortheseller.
6.3 Sanctionsandpenalisation forbuildingowners failing toownorpresentanEPC
Theuseof EPCs in buildingmarkets canbe improvedbyplacing sanctions for buildingowners formissingtoobtain/presentanEPC.Thismaybecombinedwithrewardsforcomplianceandcreatingmarket demand/pressure for presenting an EPC (which should be of high quality), in order to im-provecompliancefurther,sincethecontrolofcompliancemaynotbeeasy(cf.chapter6.1and6.4).However,noinformationwasfoundonrewardsforcompliance.Regardingmarketpressure,anex-amplefromAustriawasfound:Ifnoenergycertificateispresentedandthebuildingdoesnothaveanoverallenergyefficiencycorrespondingtoitsageandtype,thebuyerortenantcanmakewarrantyclaims(inthecaseofrentalsthismeansareductioninrent).
Thesanctionsforbuildingownersformissingtoobtain/presentanEPCareoftendefinedinthelegis-lation governing EPCs, but the degree of control and implementationmay vary betweenmember
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states.Inmostofthememberstates,therearesanctionforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC,whenrequired/ondemand.
Figure18:SanctionsforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC
Sanctionsforbuildingownersmissingtoobtain/presentanEPCareinplace
AustriaYes.Whensellingabuildingorlong-termrenting,anEPChastobeprovided.ThebuyerorrentercansuefortheEPCorcanreimbursethecosts.Fromapurelylegalpointofview,theomissionconstitutesanadministra-tiveviolationandcanthereforebepunishedwithupto€1,450.00(EVAG2012,2012).
BelgiumYes.Flanders:IfasellerofabuildingdoesnotprovideanEPCintime,theywillbeaskedtogivereasons.Thebuildingsellerrisksafineof500to5,000EUR.Anotaryhastoreport,ifanEPCisnotprovidedduringselling.Thenotaryrisksafineof250to5,000EURifnotreporting(FlemishEnergyAgency,n.d.-a).
Bulgaria No.Thereisnocontrolbody;thenotarieswhoprofessthetransactionscaninpracticemonitortheactivity.
Croatia Yes.PenaltiesarelaidfornotprovidingtheEPCatthetimeofsale,rentorlease(Marđetko-Škoro,2015).
CyprusYes.IfanEPCisnotdeliveredtobuyerorrenter,thesellermightexpectafineupto8,550EUR("Anowner,whofailstodeliverthecertificatetoabuyerorrenter,ortodisplayitonapublicbuilding,willincurinafinewhichmustnotexceed8,550€(Xichilos&Hadjinicolaou,2011).
CzechRe-public
Yes.TheobligationtodisplaytheEPCinthecaseofsaleorrentwasrandomlycheckedandresultedinpenal-tiesofabout30,700EURintotal(Svoboda,2016).
Denmark Yes.In2013theDanishEnergyAgencyhascarriedoutrandomchecksonlargerbuildings.TheownersnothavinganEPCweregivenawarningandadeadlineforcomplyingwiththerules(Thomsenetal.,2015).
Estonia Yes.Penaltiescanbeimposed(Kuusketal.,2016).
Finland Yes.Theownerisliableinthecaseofnon-compliance(ActonBuildingEnergyCertification,2013).
France Yes.EPCismandatoryforsaleandleaseofbuildings.Furthermore,failuretopresentEPCinsaleandrentaladvertisementsisbothcivilandcriminaloffence(MinistèredelaTransitionécologiqueetsolidaire,n.d.).
Germany Yes.Thenon-deliveryofanEPCtothebuyerorrenterisanadministrativeoffence(EnEV,2014).
Greece Yes.EPCismandatoryinrental/saleofbuildings.Sanctionstoownersareforeseenfornon-compliance.
Hungary No.
Ireland Yes.IftheBERisnotincludedinanyadvertisementforthebuilding,itcanleadtoapenaltyforthepersonfoundguiltycanbepenalisedwithClassAfine(i.e.afinenotexceeding€5,000)orimprisonmentforaterm
Sanctions for building owners failing to own or present an EPC
Sanctions for building owners missing to obtain/present an EPC
No sanctions for building owners missing to obtain/present an EPC
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Sanctionsforbuildingownersmissingtoobtain/presentanEPCareinplace
notexceeding3monthsorboth(EuropeanUnion(EnergyPerformanceofBuildings)Regulations2012,n.d.).
Italy Yes.IncaseofnotprovidingtheEPCinsaleorrent,apenaltybetween300an18,000EURcanbeimposed(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Latvia Yes.However,thecontrolandmonitoringisweakandthesanctionshaveneverbeenapplied.
Malta Yes.BuildingownersareobligatedtoproduceEPCtotheBuildingRegulationOfficeondemand,failingwhichisdeemedtobeanoffence(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Netherlands No.AllbuildingsareprovidedwithaprovisionalEPC.BuildingownersarerequiredtoproducefinalEPCduringsaleorrentalofthebuilding(vanEck,2015).
Poland No.
RomaniaYes.Theinvestor/owner/managerisobliged,asappropriate,tomakeacopyoftheEPCavailabletothepro-spectivebuyerornewtenantbeforeconcludingthesaleorlease,withoutwhich,contractsofsaleconcludedareconsiderednullandvoidandinnon-compliancewiththeCivilCode(Teneaetal.,2015).
Slovakia Yes.IncaseofnothavinganEPCwhenneeded,buildingownerscanbefinedof500upto3,000EUR(ARNEA,n.d.).
Slovenia Yes.DisplayofEPCduringsalesorrentalsismandatory.Non-compliancecanresultinpenaltiesofis300€(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Spain
Yes.DisplaytheenergyclassoftheEPCduringsalesorrentalismandatory.Inthehouseholdsalescontract,anEPCshouldbeattached;intherentingcontractthelabelshouldbeattached.ThepersonwhosellsistheresponsibletogettheEPCandthenotarywillincludeEPCinthecontract.Non-compliancebuildingownerscanbefinedwithpenaltiesof601upto1,000€.Penaltiesforfalsifyinginformationbetween1,001and6,000€.
Sweden Yes.
UK Yes.BuildingownerscanbefinediftheydonotgetanEPCwhenitisrequired(Gov.uk,n.d.).
Table27:SanctionsforbuildingownersfailingtoownorpresentanEPC
6.4 PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesorpermitauthoritiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure
AnotherwaytoimprovecompliancewiththerequirementtoownanEPCwhensellingapropertyistomakeitobligatory/mandatorytopresenttheEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodies,suchasnotarieswhen selling buildings or parts thereof, as practiced inGreece,Hungary and Sweden, aswell as anumberofotherEUmemberstates(seefigurebelow)andwhileapplyingforbuildingpermitduringnewconstruction.
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Figure19:PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure
PresentationofEPCstoofficialbuildingsalesbodies,suchasnotaries,ismandatoryforsalesofbuildings
Austria No.
Belgium Yes.ThenotaryhastoreporttheabsenceofanEPCtotheFlemishEnergyAgency(DeMeulenaer&Triest,2018).
BulgariaThenotarieswhoprofessthetransactionscaninpracticemonitortheactivity.Uponthesaleofanewbuildingasawhole,thesellershallprovidetothepurchaserthecertificate.Theownersofstand-aloneunitsinabuild-ingshallhavetherighttoreceiveacopyoftheoriginalenergyperformancecertificate
CroatiaYes.Atleastfornewbuildings:Aninvestorofanewbuildinghastoprovideabuildingenergycertificatebe-foreperformingthetechnicalinspectionandattachittotheapplicationforissuanceofausepermit(Croatiarealestateagency,2020).
Cyprus No.
CzechRe-public
Yes.Beforecommencingnewconstructionormajorrenovation,thebuildershouldsubmitanEPCtotheStateEnergyInspectorateforassessmentonwhethertheenergyperformanceobligationisfulfilled(Svobodaetal.,2015).
Denmark No.
EstoniaYes.TheEPCisnecessaryfortheerectionofabuildingandtransferofownershiporentryintoafinancialleaseagreementinrespectofthebuilding.Itshallbeannexedtotheapplicationforwrittenapprovalthatissubmit-tedtothelocalauthority(BuildingAct,2012).
FinlandYes.EPCsarenecessaryforallnewbuildings,alongwiththebuildingpermitapplication.Forexistingbuildings,anEPCisneededwhenthebuilding(orapartofabuilding,e.g.,anapartment)issoldorrented(Haakanaetal.,2015).
France Yes.Thetechnicaldiagnosisfile(e.g.includingEPC)mustbeattachedtoallpromisestosellandallsalesofresidentialproperties(NotairesdeFrance,2020).
Germany No.
GreeceYes.EPCneedstobeprovidedtonotariesduringthetransactionprocessandtheEPCregistrationnumberisincludedinthelegaldocuments.ItisalsomandatorytouploadtheEPContheTaxAuthorityelectronicplat-form;however,inthiscasethereisatoleranceinsubmissiontime.
Hungary Yes.Ireland No.Italy Informationnotfound.Latvia No.
Presenting EPC to official building sales bodies or permit authorities as an obligatory or mandatory measure
Presentation of EPCs is mandatory for sales/permit of buildings
Presentation of EPCs is voluntary for sales/permit of buildings
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PresentationofEPCstoofficialbuildingsalesbodies,suchasnotaries,ismandatoryforsalesofbuildings
Lithuania
Yes.Fornewbuildings,anEPCisnecessaryforthecompletionofconstructionprocedures,whichmeansabuildingcanberegisteredascompletedandinuse.Thesameisapplicableforbuildingsaftermajorrenova-tions.Inthecaseofbuying,sellingorrentinganexistingbuilding,anotarychecksEPCsduringthesigningofrealestatecontracts(Encius&Baranauskas,2018).
Luxembourg Yes.AnEPCisrequiredtogetabuildingpermit(LeGouvernementduGrand-DuchédeLuxembourg,2017).
Malta Yes.AcopyofthedesignratingEPCshallalsobeattachedtothepromiseofsale/deed(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Netherlands Informationnotfound.
PolandNo.DuringsalesorrentalstheownershouldhandovertheEPCtothebuyerortenant.Ifthisisnotdone,thebuyermayrequesttheEPCattheexpenseoftheowner.Anotaryinformstheownerandbuyerabouttheirrightswhilesigningthenotarydeed(Bekierskietal.,2018).
Portugal Yes.NotariesareobligedtoreportwheneveratransactionoccurswithouttheexistenceofanEPC(Fragoso&Baptista,2018).
Romania Yes.Startingasavoluntarysystemin2001,presentingEPCsduringsaleandrentalofbuildingsbecameman-datorywiththeEPBDtranspositionin2005(BPIEetal.,2017).
Slovakia Informationnotfound.
Slovenia Yes.FornewbuildingsanEPCispartofthedocumentationofcompletedconstructionworks.Whenrentingorsellingabuilding,theEPChastobedisplayedbeforethecontractisconcluded(Šijanec&Potočar,2015).
Spain No.Sweden Yes.UK No.Table28:PresentingEPCtoofficialbuildingsalesbodiesasanobligatory/mandatorymeasure
6.5 Advertising guidelines for presenting EPCs in real-estate ads during saleandrental
InmostEUmemberstatesitismandatorytodisplaytheenergyclassoftheEPCinsellingorrentingadvertisements(seenextchapter)butthecompliancevaries.ApotentialwaytoimprovecomplianceistomakeiteasierforsellersorlandlordsofbuildingsistoprovidethemwithconcreteguidelinesfortheuseandpresentationofEPCsandthelegallyrequireddatainadvertisementsofsales/rentalsorbuildings/dwellings.Insomecountries,suchguidelinesissuedbyenergyagencies/publicauthoritiesare already available. For example in Ireland, a detailed guideline plus the respective energy classartwork files are available for download and use (SEAI, 2013). In France, examples of adverts areavailable;atleast,theenergyclasslabelshouldbepresented(MinistèredelaTranisitionécologiqueet solidaire, 2018). AmongQualDeEPC partner countries, it appears that advertising guidelines forpresentingEPCsinreal-estateadsduringsaleorrentalarestillunavailable.
6.6 ControllingandenforcingthemandatoryuseofEPCsinrealestateadver-tisements
Therequirement topresent theEPCorat least theEPCratingandkeyvalues in realestateadver-tisements is given inmost EUmember states.However, the level of compliancewith this require-mentisvarying,anddataavailabletousareinconclusiveonhowmanycountriesareactivelycontrol-lingandenforcingthislegalrequirement.ThisisalsothecasefortheQualDeEPCpartnercountries.We thereforeabstain frompresentinga graphical presentationor a tableon the results for all EUmemberstatesandtheUK.Somecountries,forwhichavailableinformationsuggeststhattheyhaveconcretecontrolorenforcementresponsibilitiesinplace,areincludedinthetablebelow.
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LegalrequirementtopresentEPC,oratleasttheEPCratingandkeyvaluesinadvertisementsiscontrolledandenforced
Bulgaria
Whereanewbuildingforwhichaenergyperformancecertificatehasbeenissuedorastand-aloneunitthereinisannouncedforsaleorrent,theparameter"specificannualexpenditureofprimaryenergy"inkWh/m2,statedinthecertificate,shallbenotedinallannouncements.Priortotheconclusionofacontractforsaleorlease,thesellerorthelessorrespectivelyshallprovidetothepurchaserorlesseerespectivelythecertificateinorderforthemtoacquaintthemselveswithit.
Croatia Yes.SupervisionisunderthecompetenceoftheMinistryofEconomy,MarketInspectorate.Thisobligationiscommonlyfollowedandnofineshavebeenissuedsofar(Škoro,2018).
Cyprus Yes.Non-compliancehasledtopenaltiesin22cases.ThishasledtoahigherrateofEPCdisplayinadvertisements(Hadjinicolaou,2015).
Estonia Yes.TheEstonianTechnicalSurveillanceAuthorityisinchargeofcheckingtheuseofEPCsincaseofsellingorrentingproperty(Kuusketal.,2016).SlovakiaYes.TheSlovakTradeInspectionisinchargeofcontrolchecks(Sternovaetal.,2015).
SwedenYes.TheNationalBoardofHousing,BuildingandPlanninggivestheregulationsforpresentingtheEPCanditsresultandisinchargeforcontrolchecks.Table29:ControllingandenforcingthemandatoryuseofEPCsinrealestateadvertisements
6.7 PublicdatabaseofEPCs
MostEUmemberstateshaveimplementeddatabasesofall issuedEPCs.Thegeneralpubliccanac-cessmanyofthem,butsometimestheaccess is limitedforspecialgroups likeenergyadvisorsetc.Thewaystoaccessdatabasesarealsodifferentacrossthecountries.Sometimesinsertingthestreetplushousingnumberissufficient(likeintheUK),sometimestheEPCnumberhastobeinserted(likeinIreland).Furthermore,theamountofdataaccessiblefromapublicdatabaseisdifferent.InsomeofthecountriesafullEPCalongwiththerecommendationscanbeaccessed,whileintheothers,thepubliclyavailableinformationislimitedtokeyvalues,suchasEPCratingclass,energyconsumptionandthefullEPCisonlyavailableforthebuildingowner(likeintheNetherlands).InGermanyadata-baseofEPCsdonotexist.
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Figure20:PublicdatabaseofEPCs
Publicdatabase(protectingprivacy)ofEPCratingsisavailable
AustriaYes.EPCsarecentrallystoredinregionalenergycertificatedatabases(e.g.:ZEUS,EnergypasscentreVorarl-berg,WUKSEA).Theaimofthecentralstorageoftheenergycertificatesistorepresentthebuildingstockasrealisticallyaspossible(AustrianEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
Belgium No.AdatabaseexistsinthepropertyoftheFlemishEnergyAgency.Accessislimitedandonlyqualifiedex-pertscanviewonlytheirownfiles/EPCs.Thisisduetoprivacyissues(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2015).
Bulgaria Yes.ThereisaNationalEnergyEfficiencyInformationSystemForCertifiedBuildings
Croatia No.However,Currently,CroatiaisrunningatestphaseforimplementinganelectronicdatabasefortheEPCs(Škoro,2018).
Cyprus No.Theaccesstothedatabaseisrestrictedtoenergyinspectorsunderpersonaldataprotectionlaw(Mudgaletal.,2013).
CzechRe-public No.Acentralregisterexists;however,nopublicaccessisavailable(EuropeanCommission,n.d.).
Denmark Yes.AllEPCsareregisteredinacentraldatabasethatispubliclyavailableonthewebsite(DanishEnergyAgency,n.d.-b).
Estonia Yes.(EuropeanCommission,n.d.).
Finland No.Adatabaseexists,butitisnotaccessiblebythepublic(EuropeanCommission,n.d.).
France
No.However,thedatabasehaslimitedaccess.Professionals(inchargeofthecertifications,accreditedaudi-torsaswellaspublicorganization)haveaprivilegedaccesstothisdatabase.Forthegeneralpublic,itallowseithertosearchforaspecificDPEusingareferencenumberortoobtainstatisticsonEPCspertypeofbuild-ing,constructionyearortypeofheaters(Geissleretal.,2016).
Germany No.Nocentraldatabaseexists.
Greece
No.Thedatabaseisnotpubliclyaccessible.AccessislimitedtotheMinistryandtheoperatoroftheplatform(CRES).Itisalsoaccessibletotheassessor/issueroftheEPCaswellastotheowneroftheEPC,oranyotherphysicalpersonbutonlywiththeregistrationnumberandsecuritynumberofthecertificateandonlyfortheinformationincludedinthe1stpage(Energyclass,administrativedataofthebuilding).Aggregated/anony-miseddatacanberequestedbyinstitutionsforresearchandanalysispurposesandareprovidedbytheMinis-try’sassignedstaff.
Hungary Yes.
Public database of EPCs
Public access database of EPC ratings is available
Limited (or non−public) access database of EPC ratings is available
Database of EPC ratings is unavailable
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Publicdatabase(protectingprivacy)ofEPCratingsisavailable
Ireland Yes.TheNationalBERRegisterexists.However,onehastoinserttheBER/DECnumberoftheMPRN(MeterPointReferenceNumber)(SEAI,n.d.-d).
Italy Yes.Probablystillnotavailableinallregions/autonomousprovinces.TheregionofLombardypublishesallitsEPCdatainaspreadsheetthatisopenlyavailableonline(Costanzoetal.,2018).
Latvia Yes.
Lithuania Yes.ApublicEPCregisterisavailablecompletewithbuildingaddress,energyclass,energyconsumptionetc.(SPSC,2020b)
Luxembourg ThethirdNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanannouncedthebuildupofanationaldatabase(LeGou-vernementduGrand-DuchédeLuxembourg,2017).
Malta No.TheBuildingsRegulationOfficemaintainsEPCregistry.OnecancheckthevalidityoftheEPCbyenteringtheEPCnumber(EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations,2018).
Netherlands
Yes.Thelettersofenergylabelsforbuildingsareregisteredonwww.ep-online.nlandareretrievableperaddressonthatsite.Theenergylabelsthemselves,includingtheunderlyinginformationtothoselabellettersandtherecommendationsofenergy-savingmeasures,inprinciple,areonlyavailabletobuildingowners(GovernmentoftheNetherlands,n.d.-c;vanEck,2015).
Poland
Yes.Adatabaseofthepubliclyavailablecentralregistershows,onthebasisofissuedEPCsinPoland,infor-mationaboutthesebuildings(amongotherthings,theparametersoftheenergyperformance,theshareofRES,thevalueofCO2emissions(Bekierskietal.,2018;MinistryofInfrastructureandConstruction,n.d.).However,thisisonlyforbuildingswithfloorareaexceeding250m2occupiedbythejudicialauthorities,theprosecutor'sofficeandpublicauthoritiesthatservethepublicdirectly.
Portugal Yes.Asearchablepublicdatabaseexists(ADENE,n.d.-d).
Romania No.Acentralregisterexists;however,nopublicaccessisavailable(EuropeanCommission,n.d.).
Slovakia Yes.Slovakiaestablishedanationaldatabasein2010,whichisbecomingmoreandmorefunctionalwithopencontent(Davisetal.,2018).
Slovenia
Yes.Followinginformationispubliclyavailable:SerialnumberofEPC,buildingcadastreidentificationcode,addressofthebuilding,cadastralmunicipalityandparcelnumber,nameofEPCassessor,dateofissuance(Rulesonthemethodologyfortheproductionandissuanceofenergyperformancecertificatesforbuildings,2014).
Spain No.TheRegionalGovernmentsmanagearegistryofEPCs.
Sweden Yes.
UK Yes(EuropeanCommission,n.d.).
Table30:PublicdatabaseofEPCs
6.8 LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases
LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases,e.g.ongreencertificates.Suchlinkinghelps inplanning informedpolicesanddesignnovel financial schemes fordeep renovation.Suchlinksareavailableonlyinfewmemberstates,whereEPCsaremostlylinkedwithbuildingregis-tries.
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Figure21:LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases
Linkstootherdatabasearepresent
AustriaYes.Thebuildingstandard,the"Klimaaktivstandard",isquiteambitiousandalreadymeetsNZEBrequire-mentsthatwillberelevantin2020andbeyond.ThebasisistheEPC,butrequirementsfortheKlimaaktivstandardgobeyond(klimaaktiv,2018).
CzechRe-public
Yes.TheCentralRegisterofAdministrativeBuildingskeepsrecordsof5,000buildingsthatarepropertiesofthestate(Svobodaetal.,2015).
Estonia Yes.EPCdataispartofBuildingRegistry(Kuusk&Tali,2015).
Germany No.
Greece Yes.Forthetimebeing,thedatabaseislinkedtotheTaxAuthorityplatformaswellastotheplatformofthenationalincentiveprogramme‘EnergyEfficiencyatHouseholdBuildings’.
Hungary No.
Ireland Yes.Thedatacanbeusedincombinationwithotherdatasourcesincludingcensus(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2015).Theinformationavailableinthedatabaseisbeingusedalsoforstrategicenergyplanning(SEAI,n.d.-f).
Italy Informationnotfound.
Latvia No.
Lithuania Yes.SinceJuly2014,alldataarealsotransferredtotheRealPropertyRegisterandCadastreofLithuania(Encius&Baranauskas,2018).
LuxembourgYes."LENOZ"isavoluntarysustainabilityassessmentofresidentialbuildingsadaptedtoLuxembourgcondi-tions.Theabbreviation"LENOZ"standsfor"LëtzebuergerNohaltegkeetscertification"(LeGouvernementduGrand-DuchédeLuxembourg,2017).
Poland No.
Portugal
Yes.EPCdatabaseisconnectedtootherdatabasestobetteroperatefundingschemes(FragosoandBaptista,2016).EPCdatabaseisalsoconnectedtootherdatabasesorsourcesofofficialormarketinformation,suchasHousingEnergyEfficiency,Statisticsinstitutes,Electricityutility,Buildingregistryandnotaries(Altmann-Mavaddatetal.,2015).
Slovenia Yes.TheEPCregistershouldbeconnectedwithcadastredatabaseaswellwithspatialonlineportal,enablingwiderdataaccessibilityandtransparency(Geissleretal.,2016).
Spain No.
Linking EPC database to other buildings or energy−related databases
Links to other database are present
Links to other database are not present
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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Linkstootherdatabasearepresent
Sweden No.
Table31:LinkingEPCdatabasetootherbuildings-orenergy-relateddatabases
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7 HOWAREEPCSINEUMEMBERSTATESEMBEDDEDINWIDERPOLICIESANDPUBLICACTIVITIESTOSTIMULATEDEEPRENOVA-TION?
Improvingtheusefulness,use,andimpactofEPCsforstimulatingdeepenergyefficiencyrenovationisafocusoftheQualDeEPCproject.Therefore,weanalysedanumberofoptionsforthispurpose.
7.1 LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationstodetailedenergyaudits
EPCscouldbecomethe firststeptowardsadetailedenergyaudit,or theycouldevenbebasedonsuchanaudit.ThenextfigureandtableshowtheoverviewaboutwhetherEPCassessments/calcu-lationsandtherecommendationarebasedonadetailedenergyaudit,asisalreadythecasee.g.inLatviaandBulgaria.AproblemcanbetheownershipoftheEPCdatamodel.Forexample,whentheEPC issuer isnottheenergyconsultant, thebuildingdatamustberecaptured.Additionally, there-sultsareonlyconditionallycomparable,asdifferentboundaryconditionsmaydifferforEPCandau-dit.Thatconsumesextratimeandentailsfurthercostsforthebuildingowner.Inthesamedirectiongoargumentsbyseveralotherstakeholders.InmanycountriesitisageneralviewamongEPCasses-sorsthatanEPCreflectsthebuilding’sperformancewithregardstoitsthermalenvelopeandtech-nicalsystems,regardlessofitsoccupantbehaviouranduseofthebuilding.Asanauditalsomirrorsthehabitsoftheoccupants,recommendationsshouldbebasedonbuilding’sperformancewithsomecareandabstractionfromtheoccupantbehaviour.
ThereareonlyfewEUmemberstates, forexample,CroatiathatrequireadetailedenergyauditasthebasisforanEPC,also,QualDeEPCpartnercountriesBulgariaandLatviaareamongthem.
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Figure22:LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits
LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits
Austria No.Belgium No.(ingeneral)TheEPCisbasedontechnicalbuildingissuesonly(CertiBru,2020).Bulgaria Yes.TheEnergyperformancecertificateisintegralpartofenergyauditprocedure.
Croatia Yes.Energyauditisapre-conditionforproducingEPCsasperArticle6oftheOrdinanceonenergyauditingofbuildingsandenergycertification(Ordinanceonenergyauditingofbuildingsandenergycertification,2017).
Cyprus No.EPCsareonlybasedontechnicalbuildingperformance.CzechRe-public No.
Denmark No.Estonia No.EPCsandenergyauditsforbuildingsaredifferentmeasures(EestiEnergia,n.d.).
Finland No.EPCsareonlybasedontechnicalbuildingperformance.Theonlytargetofcomparisonisthebuildingitself,notitscurrentoccupants(MotivaOy,n.d.-c).
France Informationnotfound.
GermanyNo.IftheEPCissuerisnottheenergyconsultant,thebuildingdatamustberecaptured(takestimeandentailsnewcostsforthebuildingowner).Theresultsareconditionallycomparable,sincedifferentboundarycondi-tionsunderlie.
Greece No.EPCsarebasedontechnicalbuildingperformance,calculatedwiththeassetratingapproach.
HungaryNo.InHungaryitisageneralviewamongassessorsthatanEPCbelongstothebuilding,regardlessofitsown-er,andofitsowner’sbehaviour/useofthebuilding.Anauditmirrorsthehabitsoftheowner,butitshouldnotbethebasisoftherecommendationsforimprovingthebuilding’sperformance.
Ireland Yes.TheBERisquitedetailed.Especiallyforexistingbuildings,itincludeson-siteinspection,andindividualenergyandwateruseintothecalculation.Therecommendationsarequitedetailed(SEAI,2019a,2019b).
Italy Informationnotfound
LatviaYes.UsuallyEPCisviewedasanannexofenergyaudit(thishashappenedbecausemostlyEPCsareissuedonlywhenbuildingwanttoreceiveEUgrantforbuildingrenovationandinthisprocessadetailedenergyauditofabuildingisneeded).
Lithuania No.Luxembourg No.Poland Yes.AccordingtothenewregulationthecalculationoftheenergyauditcanbedoneusingEPCmethodology.Portugal Informationnotfound.
Linking EPCs and renovation recommendations to detailed energy audits
EPCs and renovation recommendations are linked to detailed energy audits
No linking is in place
Information not found
QualDeEPC partner countries
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LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits
RomaniaNo.TheinformationprovidedintheEPCissufficienttoconductanevaluationoftheenergyperformanceofthecertifiedbuilding.However,thedetailedtechnicalinformationisoftenincompleteorincorrect.(BPIEetal.,2017)
Slovakia No.EPCscanbeissuedviaanonlineform.Anenergyauditisanextensiveevaluatione.g.,(ARNEA,n.d.).
SloveniaNo.AnEPCisnotanEnergyaudit.Toobtainoverallevaluationoftheenergyperformanceofthebuildingsamoreextensiveevaluationshouldbeperformed(energyauditisoneofthemostusefulforms)(Geissleretal.,2016).
Spain No.
Sweden
No.TheEPCisquitedetailed.Itincludeson-siteinspection,measuredindividualenergyandwateruseandanassessmentofindoorclimatetodeterminetheenergyperformanceandsuggestcost-effectiverenovationmeasures.However,adetailedenergyauditmaybeneededinordertoexactlydesignandcalculatetheprof-itabilityofthesuggestedmeasuresandpackagethemeasuresintoadeeprenovationplan.
UK Informationnotfound.Table32:LinkingEPCsandrenovationrecommendationtodetailedenergyaudits
7.2 Monitoring implementationof renovationrecommendationsgiven in theEPCs
Monitoringoftheimplementationofrecommendedactionsforenergyefficiencyrenovationsgivenin the EPCs can bemade easy if EPCs are linkedwith financial incentive/financing schemes, as inQualDeEPC partner countries Bulgaria, Greece, and Hungary. However, such linkages (see section7.3)arenotoftenavailable.Asa result, alsoamonitoringof the implementationof recommenda-tionsisrarelygiven.Inmostcountriesanimplementationoftherecommendationsisvoluntaryandis notmonitored. Although not a way ofmonitoring implementation of renovation recommenda-tions, in Cyprus, EPCs of public buildings, the recommendations accompanying them, and energyaudits, where applicable, were the basis for evaluating 120,000 m2 of public buildings that wasplannedtoberenovatedfortheperiod2014–2020.
7.3 LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes
Insomecountries,EPCsaredirectlylinkedtofinancialincentiveschemes.ThisincludesamandatoryissuanceofassetratingEPCsbeforeandafterrenovation.Suchlinkingandmandatoryassetratingisavailableinfewcountriese.g.Bulgaria,Greece,HungaryandLatvia.
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Figure23:LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes
AssetratingEPCsaremandatorybeforeandafterrenovationforfinancialincentive/financingschemes
Austria No.Forsomefundingschemeslike"SanierungscheckfürPrivate2019"theEPChastobeprovidedbefore,butnotafterrenovation(KommunalKreditPublicConsulting,2019).
Belgium No.Bulgaria Yes.Croatia No.
Cyprus
Asperaschemeforenergyefficientupgradingofhouseholdsfundsareprovidedbasedonthelevelofenergyefficiencyachieved,forexamplefromatleastclassBofEPCtoNZEBlevels.However,thefundsarelinkedtotheinvestmentsmadeasperEPCrecommendationsanditisunclearwhetheranassetratingisrequiredatall(IndustryandTechnologyService,MinistryofEnergy,TradeandIndustry,2020).
CzechRe-public No.
Denmark No.Subsidyprogrammesforrenovationareavailable,however,notlinkedtoEPCs.
EstoniaYes.AnEnergyefficientupgradeofhousingschemeisstronglylinkedtotheEPCsystem.Forexample,a15%grantcanbeappliedwhenEPCClassE(minorrenovation)willbeachievedafterthecompletionofrenovationworks(Kuusketal.,2016).
Germany No.TherearedifferentboundaryconditionsforfundingprogramsandEnEVcalculations.
GreeceYes.Forthepurposesofapplyingtothenationalincentiveprogramme‘EnergyEfficiencyatHouseholdbuild-ings’anEPCneedstobeissuedbeforetheimplementationoftherenovationmeasuresaswellasasecondEPCneedstobeissuedandsubmittedaftercompletionofrenovationworks.
Hungary Yes.Ireland No.Latvia Yes.Usually,thelengthofmandatorymonitoringperiodis5years.Luxembourg No.
Poland
No.Renovationofbuildingswiththeuseofthefinancialincentivesrequiresaninitialenergyaudittoproposemeasuresandverifyitseconomicfeasibility.TheEPCsdonothaveanimpactontherenovationactivitiesinPolandhoweverthepotentialofusingEPCsinfinancialsupportsystemshasbeennoticed(EPCinsteadofenergyauditforsinglefamilyhouses).
Spain Yes.ForreceivinggrantsPAREERincludesacomplementaryfinancialsupportiftheAorBclassofthebuildingisachieved.
Sweden No.Notforthemoment.Financingschemesareregularlychangingbuttherehavebeensomethatlinkstothe
Linking EPCs to financial incentive schemes
Asset rating EPCs are mandatory before and after renovation for financial incentive/financing schemes
Asset rating EPCs are not mandatory
Information unavailable
QualDeEPC partner countries
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AssetratingEPCsaremandatorybeforeandafterrenovationforfinancialincentive/financingschemes
EPC.
UKYes.ForreceivinggrantsfromtheEnergySavingTrust,e.g.inScotland,themeasurehastoberecommendedinanEPC.Aftertheworkhasbeendone,anupdatedEPCisneededforreceivingthegrant(EnergySavingTrust,n.d.-c).
Table33:LinkingEPCstofinancialincentiveschemes
7.4 CreatingDeepRenovationNetworkPlatforms
Apromising step towardsdeep renovation isDeepRenovationNetworkPlatforms. Suchplatformsprovideone-stop-shopsfordeeprenovationlinkedtoEPCs,includingadministrative,energyadvice,financialandsupply-side informationtobuildingowners,withactivemarketingofdeeprenovationand EPC, and coordinating supply-side actors and supporting theirmarketing, training andquality.Suchone-stop-shops for deep renovation linked to EPCsmaybe available onnational, regional orlocal level. Inmany countriesone-stop-shops forbuilding renovationexist, however, only someofthemtarget“deeprenovation”.Inaddition,theintensityoftheserviceofferedmayvaryalot,fromonlineplatformsofferingtheaboveinformationinanintegratedway,throughlocalofficesandstafffortheinformationandcoordinationactivities,toone-stop-shopsevencoordinatingconcretereno-vationworksfortheclients.Thefollowinggraphandfigurerelatetoeitherthelatterserviceintensity(Denmark,France)ortoacomprehensiveinformationplatformatnationallevel(Ireland,UK).
Figure24:DeepRenovationNetworkPlatformsofferingeitheraone-stop-shopforimplementationorforinformationatnationallevel
Deep Renovation Network Platforms offering either a one−stop−shop for implementation or for information at national level
One stop−shops for deep renovation linked to EPCs are availableOne stop−shops are unavailableInformation not foundQualDeEPC partner countries
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DeepRenovationNetworkPlatformsofferingeitheraone-stop-shopforimplementationorforinformationatnationallevel
Belgium Deeprenovationprogramsexist:BEreel,Renovatiepact:However,linkagestoEPCareunclear,theprogramsgomuchfurther.
Bulgaria No.
Denmark Yes.BetterHomeisanindustry-drivenone-stop-shopmodel,whichhasprovensuccessfulinboostingdemandforholisticenergyrenovationsinDenmark,sincethemodelwaslaunchedin2014(BetterHome,n.d.).
France
Yes.Therearesomeregionalone-stop-shops.Forexample,Ile-de-FranceEnergies:Aone-stop-shopintheregionIledeFrance.Themainaimistoaccompanycondominiumsandsocialhousingorganizationsinvariousphasesofambitiousenergyrenovationprojectsandprovidingthemwithorganizational,technical,legalandfinancialengineeringservices(BenignaBoza-Kiss,PaoloBertoldi,2018;Île-de-FranceEnergies,n.d.).
Germany Yes.Notavailableatnationallevel.However,thereareanumberoflocalinformationandcoordinationofficesforinformation,advice,andcoachingondeeprenovation.
GreeceYes.IntheframeoftheRequest2Actionproject,CREShasdevelopedaHubthatprovidesawiderangeofinformationrelatedtoenergyrenovationsolutionsforbuildingstobuildingowners,tradespeople,investors,developersandpolicymakers.
Hungary No.
IrelandYes.TheSEAI(SustainableEnergyAuthorityofIreland)HomepageincludestheEPCdatabase,includesdetailedinformationonhowtogetanEPC,buildingrenovation,databases,linkstoinstallersetc,andalsoforgrants(SEAI,2017a).
Latvia No.
LuxembourgYes.Myenergyisthenationalstructureforpromotingthenationalenergytransition.TheHomepageincludesinformationforallstakeholders,providesalistofEPCassessors,showshowtogetfunding(myenergy,2020).
Sweden No.
UKYes.ServicesoftheEnergySavingTrustincludetheHomeEnergyCheckandtheHomeEnergyCheckScotland.Theyincludelotsofdetailedinformation,toolsandcalculators,financialsupport,listsofregisteredhandcrafts,databaseofenergyefficientproducts(EnergySavingTrust,2020).
Table34:DeepRenovationNetworkPlatformsofferingeitheraone-stop-shopforimplementationorforinformationatnationallevel
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8 CONCLUSIONS
ThisreportfromtheQualDeEPCprojecthasexaminedthedegree,towhichEUmemberstatesandtheUKmayhavealreadyimplementedalargenumberofpotentialimprovementoptionsforenergyperformancecertificationschemes,theuseofEPCsinbuildingmarkets,andforadvancingdeepren-ovation.The results show,oncemore, thehighdiversity inEPCschemesacross theEU (cf. severalpublications of the Concerted Action on the EPBD and Arcipowska et al. 2014). They also provideusefulinformationinatleasttwodirections:1)whichimprovementoptionsarenotyetimplementedatallorinsufficientqualityinmostQualDeEPCpartnercountriesaswellasotherEUmemberstates,andcouldthereforebeinterestingcandidatesforthefurtherworkoftheQualDeEPCproject inde-velopment,testing,discussion,andpossiblyimplementationofelementsforenhancedandconverg-ingEPCschemes(tobeanalysedinTasks2.3and2.4oftheprojectatfirsthand);and2)whichcoun-tries,withinorbeyondtheQualDeEPCproject,offergoodpracticeexamplesfortheimplementationoftheseoptionsthatcouldservetoguidethedevelopmentandimplementationinothercountries(Task2.2oftheproject).
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10 ANNEXI
ThecurrentstatusofEPCprocessesandimplementationacrossEUmemberstatesissummarizedinfivekeysections,addressingthevariouspotentialEPCelementsofanenhancedandconvergingEPCscheme,asshownbelow:
• Assessmentandcertification• Requirementsforqualifiedexperts• Independentcontrolsystems• UseofEPCdata,includinginwiderbuilding-relateddatabases• HowareEPCsembeddedinwiderpoliciesandpublicactivitiestostimulatedeeprenovation?
Theresultsofthesefivesectionsaresummarizedinthefiguresbelow.
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Figure25:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates
QualDeEPC partner countries Other Member States
Official or certified EPCSoftware to ensure quality
and comparability ofassessments
EPC Software: default valuesor validity ranges for input
prameters
Online tool for comparing EPCrecommendations to deep
energy renovationrecommendations
On−site inspection during EPCassessment
High user−friendliness of theEPC
Improving the renovationrecommendations towards deep
renovation
Compliance between EPC ratingand operational rating
EPC for new buildingscompatible with NZEB
requirements
Updating of EPCs
EPC calculation procedure inadherence with new CEN OAS
standardBG DE EL ES HU LV SE AT BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR HR IE IT LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK
Certification mechanism or validation procedure for softwareprovided by private vendors is available
Software solutions provided by private vendors are available
Single, mandatory software or at least an official software isavailable
Alternative calculation methods for determining input values,other than the default values, are available
Validity ranges for input data are available (or multiple valuescan be chosen from the available default values)
Practical default values for input data are available
Online tool on energy efficiency renovations is available
Online tool that compares energy consumption as per EPC withmarket average/typical buildings is available
On−site inspection is voluntary
On−site inspection is mandatory for some buildings (e.g.,existing/new/residential/non−residential/public)
On−site inspection is mandatory for all buildings
EPC rating and recommendations as well as potential energy (andcost) savings and benefits are presented
EPC rating and recommendations are presented
Recommendations on EPCs include links for further information andfinancial support
Summary of recommendations and (if possible) energy savings isprovided on the first pages of the EPC (instead of in the deailed
report or the Annex)
Assessment software tools include high quality and high energyefficiency options for renovation recommendations
Requirements in force and/or guidance available to produce therenovation recommendations in a way to become the first step
towards individual buildings deep renovation passports/roadmaps
EPC rating for new buildings is based on calculated energyconsumption (known as asset rating)
Existing EPC scheme for new buildings is compatible with(national) NZEB requirements
Provision for updating of EPCs is available
New CEN OAS standards are considered/being considered to beincluded in EPC calculation procedures
Member States
EPC
elem
ents
and
opt
ions
Yes No Information not found
Current status of assessment and certification of EPCs in EU Member States
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Figure26:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates
QualDeEPC partner countries Other Member States
Registry of EPC assessors
Regular mandatory EPCassessor training on
assessment andrecommendations required for
certification and registry
Eligibility requirements(pre−qualification) for EPC
assessor certification
Updating EPC assessoraccreditation
Regular events and workshopson innovative solutions for
deep renovationBG DE EL ES HU LV SE AT BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR HR IE IT LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK
An unofficial and/or commercial registry of EPC assessors isavailable
An official registry of EPC assessors is available
Periodic training is mandatory for maintaining certificationand registration as EPC assessor after validity period of
certification
Mandatory training on assessment and recommendations is requiredfor obtaining certification and registration as EPC assessor for
the first time
Eligibility requirements for EPC assessor certification are inplace
Periodic verification, through an examination, is mandatory
Regular events and workshops are conducted by national EPC bodyor other such professional chambers
Member States
EPC
elem
ents
and
opt
ions
Yes No Information not found
Current status of requirements for qualified experts in EU Member States
QualDeEPC partner countries Other Member States
Quality control of both EPCsand assessors
Performing automaticvalidity/quality check of EPC
assessments
Achieving C or or C* levelcontrol of EPC assessmentsfor the sample according to
the EPBD
Reporting of errors in EPCassessments from controls for
learning
Sanctions and penalisationfor EPC assessors
Channelling revenues fromsanctions for enhancing EPC
schemesBG DE EL ES HU LV SE AT BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR HR IE IT LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK
Quality control of assessors
Quality control of EPCs
Automatic validity/quality check of EPC assessments isimplemented
Both C and C* level control are achieved
C* level control according to EPBD for the sample is achieved
C level control according to EPBD for the sample is achieved
A central databse is available for reporting errors or faultyprocedures from EPC assessments, identified during controls, for
analysis and learning
A distinction between fraud and negligence is made
Differentiated and staged sanctions for EPC issuers in case ofpoor quality assessments or recommendations are in place
Monetary gains from sanctions are channeled for enhancing the EPCschemes
Member States
EPC
elem
ents
and
opt
ions
Yes No Information not found
Current status of independent control systems for EPCs in EU Member States
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Figure27:CurrentstatusofassessmentandcertificationofEPCsinEUmemberstates
QualDeEPC partner countries Other Member States
Mandatory presentation of EPCduring sale and rental of
buildings
Sanctions for building ownerswith missing EPCs
Presenting EPC to officialbuilding sales bodies (i.e.
notaries, etc.) as anobligatory/mandatory measure
Advertising guidelines forpresenting EPCs in
real−estate ads during saleand rental
Controlling and enforcing themandatory use of EPCs in real
estate advertisements
Public database of EPCs
Linking EPC database to otherbuildings− or energy−related
databases
BG DE EL ES HU LV SE AT BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR HR IE IT LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK
EPBD has been transposed, so that national law mandates that EPCis displayed in the sale or rental process of a building
Rewards for EPC compliance are available to building owners
Sanctions for building owners missing to obtain / present an EPCare in place
Presentation of EPCs to official building sales bodies, such asnotaries, is mandatory for sales of buildings
Advertisement guidelines for EPCs are available
Legal requirement to present EPCs in advertisements is notcontrolled and enforced
Legal requirement to present EPC, or at least the EPC rating andkey values in advertisements is controlled and enforced
Limited (or non...public) access database of EPC ratings isavailable
Public access database of EPC ratings is available
Links to other− or energy−related databases are present
Member States
EPC
elem
ents
and
opt
ions
Yes No Information not found
Current status of use of EPCs and their data in EU Member States, including in wider buildings−related databases
QualDeEPC partner countries Other Member States
Linking EPCs and renovationrecommendations to detailed
energy audits
Monitoring implementation ofrecommendations given in the
EPCs
Linking EPCs to financialincentive schemes
Creating Deep RenovationNetwork Platforms
BG DE EL ES HU LV SE AT BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR HR IE IT LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SI SK UK
EPCs and renovation recommendations are linked to detailed energyaudits
Mechanism for monitoring implementation of recommendations givenin the EPCs is available
Asset rating EPCs are mandatory before and after renovation forfinancial incentive/financing schemes
One stop−shops for deep renovation linked to EPCs are available
Member States
EPC
elem
ents
and
opt
ions
Yes No Information not found
Current status of embedding EPCs in wider policies and public activities to stimulate deep renovation in EU Member States