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A Hybrid Communication Architecture
for Internet of Things (IOT) Application
in Smart Grid
Yijia CaoYijia CaoHunan University, ChinaHunan University, China
20142014--1010--2121
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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Smart Grid Vision
To realize the automated and intelligent management of power grid, a fast, reliable and secure communication network is required
High DER penetration Bidirectional electrical power flows Self-healing ability Flexible demand side management Diversified power quality Enabling energy market
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Information and Communication (IC) Network Characteristics for Smart Grid
Highly coupling of power grid and communication network
Diversified communication environment Employment of various communication mode Dramatic growth of data amount Coexistence of different information Cyber security issues
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IOT Vision
Hierarchical architecture of IOT
The Internet of Things (IOT) is a global infrastructure for the information society that enabling the connection of Man to Man, Man to Thing, or Thing to Thing at anytime and anywhere.
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Key Technologies of IOT
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IOT Applications in Smart GridTransmission line monitoring•PLC•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•WiMAX•RFID•GPS
Transmission line monitoring•PLC•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•WiMAX•RFID•GPS
DER/Microgrid monitoring & control•WSN•WiFi•Ethernet•GPS
DER/Microgrid monitoring & control•WSN•WiFi•Ethernet•GPS
Demand response, Automatic metering reading, load management•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Zigbee
Demand response, Automatic metering reading, load management•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Zigbee
Power plant/Substation monitoring & control•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Ethernet•GPS
Power plant/Substation monitoring & control•WSN•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G•Ethernet•GPS
PEV charging station monitoring & control•RFID•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G
PEV charging station monitoring & control•RFID•WiFi•Ethernet•GSM/GPRS, 3G, 4G
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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To protect the smart grid and ensure optimal operation, the communication infrastructure must meet several requirements, which are
Network latency requirements
Network reliability requirements
Network security requirements
Requirements for Communication
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1 Network Latency Requirements
Many types of information exchanges between electric devices is useful only within a predefined time frame
Application class Typical maximum response Data burst size (range)
Protection 1-10 ms Tens of bytes
Control 100 ms Tens of bytes
Monitoring 1 s Tens to hundreds of bytes
Metering/billing Hours Hundreds of bytes
Reporting/software update Days KB to MB
Latency requirements for different applications in the smart grid
Available solutions to reduce network latency• Communication technology selection• Network service mapping• Network structure design• Other delay guarantees
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It is extremely important for the network to be reliable for successful and timely message exchanges• System faults occur with minimal probability• The dysfunctional components are restored to normal working status in the
shortest time• The impact to the whole power system is minimized when some components go
wrong
Suitable solutions to improve network reliability• Evaluation of system reliability• Network redundancy• Message prioritization and resource reservation mechanisms• Periodic network maintenance checkup• Automatic failure detection and path switching
2 Network reliability Requirements
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It is imperative to protect the communication networks from cyber attacks for correct functioning of power system• Availability• Integrity• Confidentiality• Authenticity• Non-repudiation
Optional solutions to maintain network reliability
FirewallMessageencryption
Identityauthentication
Intrusiondetection
Accesscontrol VPNAntivirus
software
3 Network Security Requirements
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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Hybrid Communication Architecture
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Application of Hybrid Communication Architecture in Smart Grid
The hybrid communication architecture for smart grid
has been applied in two typical cases:
Case A -- Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment
(PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management
Case B -- Smart Substation Communication Network
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Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case A
IOT-based Architecture for Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment (PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management
IOT-based Architecture for Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment (PTTE) Monitoring, Control and Management
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Smart Sensing Layer: Ubiquitous sensing of power equipment status
Smart transformer
Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case A
RFID FLAG
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Data Communication Layer: Autonomous and cooperative communication networks to support data exchange in a heterogeneous network
Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case A
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Information Processing Layer: To realize the integration, storage and analysis of massive data (Cloud computing, data fusion, data mining, etc.)
Smart Application Layer: To extend the evaluative dimension of equipment status so as to improve the effectiveness of maintenance decisions and the ability of PTTE life cycle management
Service type
Condition based maintenance
Resource allocation Smart patrol Performance
managementSmart
dispatchingEnvironment assessment
Support platform Panoramic information integration platform + Life cycle management system
Key indicators Reliability Economy Environment
Function module State assessment Forecasting and
early warningSmart
diagnosisRisk
assessmentMaintenance
decisionPerformance
evaluationModel
research Causal model of fault Time series model of fault Cost model of life cycle
Basic research
Deteriorating law caused by multi-factor Panoramic information fusion
Experimental study Statistical analysis Typical fault Incidence relation
Equipment account
Operation condition
Experimental data Monitoring data Environmental
dataMaintenance
cost
Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case A
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WSN-based Smart SubstationCommunication Network
WSN-based Smart SubstationCommunication Network
Hybrid Communication Architecture -- Case B
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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Evaluation of Network QoS
QoS index•User QoS: End-to-End delay•Node QoS: Collision, packet loss ratio, bit error rate, signal/noise ratio, received power•Network QoS: Media Access Control (MAC) delay, MAC throughput, MAC data dropped
Quality of Service (QoS) is a key problem for WSN-based smart substation communication network (SCN), which has a great influence on network latency.
Influence factors of network QoS for WSN-based SCN•Network topology•Sensor node scale•Node transmitted power•Network node
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Simulation prototype in OPNET
Star topology Tree topology
Mesh topology Cluster topology
Typical network topologies
Evaluation of Network QoS
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Evaluation of Network QoS
Conclusion:Cluster topology has the optimal MAC data drop rate, throughput, and delay characteristic.
Conclusion:Cluster topology has the optimal MAC data drop rate, throughput, and delay characteristic.
Conclusion:Adding of sensor nodes increases MAC throughput and causes longer MAC delay.
Conclusion:Adding of sensor nodes increases MAC throughput and causes longer MAC delay.
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Evaluation of Network QoS
Conclusion:Increase of node transmitted power can improve MAC throughput and lower data drop rate, while has little effect on MAC delay.
Conclusion:Increase of node transmitted power can improve MAC throughput and lower data drop rate, while has little effect on MAC delay.
Conclusion:MAC throughput increases with network load, while there are no changes for MAC delay and data drop rate.
Conclusion:MAC throughput increases with network load, while there are no changes for MAC delay and data drop rate.
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Control mechanism for energy consumption•Shorten transmission distance
•Reduce intermediate hops
•Data integration to cut down data amount
Optimization of Network Energy Consumption
Network Energy Consumption has a great influence on the life time of
WSN.
A higher energy consumption of key cluster header nodes will cause
the premature death on them, which seriously impact network reliability.
The energy consumption of sensor nodes is required to be optimized
and balanced to maintain the reliability of WSN.
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Optimization of Network Energy Consumption
• Network model• Sensor nodes are distributed uniformly in a
circular area• Cluster topology is configured with cluster
header nodes CHi located in the center of sector area
• Cluster header nodes transmit data to sink node by single-hop or multi-hop mode
• Four typical paths are configured and studied especially for multi-hop mode
• Energy consumption model• Energy consumption for data transmission (sensor nodes, cluster header nodes)
elec fuserpE b bE bE
0
2
02 20 0 0
, ,
,ln 16
Tx elec
t r
E b d bE b d d d
G GL dL d d d
• Energy consumption for data receiving and processing (cluster header nodes)
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• Objective function
The objective function above is mainly related to three factors:
Optimization of Network Energy Consumption
1 Tol 2 3min / _
. . 0, 1,2, ,i
F w E w LifeTime w dis facs t g x i n
L
•Total energy consumption of node cluster ETol• Part 1: Energy consumption for data transmission between sensor nodes inside the cluster and cluster header node ETol-ini
• Part 2: Energy consumption for cluster header node ETol-CHi
Tol Tol-ini Tol-CHi
2Tol-ini
2 3
Tol-CHi elec fuse
2elec
4 2
24 sin 2 ; 1, 2,33
4
4 ; 1, 2,3
i s i elec i
i i i s s
i s i i
i i i s i
E E E
E b R d E d
b d d R R i
E b R d E C E
a C b R d E d i
g g g
g g
• The objective is to minimize and balance the energy consumption of node cluster as well as to maximize network lifetime by optimizing the location of cluster header nodes, perception radius, data compression ratio and transmission cycle.
Data compression ratio of cluster header node
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• Objective function
Optimization of Network Energy Consumption
•Lifetime of the sensor network LifeTime• The network lifetime is to be maximized for normal data transmission
0 0 0
Tol-in1 Tol-CH1 Tol-in2 Tol-CH2 Tol-in3 Tol-CH3min min , ,
i
ii V i ij
j N
E E E ELifeTimee f E E E E E E
•Distance factor disc_fac• Distance factor is used to balance energy consumption of sensor network• Minimal distance factor could help prevent unreasonable deployment of cluster header nodes
2 22 3 1 1 3 2
2 3 22 3
2 22 5 3 4 1 1 2 2 3 4
3 5 23 5
_ 42
42
r C d r C d C ddisc fac p rd
C d r
r C d C d r C d C d C dp rd
C d r
g
g
1 Tol 2 3min / _
. . 0, 1,2, ,i
F w E w LifeTime w dis facs t g x i n
L
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• Optimization results based on Group Search Optimizer (GSO) algorithm
Optimization of Network Energy Consumption
Conclusions:•Adding of network hops will increase the total energy consumption of node cluster
•It is suggested to use two-hop network to make the network lifetime longer•Energy consumption for cluster header nodes could be balanced by properly configuring the data compression ratio and communication distance
Conclusions:•Adding of network hops will increase the total energy consumption of node cluster
•It is suggested to use two-hop network to make the network lifetime longer•Energy consumption for cluster header nodes could be balanced by properly configuring the data compression ratio and communication distance
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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Application in Yunan Power Grid
Distribution of substations
and transmission lines for
IOT application in Yunnan
province
863 Project, funded by
MOST
1 ±800 kV convertor station
2 500 kV substations
7 220 kV substations
3 110 kV substations
3 transmission lines
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IOT-based communication model for PTTE monitoring in Yunan porvince
Application in Yunan Power Grid
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Application Results
False positive rate of PTTE condition monitoring has been lower than 5%
Failure rate of PTTE is reduced by about 15%
Cost of equipment maintenance has been reduced by about 30%
Management efficiency of backup equipment has been increased by 50%
Equipment lifetime has been extended by 20%
Overall economic efficiency exceeds 30 million yuan
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OUTLINE
IOT Application in Smart Grid1
Hybrid Communication Architecture3
Evaluation & Optimization of Hybrid Communication Network
4
Challenges and Opportunities6
Requirements for Communication2
Application5
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Challenges and opportunities
Vulnerabilities and interactions of Interdependent network, Physical System and Cyber-System
Interoperability of various devices and interface for different kinds communication mode
Resource allocation and QoS in heterogeneous network
Cyber security and privacy protection
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