Download - CRJS 215 Web Site
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CRJS 215 Web SiteCRJS 215 Web Site
http://www.odu.edu/al/cpate/index.htm
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CRJS 215CRJS 215
Introduction To Criminology
Two Books:Introduction to Criminal Justice, (SS)The Rich Get Richer And The Poor Get
Prison, (JR)
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InstructorInstructor
Chris PateMilitaryState GovernmentAcademicPractitioner Perspective
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Why Are We Here?Why Are We Here?
What do you want to get from this class?
Why do I want to get from this class?
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Succeeding In ClassSucceeding In Class
The Easy Way: Responsibility– Read Assignments Generally Before Classes– Attend Class, Participate, Take Notes– Review Material For Understanding
The Hard Way: Irresponsibility
-Don’t Read Assignments Or Attend Class
-Rely On Someone Else To Carry You
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Class ExperienceClass Experience
CJ majors:Seniors?Working part-time?Working full-time?Law enforcement experience?Parents?Athletes, Heroes, Artists?
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Pleasure Not PainPleasure Not Pain
Let’s have fun.
Kidding around is okay.
Happy Hours: A form of career counseling
Let me know if I can help you.
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Participation Enhances Participation Enhances Positive OutcomesPositive Outcomes
Quizzes:– Midterm and Final OR 4 Quizzes?
Class Length– Entire time OR until cover material?
Written Assignment-One good 4-5 page paper Or a 10 page paper?
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Rules For FairnessRules For Fairness
Verification required for excused late papers and missed quizzes.
Be considerate. Be on time for quizzes and written assignments.
Honor Code is absolute.
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Extra CreditExtra Credit
1. Options listed in online syllabus.2. Pre-Approved community service
Provide verification by due date– 20 quiz points
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Getting StartedGetting Started
1. What is the purpose of our CJ System?
2. What is the purpose of incarceration?
3. What is crime?
4. Who determines what a crime is?
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5. Does our CJ system work as it should?
6. Why do police officers act as they do?
7. Are they fair and unbiased?
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8. Should offenders who commit similar crimes and who have similar backgrounds receive identical sentences?
9. Who is being punished worse by incarceration: offenders or society?
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10. How should society decide who is punished and who is not?
11. Should we be as fair and just with criminals as with one another?
12. What is punishment?
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13. What is sufficient punishment?
14. Is prison/jail more punitive than probation or parole?
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16. What is the role and function of American courts?
17. Whose responsibility is public safety?
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18. Is the Bill of Right still relevant?
19. What does the US Constitution and Bill of Right mean to us in everyday life?
20. Who cares?
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What Is Criminology?What Is Criminology?
Criminology
If you would like to save paper, begin printing study guide notes with this slide.
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The Criminal Justice System The Criminal Justice System OverviewOverview
Why do we have a Criminal Justice System?
– To provide solutions to the crime problem– To shape the direction of crime policy
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The Criminal Justice SystemThe Criminal Justice System
What constitutes the CJ system?
– A loosely organized collection of agencies that:– Protect the public– Maintain order– Enforce the law– Identify transgressors– Bring the guilty to justice– Treat criminal behavior
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The American CJ System ConceptThe American CJ System Concept
The CJ System has fairness and justice as goals.
It values informal decision making and use of personal discretion as essential ingredients of the justice process.
How can this be fair for all people?
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Some HistorySome History
Were there cultural factors in pre-20th century America that contributed to crime?
Does the fact that crime rates were higher in the 19th century refute the charge that violent entertainment is responsible for the nation’s crime and violence problem?
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The Contemporary CJ SystemThe Contemporary CJ System
Three Main Components
– Law Enforcement Agencies Investigate and Apprehend
– Court System Determine Guilt or Innocence and Sentence
– Corrections System Incapacitate, Treat and (maybe) Rehabilitate
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CrimeCrime
What makes an act a crime?
Who decides whether something is a crime?
How do they do that? And Why?
Who are their constituents?
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Role of the LegislatureRole of the Legislature
What is the primary legislative responsibility in the CJ System?
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CJ System ProcessCJ System ProcessOverviewOverview
Think of Decision Points– Arrest– Summons– Trial– Sentence– Release
Considerations– Seriousness of Offense– Available Evidence– Prior Record
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CJ System ProcessCJ System ProcessOverviewOverview
Extralegal Factors– Race– Gender– Class– Age
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CJ System ProcessCJ System ProcessOverviewOverview
Discretion plays a key role in the CJ System
Is this good or bad?
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The Formal Justice ProcessThe Formal Justice ProcessOverviewOverview
The concept of the formal justice process is important
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The Formal Justice ProcessThe Formal Justice ProcessOverviewOverview
Arrests– Felony Arrest
– Misdemeanor Arrest
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The Formal Justice ProcessThe Formal Justice ProcessOverviewOverview
Nearly every step of the CJ process requires that individual cases be disposed of as quickly as possible.
Reality is different.– Limited Resources– Inadequate Facilities– Inefficiency– Nature of Bureaucracy
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The Formal Justice ProcessThe Formal Justice ProcessOverviewOverview
Effect of Inadequate Resources, Facilities and Bureaucratic Problems– The ultimate goal of a fair and effective justice
system is not achieved.
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The Informal CJ ProcessThe Informal CJ ProcessOverviewOverview
Discretion plays a large role.– Arrest– Summons– Substitute Charges– Release– Trial – Sentence
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The Informal CJ ProcessThe Informal CJ ProcessOverviewOverview
Adversarial vs Cooperative Endeavors?
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Criminal Justice PerspectivesCriminal Justice Perspectives
Crime Control PerspectiveRehabilitation PerspectiveDue Process PerspectiveNonintervention PerspectiveJustice PerspectiveRestorative Justice Perspective
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Criminal Justice PerspectivesCriminal Justice Perspectives
What is a CJ perspective?– An individual view of crime causes and control
Why is it important?– It impacts laws.– That impacts your freedom, tax dollars, and
quality of life, schools, etc.
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Crime Control PerspectiveCrime Control Perspective
Proponents Believe Most Criminals Are– Greedy– Choose theft/drug dealing for quick/easy profit– Value excitement and thrill of breaking the law– Not stakeholders in conformity– Willing to take greater chances than the average
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Crime Control PerspectiveCrime Control Perspective
Professes That– Crime rates rise when punishment is not feared
They try to make punishment severe
– Focus of justice should be on the victim They tend to discount offender rights.
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Crime Control PerspectiveCrime Control Perspective
Emphasizes
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Rehabilitation PerspectiveRehabilitation Perspective
Proponents Believe– The justice system should be a means of caring
for and treating people who cannot manage themselves.
– They view crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by poverty and social inequality
– Government programs can help reduce crime at the national, state, local and individual level.
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Rehabilitation PerspectiveRehabilitation Perspective
The following FACTS support this perspective.– Violence decreases
As legitimate opportunities increase.
– Recidivism decreases as rehabilitation programs develop
Offender interpersonal skills Offender prosocial attitudes Offenders improve cognitive thinking patterns
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Rehabilitation PerspectiveRehabilitation Perspective
Rehabilitation Perspective advocates believe society has a choice– Pay now for treatment and education programs– Pay later for incarceration over and over again
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Due Process PerspectiveDue Process Perspective
Proponents Believe– The greatest concern of the CJ System should
be providing fair and equitable treatment to defendants.
Impartial Hearings Competent Legal Counsel Equitable Treatment Impartial Jury Reasonable Sanctions
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Due Process PerspectiveDue Process Perspective
Proponents Argue– The CJ Staten is an adversarial process.
All Powerful State– Trained prosecutor and investigators
Solitary Individual– May have to rely on appointed counsel
• Could be the least experienced attorneys
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Due Process PerspectiveDue Process Perspective
Proponents Point Out– DNA Testing has proven convicted persons
innocent– 1 in 7 death row inmates have been freed bas on
DNA evidence since 1976
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Due Process PerspectiveDue Process Perspective
• Play Supreme Court Justice• What should happen when individual rights
interfere with public safety?• Obviously guilty person• Constitutional rights violated at search or arrest
Does it matter that the person may be dangerous?
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Nonintervention PerspectiveNonintervention Perspective
Proponents Believe– The CJ System should favor the least intrusive
treatment possible and avoid stigmatizing offenders.
Deinstitutionalization Diversion Decriminalization
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Nonintervention PerspectiveNonintervention Perspective
Deinstitutionalization– Removing nonviolent offenders from prison
Diversion– Using community-based TX programs in lieu of the formal
CJ process Decriminalization
– Reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it Stigma
– An enduring label that taints a person’s identity and changes him in the eyes of others.
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Justice PerspectiveJustice Perspective
Proponents Believe– All people should receive the same treatment
under the law.– Punishment should be equitably administered
based on “just desert.”
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Justice PerspectiveJustice Perspective
Encourages– Determinate Sentencing– Abolish Parole– Mandatory Sentencing– Truth In Sentencing– Prisons as Punishment
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Restorative Justice PerspectiveRestorative Justice Perspective
Proponents Believe– The CJ System should promote peace and
justice and not punish offenders.
Advocates argue that state efforts to punish and control crime actually encourage it.
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Restorative Justice PerspectiveRestorative Justice Perspective
Restorative Justice Goals– Offenders appreciate harm they have done– Offenders make amends– Reintegrate offenders into society
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Restorative Justice PerspectiveRestorative Justice Perspective
Restorative Justice Activities– Conflict resolution between criminal and victim
in the community– Mediation
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Crime Control StrategyCrime Control Strategy
Remember:What is a CJ perspective?
– An individual view of crime causes and control It impacts laws. That impacts your freedom, tax dollars, and quality
of life, schools, etc.
– Your CJ perspective dictates your approach to crime control.
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Crime Control PerspectiveCrime Control PerspectiveCrime Control StrategyCrime Control Strategy
Source Control– Destroy crops/labs, arrest offenders
Border Control– Interdict supplies: sea, air, land
Police Crackdowns– Hearts and Minds: Viet Nam– Prostitution: Ocean View
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Justice PerspectiveJustice PerspectiveCrime Control StrategyCrime Control Strategy
Mandatory Minimum Sentences– Firearm in commission of felony– Sell drugs near school, playground
Abolish ParoleDeterminate Sentencing
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Rehabilitation PerspectiveRehabilitation PerspectiveCrime Control StrategyCrime Control Strategy
Reduce Desire For Drugs– DARE– Other Programs
Treatment– Inpatient, Outpatient– Group Counseling, Peer Support– Therapeutic Communities
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Nonintervention PerspectiveNonintervention PerspectiveCrime Control StrategyCrime Control Strategy
Legalization– Netherlands
Legalized Drugs: Relatively Low Crime rate
– Thailand Cheap, Available Drugs: High Crime Rate
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Popular PerspectivesPopular Perspectives
Most Popular Perspectives Since 1990– Crime Control Perspective– Justice Perspective
Why do you think this is the case?
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Simplistic SolutionsSimplistic Solutions
The nation’s approaches to crime have sought simplistic solutions when no such solutions exist.
“A smart person solves problems. A genius prevents them. CJ is filled with wise people and short of geniuses.”
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False DichotomyFalse Dichotomy
Arguing for either tough law enforcement or community-based crime prevention is a false dichotomy.
The choice is not one or the other.
Programs can balance public safety, rehabilitation and system costs.
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How Did The Mess Occur?How Did The Mess Occur?
1. Individual background & belief system 2. Human Nature and Immediate Gratification
Think of love– Perfection– Fireworks– Promise of Eternal Bliss– Reality Dawns (Usually)
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The Panacea PhenomenonThe Panacea Phenomenon
Unrealistic Expectations
Followed By Failure and Dissatisfaction With the Proposed Cure-All
Ultimately a Renewed Search For Another Foolproof Elixir
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Prior Panaceas Prior Panaceas The Evolution of CBC The Evolution of CBC
Community Punishments1700’s Quakers, Penitentiaries1870’s Indeterminate Sentence1800’s-1900 Therapeutic Prison1960’s-1970’s Flourishing CBC1980’s-Present Get Tough On Crime1980’s-1990’s Punish and Control
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SolutionSolution
Reasoned ApproachConsensus BuildingRealize TX Is Not A Euphemism For
LeniencyRealize Control, Properly Done, Will Not
Corrupt Reform
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Corrections SpendingCorrections SpendingPrison and Jail Spending
– Two Cents of Every State and Local Dollar
Probation and Parole- Two Tenths of One Cent
¾ of Correctional Clients Are In Local Communities
They Receive 1/10 Of Corrections Budgets
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Cost ComparisonsCost Comparisons
Effective TX Programs– $12,000 to $14,000 per year
Prison– $18,000 to $25,000 per year
Probation– About $1,400 per year
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Expanded Prison PolicyExpanded Prison Policy
Politicians Cite Public Opinion As The Reason For Supporting Expanded Prison/Incarceration Policies.
Fundamental Tenet of Democratic Society– Government and its institutions should reflect
the will of the people.
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Problem: What Punishes?Problem: What Punishes?
Problem: What Punishes?– Is requiring a runner to run 5 miles
punishment?– Is requiring a lazy person to stay home
punishment?
Reality: The opinion of the person punished is crucial in determining punishment.
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BreakBreak
Read assignments.Participate in class discussions.Review notes weekly.