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Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory2. Optic3. Oculomotor4. Trochlear5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens7. Facial8. Auditory9. Glossopharyngeal10. Vagus11. Spinal 12. Hypoglossal
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Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
HEAD/NECK : Cranial Nerves• Special Sense Nerves
–I,II,VIII
• Somatic Motor Nerves–Eye—III,IV,VI–Tongue--XII
• “Rest of body” nerves–IX,X,XI
• Face and jaws–VII, V
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Functional components• General somatic afferent fibers (GSA): transmit exteroceptive
and proprioceptive impulses from head and face to somatic sensory nuclei
• Special somatic afferent fibers (SSA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of vision, equilibrium and hearing to the brain
• General visceral afferent fibers (GVA): transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to the visceral sensory nuclei
• Special visceral afferent fibers (SVA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of smell and taste to the brain
• General somatic efferent fibers (GSE): innervate skeletal muscles of eye and tongue
• Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE): transmit motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles derived from brachial (gill) arches of embryo. These include the muscles of mastication, facial expression and swallowing
• General visceral efferent fibers (GVE): transmit motor impulses from the general visceral motor nuclei and relayed in parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers supply cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
Nerve “targets” in head• SENSORYSpecial General
Smell skin
Vision teeth
Hearing eye
tongue
oral cavity
nasal cavity
middle ear
throat
meninges
• MOTORMuscles Glands
eyes salivary
extrinsic sweat
intrinsic lacrimal
jaws mucous
facial expression
larynx
tongue
throat
ear
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
M&M, Table 14.3
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
Somatic Motor Nerves(eye muscles and tongue)
EXIT CR. CAVITYTARGETNERVE
Hypoglossal canal
(occipital)
Intrinsic, extrinsic mm. of tongue
XII. Hypoglossal
“•Sup.,med.,inf.rectus• Inferior Oblique•Levator palpebrae superioris
III. Oculomotor(Also parasympathetic to ciliary mm, constrictor pupillae)
“Lateral rectusVI. Abducens
Sup. Orbital fissure (sphenoid)
Superior oblique m. (with trochlea)
IV. Trochlear
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
“Rest of body” nerves(all exit from jugular foramen)
NERVE TARGET
X: Vagus Somatic motor to larynx/pharynx Parasympathetic to most of gut Taste to back posterior pharynx
XI: (Spinal) Accesory
Motor to traps, sternocleidomastoid
IX: Glosso-pharyngeal
Sensory to carotid body/sinus Taste to posterior tongue Sensory to ear opening/middle
ear Parotid salivary gland
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
VII: Facial Nerve(exits cranial cavity with VIII--internal auditory meatus)
• Facial muscles (five branches fan out over face from stylomastoid foramen)– Temporal– Zygomatic– Buccal– Mandibular– Cervical
• “chorda tympani” (crosses interior ear drum to join V3 )– Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue– Submandibular, sublingual salivary glands
• Lacrimal glands
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
V: Trigeminal (3 nerves in 1!)
• V1. Ophthalmic– Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through orbit to
superior orbital notch/foramina)– Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity
• V2. Maxillary– Exits foramen rotundum through wall of maxillary sinus to inferior
orbital foramina)– Sensory to cheek, upper lip, teeth, nasal cavity
• V3. Mandibular– Exits foramen ovale to mandibular foramen to mental foramen– Motor to jaw muscles--Masseter, temporalis, pterygoids, digastric– Sensory to chin– Sensory to tongue
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
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Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
Clinical tests for cranial nerves with photos in clinic (New York U)
Cranial Nerve Web Sites
NIce review of cranial nerves--includes clinical tests for nerves and cryptogram puzzle of nerves (Washington U)
More detail cranial nerves, but some missing (Yale Medical)