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Graduate School of Culture Technology, KAIST Juhan Nam
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CTP431- Music and Audio Computing, Fall 2017Introduction
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Who We Are
§ Instructor– Juhan Nam (남주한)– Assistant Professor in GSCT, KAIST– Music and Audio Computing Lab: http://mac.kaist.ac.kr
§ TAs: – Jongpil Lee (이종필), Ph.D. Student in GSCT, KAIST– Wonil Kim (김원일), M.S. Student in GSCT, KAIST
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What Is This Course About?
§ Introduction to Music Technology
3Music Technology?
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Music Technology
§ A whole set of different technologies that have changed the way that people are engaged in music as composer, performer and listener
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MusicComposition
MusicPerformance
MusicListening
Distribution
MusicalInstruments
Notation
Production
Education
Entertainment
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Piano
5Cristofori’s FortePiano (1722) The Piano Action
§ Invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori (1720s)
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Piano
6Steinway Model D
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Piano
§ Characteristics – Rich harmonics– Sustained tone– Polyphonic and wide register
§ Influence on music– Composers in the Romantic era: Chopin, Schumann, Liszt – Musical expressions– Tonal harmony: vertical relation of notes
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Harmonics of Piano
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Sound Recording
§ Phonautograph - Leon Scott (1857)– The first invention of sound recording but recording only– Recent research on image to sound restoration: http://firstsounds.org/
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/new-sounds-old-voices http://edcarter.net/home/phonautogram/
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Sound Recording
§ Phonograph: Thomas Edison (1877)
Edison cylinder
Grooves in Edison cylinder
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Sound Recording
§ Gramophone: Emile Berliner (1887)
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Effect of the Early Music Records
§ Globalization– Worldwide distribution of music– Music becomes industry
Caruso<Vesti LaGiubba>“Thefirstmillion-sellerrecord” 1930ssuperstar,왕수복
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Effect of the Early Music Records
§ Musical Form– Changed by the limited duration (3-4 minute long) – “AABA” form (or 32-bar form) – Modern popular music
• Jazz standards
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Souce:http://www.musicarrangerspage.com/251/what-is-a-bridge-interlude/
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Musical Tone
§ A pitched tone has a periodic waveform
50 52 54 56 58 60−0.4
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Fourier Series
§ Any periodic signal can be represented as a sum of harmonically related sine waves
Joseph Fourier
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Additive Synthesis
§ Synthesize sounds by adding multiple sine oscillators– Also called Fourier synthesis
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OSC
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Telharmonium
§ Additive synthesizer using electro-magnetic “tone wheels” (Cahill, 1897)
§ Transmitted through telephone lines – Subscription only– The business failed
Tonewheel
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Telharmonium
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TunkjJvbrHs
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Evolved into Hammond Organ
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Subtractive Synthesis
§ Synthesize sounds by sharping with filters
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FilterOscillators Amp
5 10 15 20−60
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Oscillator Filter Filtered Sound
50 52 54 56 58 60−0.4
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MiniMoog (1970)
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Moog Synthesizers
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usl_TvIFtG0
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“Switched-On-Bach” by Wendy Carlos(1968)
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Magnetic Tape Recording
§ High Fidelity– Nearly flat over audible frequency range
§ Malleable– Record audio can be edited
§ Multi-track recording– Record and playback simultaneously– Layer by layer recording
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Music Concrete
§ Composition by tape editing– Cut– Splice– Reverse – Speed up/down
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4ea0sBrw6M
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PierreSchaeffer-- Études debruits(1948)
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Sample-based Synthesis
Mellotron (1963)
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Les Paul’s Innovation
§ Overdubbing– Ensemble Effects
§ Delay effects – Tape delay or phasing effects
LesPaul
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Digital Audio
…1001101… …0100110…
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Sample-based Sound Synthesis
…1001101… …0100110…
MusicScore Sound
Samples + Digital Signal Processing
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Digital Audio Effects
…1001101… …0100110…
Digital Signal Processing
Sound TransformedSound
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§ Save and play musical performance
MIDI and Sequencer
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Step sequencer(Drum Machine)
MIDI sequencer
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Digital Audio Workstation
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Launch Pad
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DJ Machines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44F0d2CbjM0
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Max Mathews
§ Father of Computer Music
§ Developed the first programming language to synthesize sound, called Music-N (1957)
§ Invented Radio-baton, a baton-type controller for computer orchestra
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/08/the-first-computer-musician/?_r=0
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Music-N (Max Mathews)
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"DaisyBell”,programmedbyJohnKellyandCarolLockbaumandtheaccompanimentwasprogrammedbyMaxMathews.
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Audio Programming Language
MAX / MSP / Jitter SuperCollider
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Web Audio
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Web Audio (HTML5 Standard)
http://www.google.com/doodles/robert-moogs-78th-birthday
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Web Audio
https://tonejs.github.io
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Course Goals
§ Understanding theoretical backgrounds in music technology today– Basic acoustics, digital audio– Sound synthesis, digital audio effects– Musical control and representation (e.g. MIDI)– Algorithmic composition– Music analysis and information retrieval
§ Hand-on experience with sound examples and code – Programming: web audio API (HTML/CSS/Javascript) – Generate, modifying and controlling sounds– Visualization and graphics– Interaction
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What is Web Audio API?
§ High-level JavaScript API for processing and synthesizing audio in web applications– Contain a number of sound synthesis, processing, and analysis nodes
§ HTML5 standards supported in Chrome, Firefox and other web browsers– Replacing “Flash” for multimedia capability
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1995 2000 2005 2010 201519901985
Flash: ActionScript
VS
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Why Web Audio API?
§ Based on existing language (i.e. JavaScript)
§ Easy to integrate with multimedia components – MIDI (e.g. webMIDI)– Graphics (e.g. webGL)– Input sensor: camera, microphone, keyboard, mouse
§ Free and no installation
§ Platform-independent (but browser-dependent)
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Why Web Audio API?
48https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2016#technology
Stackoverflow developer survey results (2016) Most popular languages used on GitHub (2016)https://octoverse.github.com/
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Course Information
§ Course webpage– http://mac.kaist.ac.kr/~juhan/ctp431/– Basic course info, schedule and resources
§ KLMS– Announcement– Q&A: discussion board– Homework submission– Grading
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Lecture Format
§ Monday– Theory part– Read the slides before the class
§ Wednesday– Practice part– Web audio programming – Bring your laptop
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Grading
§ Attendance: 10% – Attendance, participation in discussion, and so on
§ Assignments: 40%– Javascript programming using web audio
§ Midterm: 20%– Paper exam focusing on theories
§ Final Project: 30%– Proposal / Presentation / Submission (by sharing on the web using Github)
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Pre-requisites
§ Basic literacy– Programming language: variable, control, loop, function, class– Signal processing: meaning of x, y, t and f, Fourier transform (hopefully…)– Music: basic music theory
§ HTML/CSS/Javascript: desired but not required
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