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Community
Social Work
Teaching Resource
Powerpoint Slides
Martin ONeill
January 05
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Community Social WorkTeaching Resource
Powerpoint Slides
Session 1 Group Work
QuestionWhich community do you comefrom?
Session 2What is Community?
Definitions
Session 3Context Informing Practice
Session 4
Policy Context
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Session 5
The Social Determinants of
Health
Session 6
What is Community SocialWork?
Session 7
What skills are required forCommunity Social Work?
Session 8
Values, Skills
Session 9
Benefits and Limitations
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Session 10
The Role of theCommunity/Voluntary Sector
Session 11
Stages in the CommunitySocial Work Process
Session 12
Current issues
Macro
Micro
Session 13 (GroupExercise)
Case Studies
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Session
One
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Question.
How can social workers avoid
becoming a bureaucrat ora glorified administrator?
Community Social Work
approaches can help!
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Questions
1. Which community do you
come from?
2. What is community socialwork?
3. From your experience orknowledge can you identify
any examples of communitysocial work?
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What is
Community?
Definitions
Session Two
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Community
The term community describes
the nature of a particular series
of connections between
individuals which bind them
together into a coherent group.
The coherency of the group will
depend on the number and
strength of these connections
between individuals.
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Some of the connections
which bind people together
into a community are in two
themes:-
For sociologists, a common
geographical area, or acommon interest, ethnic
origin, disability etc
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CommonPurpose
Consistency ofinteraction/contact
Common/shared values,beliefs, outlook
Common perception ofexperience
Interactive networks of
relationships
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Communities are notautomatically:-
Supportive
Welcoming
Empathetic
Positive
Empowering
Caring
Forgiving
Enabling
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Community DevelopmentDefinition
Community development is directed in particular
at people who feel excluded from society. It
consists of a set of methods which can broaden
vision and capacity for social change, and
approaches, including consultation, advocacy
and relationships with local groups. It is a way of
working which is informed by certain principles
which seek to encourage communities people
who live in the same areas or who havesomething else in common to tackle for
themselves the problems which they face and
identify to be important, and which aim to
empower them to change things by developing
their own skills, knowledge and experience andalso by working in partnership with other groups
and with statutory agencies. The way in which
such change is achieved is vital and so both the
task and the process is important.
Monitoring and Evaluating ofCommunity Development in Northern Ireland,
Voluntary Activity Unit, DHSS 1996
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By community social work we mean formal socialwork which, starting from problems affectingindividuals or groups and the responsibilities andresources of social work departments and voluntaryorganisations, seeks to tap into, support, enable andunderpin the local networks of formal and informal
relationships which constitutes a basic definition ofcommunity (Barclay, 1982)
Community social work is about encouraging peopleto discover their resources and possibilities in orderto work for positive change in their community..People have the right to participate in the decisionsaffecting them but they grow through takingresponsibility for their own success or failure.
Community is founded on a sense of belonging andworth People are diminished if they are excludedfrom decision making. They are enhanced by
recognition and responsibility. The means and endsof community social work are not merely to providepeople with services or resources, but to makepossible the process of discovering and learningtogether by which communal life is created.
Amended fromWendy Godfrey (1985)
Community Social WorkDefinition
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Context InformingSocial Work Practice
Session Three
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Context Informing
Practice
Before starting a comparison it is
important to be clear about the
context. A key date sheet for Social
Work History in Britain provides a
short overview of the history of
social work and community
development issues, which inform
practice.
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4. Macro Context
A key date sheet for Social Work history
in Britain provides a short overview ofthe history of social work andcommunity development issues.
Paternalism/Populism
18001850 - Victorian Self Help,Laissez-faire doctrine, PoorLaw and Workhouses.
1869 - Charities Organisation Society1869 led to the setting up ofAlmoners, as the first socialworkers.
1893 - Settlement movement
1893 - middle class involvement insocial work and communitywork.
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1915 - Glasgow rent strike,
working class action. Church ofEngland, 1900, reforms end
evangelical trend in the Church.
1918 - Suffragettes, led to votes
for women 1918.
1914 - 1918 First World Wara
land for heroes
1930s - The Great Depression
1939 -1945 - Second World War
1945 - Labour win a landslide
victory, a new consensus and
welfare state established 1948
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Crisis Management
1950s Expanding economy, Localcouncils of SocialServices establishedCommunity Centres andcommunity workers established
in new and expanding councilestates
1960s Poverty rediscovered
1968 Gulbenkian Report promotedCommunity Work
1968 Seebohm Report led toreorganisation of SocialServices Departments,
Community Social Workersrecognised and supported
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Technocractic Management
1968 Riots, Vietnam protests, CND,
Civil Rights Movements,
Northern Ireland Conflict
1970 Urban Programme
established, 4,000 projectssupported, The rise of radical
social work.
1975 Community Development
Projects broke with
pluralist concerns, criticisedcapitalism as the source of
poverty, Home Office withdrew
funding
1979 Thatcher Government elected,
Welfare State criticised and
dismantled
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1982 Barclay Reportsupported communitysocial work, just as the tideturned against this idea
Griffiths Report onCommunity Care promotedbetter support for carers and a self
help ideology.
1990s Contract culture promoted in H&SS,renewed interest in communitydevelopment approaches
2000 Community social work andrhetoric assimilated bymanagement and Community
Development mainstreamed
Managerialism/SocialDevelopment
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Policy Context
SessionFour
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Policy Context
1. The Review of Public Administration inN Ireland 2003
- integration
- local government
2. Investing for Health 2002Partnerships in Health
3. A N.Ireland Anti-Poverty Strategy toreplace TSN?
4. Equality Agenda and Section 75
N.I. Act
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5. HPSS Regional Strategy to 2005 2025A new DHSS 20 year strategy published
December (04)
6. SHSSB Community DevelopmentStrategy 2000 CD Teams in SHSSB.
All Trusts in SHSSB have CD policies.Other Boards and Trusts have a range ofinterest in community development.
7. Current HPSS Funding cuts andefficiency savings. EU funding cuts.
Voluntary and Community Sectorsqueezed in the middle.
8. Equality schemes, Human Rights andPolicy Impact
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Government Policy
The Department of Health and Social
Services is committed to promoting acommunity development approach whichis linked to community social work.
The broad goals include, amongstothers:-
tackling social exclusion;
promoting the principles of social
justice in all policies and strategies forhealth and wellbeing;
tackling inequalities in health andwellbeing and their root causes;
creating healthy environments;
partnership with the voluntary andcommunity sector;
promoting volunteering.
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The Social Determinants
of Health
SessionFive
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If Inequalities in Social
Wellbeing are to be Reducedit Will be Essential to:-
Have policies to achieve general healthimprovement and have a greater impact on
the less well off. That is those in those interms of socioeconomic status, gender orethnicity, less well off in terms of health or itsprincipal determinants such as income,education, employment or the materialenvironment.
A well intentioned policy which improvesaverage health and social wellbeing may haveno effect on inequalities. It may even widenthem by having a greater effect on the better
off, eg immunisation, cervical screening,smoking taken up by the middle classes.
The mortality rate between (professional classI) and (unskilled class 5) which is nearly twice
as high for class 5.
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This increases the risk of mental
illness, disability, addiction and
social isolation.
Social support is very important to
good health as people feel cared
for, loved, esteemed and valued.This has a powerful protective effect
on health and wellbeing. Highlevels of mutual support protect
health while low levels have acorrosive effect.
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Session
Six
What is CommunitySocial Work?
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What Is CommunitySocial Work?
it fights poverty and social exclusion
it aims to include service users as fulland active citizens
it challenges discrimination by race,disability, age, religion, gender andsexual orientation
it is about people working together forservice user led, democratic action
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it promotes participation in decisionmaking and gives people more power
it works to prevent problems
it encourages people to learn skillsand knowledge and develop selfesteem and confidence through taking
action
it supports joint work between HPSS
agencies, citizens.
action can range from individual self
help to lobbying and campaigning.
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Within Health and SocialServices the Purpose ofCommunity Social Workis to Assist People to:-
obtain better access to information on health
and social issues.
identify and articulate their own health and
social needs and agenda for action.
negotiate and lobby for health and social
improvements .
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strengthen personal and community
networks and relationships,
providing mutual assistance.
enhance community spirit by
increasing peoples feelings of selfesteem, identity and belonging.
increase confidence and personal skills.
Assist people to make an impact onpolicies affecting their health and social
well-being.
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The Community Social Work Process canbe applied to many different settings.
Relevant to a health and social settingwhere a broad and holistic definition ofhealth and wellbeing is applied
It can operate at the following levels:-
Within communities, developingindividuals, groups and communityorganisations.
In the management, operation andservice delivery of statutory andvoluntary organisations.
In partnership between service usersand organisations such as health andlocal authorities, and local communitiesparticularly in the planning and delivery
of services.
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Group Work
Identify the skills required for communitysocial workers
SessionSeven
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Question
Can you identify what skills
are required for Community
Social Workers?
How would you apply these
skills?
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Values and Skills
Session
Eight
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Community
Social Work
Values and Principles
Respect, regardless of gender, age, belief, race, class, sexual orientation, disability.
Accept him/her as a person/uniqueness
To uphold his/her rights to self determination.
Non-judgemental attitude.
Anti-racist, anti discriminatory and anti-sectarian
commitment.
Anti-oppressive practice.
Respect for the individual/group
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Confidentiality limitations.
Recognition and commitment totackling inequalities in health andsocial wellbeing.
Commitment to collective action.
Tackle social exclusion
Empowerment
Participation
Can you see any problems withthe above?
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Skills Neededby Community Social
WorkersMany of the ideas and methods incommunity social work will not be new.
However the conventional ways ofworking, focused on the client list and
on the individual and emphasising
professional control of health and social
services knowledge, are all challengedby community social work methods
One list of skills and knowledge for
community social workers is given onthe following page. Some of these
skills will be needed by community
social workers.
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Skills Needed
research
information skills
analytical skills
interpersonal skills
motivational skills
group work skills
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knowledge of organisational
theory and practice
financial skills
knowledge of how Government
Departments operate
management skills
lobbying skills
knowledge of relevant legislation
knowledge and skills in working
with the voluntary and community
sector
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Benefits and Limitations
Session
Nine
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Community social work approaches involvelots of commitment; many difficulties may haveto be overcome. One study of the use ofcommunity approaches in practice found awide range of benefits and issues identified bySocial Workers.
Benefits/Limitations ofCommunity Social Work
The benefits included:
more satisfying work; more appropriate service user engagement
with services and hence more effective use; more realistic expectations of services staff felt that they had a greater
knowledge of the resources to offerpatients;
a feeling of being able to share problems withother agencies. Limits Bureaucracy Managerialism Experts, some social workers view
themselves as experts and are unwilling toshare power
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The role of the
Voluntary/CommunitySector
SessionTen
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The Role ofVoluntary/Community
Sector Voluntary Organisations provide vital
services which would not otherwise beprovided by the state.
Make a unique contribution to healthand social wellbeing.
Promote social welfare in targetinghealth and social need to sociallyexcluded individuals, groups and
communities. Eg, a C.A.B: 66% ofusers had no educational qualificationsand almost half were on low income.
Value base derived from userinvolvement and participation.
Voluntary led services promote socialand emotional wellbeing which maywell mitigate the need for referrals tostatutory agencies.
Working in partnership betweenvoluntary/community organisations andHealth and Social Services is vitallyimportant.
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Stages in theCommunity Social
Work Process
Session
Eleven
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Stages in the Community
Social Work Process Entry: getting to know the person or group you are working
with
Build up contacts and trust and clarify your role
Identify formal or informal networks and structures
Work with the person or group to help them identify mainconcerns/ problems/areas of common interest
Help them identify what needs to change
Collectivise involvement, participation and commitment withinthe persons network or community or group
Clarify openings and resistances to change
Help the person or group develop tactics and plans to bringabout change, by building an opening and tackling or by-
passing resistance
Take action as appropriate
Evaluate
Continue the process
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Current issuesMacroMicro
Session Twelve
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Current Issues
Macro Level
Working within a conflict/postconflict society
The role of the Northern IrelandAssembly?
Equality Agenda
Human Rights Agenda
The Review of Public
Administration and LocalGovernment
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The restructuring ofdownsizing Health and Social
Services managerialismv-social development
Cross Border Dimension
European Perspective(N Ireland less important)
Down sizing the statutory andvoluntary sectors (too manyorganizations doing similar
things) Funding cuts &efficiency savings
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Current IssuesMicro Level
Mainstreaming communitydevelopment and community socialwork in HPSS
Community Development Policy in
Trusts and BoardsNot joined up across all the HPSS
Resources?
Scarce
Role of voluntary and communitysector as partners or adversaries,
do we use and abuse them?
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Case Studies
Session Thirteen
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Case Study One
A group of people withmental health problems statethat they are fed up with the
programme at a socialcentre.
What would you do?
What are the issues?
What are the potential
problems?
How would you handle
these?
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Case Study Two
A group of Muslim women ask for
help in forming a group.
During the meeting many express
concerns and fears about racist
attacks and abuse because of
September 11th.
What would you do? What is the role of the agency?
What is your role, what problemsmight arise?
How would you handle these?
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Case Study Three
A carers group haveexperienced a range ofproblems:- lack of respite(24 hr caring), carers mental
health needs, stigma, lack ofresources, little recognitionfrom HPSS. They state thatthey are being used and
abused by social services.
What is your role?
What is the role of theagency?
How could these issues betackled?
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Case Study 4
You are a social worker in aCentre providing services for agroup with learning difficulties
The group wants a strongervoice in how the Programme of
the Centre is organised However, the manager and
staff are resisting this proposal
What would you do?