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Cross-Sectional Investigation of the Effects of Psychiatric Service Dogs on War Veterans with PTSD
Kerri E. RodriguezCenter for the Human-Animal Bond
Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine
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PTSD impacts a large number of US military members and veterans
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PTSD impacts a large number of US military members and veterans
1 in 5 of OIF/OEF veterans entering VA healthcare between 2001-2008 diagnosed with PTSD
Seal et al. (2009)
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# of Studies Type of Therapy Max Dropout RatesMax Nonresponse Rates
Across Outcomes
20 Exposure Therapy 50% 67%
8 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 32% 71%
15Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing Therapy36% 92%
Schottenbauer, Glass, Arnkoff, Tendick, & Gray (2008)
55 treatment studies
Evidence-based PTSD treatments vary in efficacy
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# of Studies Type of Therapy Max Dropout RatesMax Nonresponse Rates
Across Outcomes
20 Exposure Therapy 50% 67%
8 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 32% 71%
15Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing Therapy36% 92%
Schottenbauer, Glass, Arnkoff, Tendick, & Gray (2008)
55 treatment studies
Evidence-based PTSD treatments vary in efficacy
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Service Dog Trained Tasks
Utilizing their body weight as a grounding mechanism to reduce or alleviate anxiety/panic
Tactile interruption (nudging, pawing, licking) during flashbacks, panic episodes, or nightmares
Watching the veteran’s back while the veteran is in public to help reduce hypervigilance
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Dogs and PTSD
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Examine the therapeutic efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment option for PTSD in a military population
Subjective Self-Report• Longitudinal PTSD severity • Standardized measures
across a range of domains
Objective Physiology• Stress response biomarker
(cortisol)• Saliva samples
Research Goals
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VET
ERA
N
waitlist
Participants
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VET
ERA
N
waitlist
141
Participants
75
66waitlist
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Self-Report Domains
Quality of Life
Mental Health
Social & Family Health
Physical Health &
Sleep
“It doesn’t matter what bad things are going on in my head, I
can pet [my service dog], give him a hug, and it’ll all turn
around 180 degrees.”
Taylor, Edwards, & Pooley (2013)
“If I have a nightmare and wake up in a
panic, he’s right there to comfort me. He’ll lick me, roll all over the bed and just act goofy so I focus
on him instead of my memories.”
“[My service dog] allows me to get out of the house and finally
go to my son’s soccer games and be a dad again.”
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Why PROMIS?
• Established psychometrics
• Comparability across studies and PTSD clinical trials
• T-scores, population mean
• Clear, easy wording
• Short!
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Standardized Measures
Measure Category
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS)
Quality of LifeBradburn Scale of Psychological Wellbeing (BSPW)
Connor Davidson Scale of Resilience (CDRS)
PROMIS Alcohol Use (7A)
PROMIS Anxiety (8A)
Mental HealthPROMIS Depression (8A)
PROMIS Anger (5A)
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Veteran’s RAND VR-12– Mental Health
PROMIS Companionship (6A)
Social & Family HealthPROMIS Social Isolation (8A)
PROMIS Social Participation (8A)
Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS)
Family Assessment Device (FAD)
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (8A)
Physical Health & SleepPittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Veteran’s RAND VR-12 – Physical Health
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Results
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Results- PROMIS Measures
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Alcohol Use Anxiety Depression Anger
Service Dog Waitlist
Quality of LifeMental Health
d = 0.23n.s.
d = 0.79***
d = 0.91***
d = 0.50**
T-Sc
ore
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d = 0.42*
d = 0.60**
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Companionship Social Isolation Ability to Part. in SocialActivities
Sleep Disturbance
Service Dog Waitlist
Social & Family Health
Physical Health &
Sleep
Results- PROMIS Measures
d = 0.52** d = 0.73
***
T-Sc
ore
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Measure Category Cohen’s d
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS)
Quality of Life
.55
Bradburn Scale of Psychological Wellbeing (BSPW) .81
Connor Davidson Scale of Resilience (CDRS) .54
PROMIS Alcohol (7A) .23
PROMIS Anxiety (8A)
Mental Health
.79
PROMIS Depression (8A) .91
PROMIS Anger (5A) .50
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) .73
Veteran’s RAND VR-12– Mental Health .66
PROMIS Companionship (6A)
Social & Family Health
.52
PROMIS Social Isolation (8A) .60
PROMIS Social Participation (8A) .73
Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) .17
Family Assessment Device (FAD) .22
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (8A)
Physical Health & Sleep.42
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) .22
Veteran’s RAND VR-12 – Physical Health .02
0.8 – 1.0Large
0.5 – 0.8Medium
0.2 – 0.5Small
Results- All Measures
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Measure Category Cronbach’s α
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS)
Quality of Life
.85
Bradburn Scale of Psychological Wellbeing (BSPW) .82
Connor Davidson Scale of Resilience (CDRS) .92
PROMIS Alcohol (7A) .94
PROMIS Anxiety (8A)
Mental Health
.93
PROMIS Depression (8A) .95
PROMIS Anger (5A) .92
Veteran’s RAND VR-12– Mental Health .86
PROMIS Companionship (6A)
Social & Family Health
.92
PROMIS Social Isolation (8A) .91
PROMIS Social Participation (8A) .93
Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) .91
Family Assessment Device (FAD) .94
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (8A)
Physical Health & Sleep.89
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) NA
Veteran’s RAND VR-12 – Physical Health .86
Results- All Measures
> 0.9Great
Reliability
> 0.8Good
Reliability
> 0.7AcceptableReliability
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PROMIS Measure SLS BSPW(-) BSPW(+) CDRS MCS PHQ RAS FAD PSQI PCS PTSD
PROMIS Alcohol (7A) -.331** 0.15 -.302** -.277* -.269* .324** -0.212 0.224 0.203 -0.029 .297**
PROMIS Anxiety (8A) -.320** .470** -.321** -.500** -.499** .654** -0.162 0.126 .369** -.220** .719**
PROMIS Depression (8A) -.512** .555** -.416** -.576** -.625** .760** -.266** .205* .394** -0.119 .660**
PROMIS Anger (5A) -.303** .376** -.348** -.392** -.547** .481** -.313** .248** .274** -0.075 .618**
PROMIS Companionship (6A) .361** -0.163 .276** .222* .249** -.276** .472** -.426** -.284** 0.085 -.207*
PROMIS Social Isolation (8A) -.480** .399** -.417** -.478** -.518** .563** -.374** .296** .275** -0.122 .629**
PROMIS Social Participation (8A) .365** -.441** .309** .427** .487** -.604** .313** -.264** -.366** .330** -.599**
PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (8A) -.318** .335** -.343** -.335** -.437** .534** -.244* .215* .689** -0.157 .563**
Pearson’s r correlations among measures
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Preliminary evidence to support the therapeutic efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment option for PTSD
• Largest effect sizes in mental health, quality of life• Smaller effect sizes for alcohol use, relationships, and sleep
• Use of PROMIS measures was effective in answering our research question
• PROMIS measures were reliable in the population
Discussion
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• NIH funding for a large, longitudinal clinical trial
• Continuing to use PROMIS short forms & other standardized measures
• Physiology:• Sleep/wake activity• Electrodermal activity • Salivary cortisol
Future Directions
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www.HumanAnimal Interaction .orgCenter for the Human-Animal Bond