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Engineering Data
ICRANE.I© 1995 - Crane Valves
All rights reserved. This publication is fully protected by copyright and nothing that appears in it may be reproduced, eitherwholly or in part, without special permission.
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Table of Contents
Materials page
Nickel·Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 9Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5·6Irons; Cast, Malleable, and Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . , 4Steels, Ferritic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 7Steels, Austenitic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 9Hardsurfacing (Hard Facing) Alloys . . . . . . . .. 9Packings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 11
Non·Metallic Valve Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14·18
Valves
Working Pressures, Hydrostatic . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Testing, Air and Non·Destructive . . . . . . . . . . . 19Shock, Effect on Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Increase in Pressure Due to
Liquid Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Thermo·Piezo Effects of Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Nominal Class Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Identifi cation and Markings. . . . . . . . . . . .. 21·23Pressure-Temperature Ratings . . . . . . . . . . 24·26Templates for Drilling:
Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Corrosion·Resistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28·29Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30·32
Flange Facings for Steel Valves:
Male, Female, Tongue and Groove . . . . . 33·34Ring Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35·36Butt-Welding Ends for Steel Valves . . . . . . 37·38Taps and Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39By·Passes, Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Proper Sizing of Check and Foot Valves . . . . . 51Piping
Pipe Data:Carbon and Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40·43Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40·43Red Brass and Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Copper Water Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Pipe Threads, ANSI Taper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Threaded Joints:
Standardized Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Assembling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Normal Engagement for Tight Joint . . . . . . . 46
Bolting:Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Torque and Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Flanged Joints, Assembly and Maintenance .. 48
Flow of Fluids throughValves, Fittings and Pipe page
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Basic Theory:
Resistance Coefficient K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Equivalent Length LID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Flow Coefficient Cv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Laminar Flow Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Reduced Seat Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Proper Sizing of Check & Foot Valves . . . . . 51Representative ResistantCoefficients-(UK" Factor Table):
Pipe Friction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Contraction and
Enlargement Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Reduced Port Valve Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Gate Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Globe and Angle Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Foot Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Stop·Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Ball Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Butterfly Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Plug Valves and Cocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Bends and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Pipe Entrance and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Nomographs, Charts, and Tables:Friction Factors for Clean Pipe . . . . . . . . . . .56Weight Density, Ai r and Gases . . . . . . . . . . .57Physical Properties, Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Viscosity, Steam and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Viscosity, Water and
Liquid Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Viscosity, Gases and Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Flow of Water Thru Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . .60Flow of Air Thru Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Compressible Fluids, Flow Formula . . . . 62·63Saturated Water and Steam,
Properties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4·67Superheated Steam, Properties of . . . . . .68·70Compressed Water, Properties of . . . . . . . . . 71
Conversion and Equivalents
General Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Linear Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74·77Miscellaneous
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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ICRANE®I
Abbreviations
General
Aba . . . . . . . . Absolute
Btu . . . . . . . . British thermal unit
C . . . . . . . . . . Celsius or degrees Celsius
(or Centigrade)Ctr. to ct r . . . Center to centercfm . . . . . . . . cubic feet per minutechr . . . . . . . chromiumcm . . . . . . . . centimeterj:OS ........ cosine
cot . . . . . . . . cotangentcu . . . . . . . . . cubic
deg . . . . . . . . degreesdla . . . . . . . . diameter
F or Fahr . . . Fahrenheit or degrees FahrenheitF & 0 . . . . . . Faced and drilled
FD & SF '" . Faced, dr illed, and spot facedft . . . . . . . . . . oot or feetflgd . . . . . . . . langedFM . . . . . . . .
Symbol (or marking) indicatingproduct listed by Factory MutualLaboratories
galv . . . . . . . galvanizedgpm . . . . . . . gallons per minute
Hg . . . . . . . . . Symbol for Hydrargyrum(mercury)
hp . . . . . . . . . . HorsepowerHPT . . . . . . . Hose pipe thread
1.0. . . . . . . . . nside diameterimp. gal. . . . . mperial gallonin . . . . . . . . . nch or inchesIPS . . . . . . . . Iron pipe size
k . . . . . . . . . . kilo (one thousand)
kg . . . . . . . . . kilogramkm . . . . . . . . kilometerkN . . . . . . . . . kilo newtonksi . . . . . . . . . kip (1000 psi)
Ibs . . . . . . . . poundslog . . . . . . . . ogarithm (common)LP . . . . . . . . . iquid petroleum
m . . . . . . . . . metermax . . . . . . . maximum
min . . . . . . . . minimummm . . . . . . . . millimeterMPa . . . . . . . megapascal
Associations, Institutes, etc.AAR . . . . . . . Association of American RailroadsABS . . . . . . . American Bureau of ShippingAISI . . . . . . . American Iron and Steel InstituteANSI . . . . . . . American National Standards
InstituteAPI . . . . . . . . American Petroleum InstituteASME . . . . . . American Society of Mechanical
EngineersASTM . . . . . . American Society for Testing
MaterialsAWS . . . . . . . American Welding Society
N . . . . . . . . . . newtonNPSC . . . . . . Symbol indicating American
National Standard Straight PipeThread in pipe couplings
NPSL . . . . . . Symbol indicating AmericanNational Standard Straight PipeThread for locknuts and locknutpipe threads
NPSM . . . . . . Symbol indicating AmericanNational Standard Straight PipeThread for mechanical Joints
NPT . . . . . . . Symbol indicating AmericanNational Standard Taper PipeThread
N-RS . . . . . . non-rising stem
0.0. . . . . . . . outside diameterOS & y . . . . . outside screw and yoke
P.O. . . . . . . . Used in conjunction with threadsto indicate "Pitch Diameter"
psi . . . . . . . . Pounds per square inchpsia . . . . . . . pounds per square inch, absolutepsig . . . . . . . pounds per square inch, gauge
RF . . . . . . . . . Raised faceRed . . . . . . . . Reducingrpm . . . . . . . . Revolutions per minute
Sat . . . . . . . . SaturatedSched . . . . . . Schedule (pipe)Sec . . . . . . . . secondSin . . . . . . . . sineScrd . . . . . . . screwed
SP . . . . . . . . . When used in conjunction withreferences to "MSS", is theabbreviation for "StandardPractice" . . . thus . . .MSS Class150 Corrosion-Resistant CastFlanged Valve Standard No. SP-42.
SWP . . . . . . . When used in conjunction withworking pressure ratings indicates"steam working pressure"
T & G . . . . . . Tongue and GrooveTan . . . . . . . . angentTemp . . . . . . TemperatureThrd . . . . . . . hreaded
UL . . . . . . . . . Symbol (or marking) indicating
product listed by Underwriters'Laboratories, Inc.
AWWA . . . . . American WaterWorksAssociation
MSS . . . . . . . Manufacturers Standardization Societyof the Valve and Fittings Industry
NBS . . . . . . . National Bureau of StandardsNEMA . . . . . . National Electrical Manufacturers
AssociationNFPA . . . . . . National Fire Protection
Association
USCG . . . . . . U. S. Coast Guard
Nomenclature for "Flow of Fluids· Section . . . see page 49
()
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CRANE MATERIALS
The selection of materials for components of Crane valves is based upon
expert metallurgical, engineering, foundry and fabrication knowledge, aswell as on many years of usage experience. Considerations affecting ma-terials of parts which come in contact with the conveyed fluid includepressure, temperature, and chemical composition of the fluid. The ma-terials of moving parts that are subject to rubbing contact are s e h ~ c t e d onthe basis of their resistance to wear, corrosion, seizing or galling, and ontheir frictional characteristics.
Utilization of materials to their full capability is assured by the use ofstress analysis techniques that include extensive laboratory testing as wellas the application of analytical theory. Stress levels for all materials usedare maintained within the levels established by applicable codes, standards
and specifications.
Conformance of chemical and physical properties of all materials is main-tained by a rigid and constantly enforced quality control program. The tableson pages 4 through 9 and below categorize materials used in Crane valves,in groupings that make it convenient for the user to readily identify theseproperties.
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CRANE CAST IRONS
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Carbon Manga- Phos-
nese phorus
HI·STRENGTH CAST IRON
Min. I ... IMax. . . . . . 0.75
3% NICKEL IRON
Min.Max.
Sulfur
0.15
AUSTENITIC GRAY IRON . . (Ni·Resist)
Min.Max.
Silicon Nickel Chro- Copper Alloying Tensilemium Ele- Strength
mentsksiT MPa
UNS F12102
1 . . . I.... 1-". . ..
31 214
UNS F41002
CRANE CAST DUCTILE IRONS
AND MALLEABLE IRONS
Transverse TransverseTest Load Test Deflection
at Center
lbs. T kN in. I mm.
ASTM A126, Class B
3300
3.0
ASTM A436, Type 2
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Carbon Manga- Phos- Silicon Nickel Chro- Tensile Yield Elongation
nese phorus mium Strength Strength inZ'
ksi I MPa ksi I MPa (50mm)
FERRITIC DUCTILE IRON UNS F32800 ASTM A395
Min. I 3.0 60 414 40 276 18%Max. 0.08 2.50
DUCTILE IRON· UNS F33100 ASTM A536, Grade 65·45·12
Min. 65 448 45 310 I 12%Max. . .
AUSTENITIC NODULAR IRON UNS F43000 ASTM A439, Type D·2
Min. 8%
Max.
FERRITIC MALLEABLE IRON· UNS F22200 (ASTM A47, Grade 32510)
Min. 50 345 32.5
1
224
1
10%
Max.
MA.LLEABLE IRON· UNS F22000 ASTM A197
Min. 40 276 30 207 5%
Max.
• Chemical requirements are subordinate to the mechanical properties.
i),----
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CRANE COPPER ALLOYS
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%)
Copper Tin Lead Iron
STEAM OR VALVE BRONZE CASTINGS
Min.Max.
COMPOSITION BRONZE CASTINGS
Min.Max.
COMPOSITION CAST BRONZE ROD
Min.
Max.
SEMI-RED BRASS CASTINGS
Min.Max.
SILICON BRONZE CASTINGS
Min.Max.
Nickel
LEADED MANGANESE BRONZE CASTINGS
Min. I 6.0 0.5 , 04 , . .. ,Max. 62.0 1.5 2.0 1.0
LEADED MANGANESE BRONZE CASTINGS
Min.Max.
ALUMINUM BRONZE CASTINGS
Min.
Max.
NAVAL BRASS ROD/BAR
Min. , 59.0Max. 62.0 I ,
NAVAL BRASS ROD/BAR
Min.Max.
FREE· CUTTING BRASS ROD/BAR
Min.
0.15
0.15
Max. 0.35
FORGING BRASS
Min. ! 58.0 ! 1.5
Max. 61.0 2.5 0.30
MANGANESE BRONZE ROD/BAR
Min.Max.
Min.Max .
• Also may Include maximum of 0.05% phosphorus.
Manga-nese
0.11.0
Alurn-inurn
0.51.5
~ A l s o may Include maximum of 0.25% antimony. 0.08% sulfur. and 0.02% phosphorus
•• Maximum percent of elements permissible other than those indicated.
Zinc
32.042.0
'Balancel
IBalance!
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Silicon Other Tensile Yield Elon-Strength Strength gation
ksi
l I MPa
in'}!'
MPa ksi (50rnm)
UNS C92200 ASTM B61, Alloy 922
24070
UNS C83600 ASTM B62, Alloy 836
205 14 200/0
ASTM B62, MODIFIED
14%
UNS C84800 ASTM B584, Alloy 848
16%
UNS C87600 ASTM B584, Alloy 876
30 16%
UNS C86400 ASTM B584, Alloy 864
414 15%
UNS C86700 ASTM B584, Alloy 867
552 32 15%
UNS C95400 ASTM B148, Alloy 954
205 12%
UNS C48200 ASTM B21, Alloy 482, Hard Temper
' o . i o ~ · 1 I I I IUNS C46400 ASTM B21, Alloy 464
I . i o ~ ' . I I IUNS C36000 ASTM B16, Alloy 360
:j: :j: :j:
UNS C37700 ASTM B124, Alloy 377
I . 5 0 ~ * I .:: I : I : I :: I : .UNS C67500 ASTM B124, Alloy 675
." IUNS C32000 ASTM B14O, Alloy 320
tMaximum of 2.6% silicon permissible providing sum of ali elements olherthan
copper. Iron. and sliicon does not exceed 0.3%.
;Depends on diameter or thickness (surface to surface) of material; dala on requesl.
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CRANE COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%)
Copper Tin Lead
COPPER SILICON ALLOY WIRE
Min.Max.
COPPER·ZINC SILICON ALLOY ROD
Min.Max.
LEADED SEMI·RED BRASS
Min.Max.
Iron Nickel Manga- Alum-nese inurn
0.7 I·
Zinc
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Silicon Other Tensile Yield Elon-Strength Strength gation
ksi I MPa ksi I MPa
in 2"
(SOrnm)
UNS C65100 ASTM B99 Alloy 651, Eighth·Hard
20%
15070
UNS C84400 ASTM B584 Alloy 844
90 18%
)
)
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CRANE FERRITIC STEELS
CHEMICAL REQUI REMENTS(%)
Carbon Manga-
nese
CAST CARBON STEEL
Min.Max.
FORGED CARBON STEEL
Min.Max.
Phos- Sulfurphorus
CAST CARBON STEEL FOR LOW TEMPERATURES
Min.Max.
Silicon
CAST 2'h1% NICKEL STEEL FOR LOW TEMPERATURES
Min.
Max.
CAST 3W'Io NICKEL STEEL FOR LOW TEMPERATURES
Min.Max.
CAST 1'14% CR-'hI% MO ALLOY STEEL
Min.Max.
FORGED/ROLLED CR-'hI% MO ALLOY STEEL
Min.Max.
CAST CR-1% MO ALLOY STEEL
Min.
Max.
FORGED/ROLLED 2V4% CR-1% MO ALLOY STEEL
Min.Max.
CAST 4-6% CR ALLOY STEEL
Min.Max.
FORGED/ROLLED 4-6% CR ALLOY STEEL
Min.Max.
CAST 12·14% CR STAINLESS STEEL
Min.Max.
FORGED/ROLLED 12·14% CR STAINLESS STEEL
Min.Max.
FREE· MACHINING 12·14% STAINLESS STEEL BARS
Min. O.IS
Max.
RESULFURIZED STEEL BARS
Min.Max.
Nickel Chro- Molyb-
mium denum
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile Yield Elon- Reduc-Strength Streng th gation tion
ksi I MPaksi
UNS J03002
UNS J03003
UNS J21890
lINS J42045
UNS J91150
(121 BHN)
IMPa
in ';:' of
(SOmm)Area
ASTM A216, Grade WCB
3S%
ASTMA10S
30%
ASTM A352, Grade LCB'
3S%
ASTM A352, Grade LC2"
3S%
ASTM A352, Grade LC3"
3S%
ASTM A217, Grade wce
3S%
ASTM A 162, Grade F11
30%
ASTM A217, Grade WC9
3S%
ASTM A182, Grade F22
300/0
ASTM A217, Grade C5
3S%
ASTM A182, Grade F5a
SO%
ASTM A217, Grade CA1S
30%
ASTM A182, Grade FSa Class 3
35010
60%t
SS%*
AISI Type C1117
47%
*Usual minimum service temperature: LCB at -SOF(-4S.6C) ... LC2at-lOOF(-73.3C) .. . LC3 at -IS0F( -1Ol.lC)
tAnnealed representive mechanical properties *Tempered representive mechanical properties.
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CRANE AUSTENITIC STEELS
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS (%) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Carbon Manga- Phos- Sulfur Silicon Nickel Chro- Molyb- Copper Tensile Yield Elon- Reduc-nese phorus mium denum and Strength Streng th gation tion
Colum- in21t
of
bium ksi 1 MPa ksi I MPa (50mm) Area
STAINLESS STEEL WITH MOLYBDENUM BAR UNS S31600 ASTM A276, Type 316
Min. *Max.
STAINLESS STEEL WITH MOLYBDENUM BAR UNS S31600 ASTM A479, Type 316
Min. 40Max.
CAST STAINLESS STEEL UNS J92600 ASTM A351, Gr.de CF8
Min.Max.
CAST STAINLESS STEEL UNS J92710 ASTM A351 ,Gr.de CF8C
Min.Max.
CAST STAINLESS STEEL WITH MOLYBDENUM UNS J92900 ASTM A351 ,Gr.de CF8M
Min.Max.
CAST LOW CARBON STAINLESS STEEL UNS J92500 ASTM A351 ,Gr.de CF3
Min.
Max.
CAST LOW CARBON STAINLESS STEEL WITH MOLYBDENUM UNS J92800 ASTM A351, Grade CF3M
')in.
Max./'
CAST ALLOY 20 STAINLESS STEEL UNS J95150 ASTM A351, Grade CIi17M
Min.
Max.
ALLOY 20 STAINLESS STEEL BAR UNS N08020 ASTM B473
Min. 50%
Max.
CAST STAINLESS STEEL WITH MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER UNS J93370 ASTM 351, Grade CD·4MCU
Min.
Max.
UNS S30300 ASTM A582, Type 303
8.00 17.00 j ... I... I I
.. .
I'" I
..10.00 19.00 .. . . . ... .. ...
ASTM A743. Grade CF16F
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1,?
CRANE NICKEL ALLOYS
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%)
Carbon Manga- Phos- Sulfur Silicon Nickelnese phorus
CAST NICKEL·MOLYBDENUM ALLOY (HASTELLOY B·)
Min.Max.
Chro-mium
CAST NICKEL· MOLYBDENUM-CHROMIUM ALLOY (HASTELLOY C·)
Min.Max.
CAST NICKEL
Min.Max.
CAST NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOY (Inconel··)
Min.Max.
·Hastelloy is a trademark of Cabot Corporation··Inconel is a trademark of International Nickel Company
Molyb-
denum Iron
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile Yield Elon- Reduc-
Strength Strength gation tion
in 2" of
ksi I MPa Ibs. I kN (50 mm) Area
UNS N10001 ASTM A494, Grade N·12MV
ASTM A494, Grade CW·12MW
UNS N02100 ASTM A494, Grade CZ·100
UNS N06040 ASTM A494, Grade CY·40
CRANE NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS(%) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Copper Tin Iron Nickel Manga- Phos- Silicon Sulfur Carbon Tensile Yield Elon-
CAST MONEL·
Min.Max.
NICKEL COPPER ALLOY ROD
Min.Max.
nese phorus
*Monel is a registered tr ade mark of the International Nickel Company, Inc.
Strength Strength gation
ksi I MPa ksi I MPa
inZ'
(50mm)
ASTM A494 Grade M·35·1
25070
UNS N04405 ASTM B164 Class B
15070
CRANE HARDSURFACING ALLOYS
Hardsurfacing alloys are used on seating surfaces, discguides, and other wearing surfaces. The materials are
available in the form of bare rod, covered electrode, coils,and powder, and may be deposited by any of a number ofprocesses including Oxyacetylene, Shielded Metal-Arc,Gas Metal-Arc, Gas Tungsten-Arc, Submerged Arc, andPlasmarc. Hardsurfacing is also commonly referred to as"Hard Facing".
Hardsurfacing alloys are available in many compositionsfrom various suppliers, but the most commonly used for
valve applications is identified as "Co Cr An in AmericanWelding Society Specification AWS-A5.13. Other cobaltbase alloys are employed when more ductil ity is required.These alloys withstand corrosion and erosion unusuallywell and display excellent resistance to wear, seizure,galling, and abrasion.
9
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Endless Molded Ring Packingfor Small Size
Bronze and Iron Valves
Endless TFE Ringsfor Ball Valves
VALVE PACKINGS
Crane valve stem seals vary in material and design depending on fluid,pressure, and temperature conditions...
as well as the stuffing box construction of the valve.
Endless Molded Ring Packing
Many small size bronze and iron valves(usually 2-inch and smaller) are
equipped with endless molded ringpacking. The packing is formed of ahomogenous mixture of ingredients,especially selected for low friction andnon-adherence to stem' material aswell as longevity when subjected to abroad spectrum of fluids.
Basic ingredients are fiberglass orKevlar and graphite for use up to 550'F.A suitable binder is used to providestability of molded parts. In addition,packings used with ferritic steel stemscontain a corrosion inhibitor to avoid pitting of the stem.
PTFE Packing Rings
The stuffing box of corrosion resistentvalves and some ball valves are furnished with endless PTFE packing rings.Small valves use a simple flat washertype while larger valves use a V or cupand cone type.
O-rings (not ill.)
In some butterfly valves, O-rings serveas the stem seal. The rings are usuallyBuna N but other rubber compoundsmay also be used depending upon ser-vice conditions.
Diagonally CutDie-Formed Ring Packing
This type of packing is used in many
valves having conventional stuffing boxconstruction. The rings are square orrectangular in cross section and areused in sets. The number per set de-pends on the depth of the valve stuffing box. Diagonal cuts on successiverings are staggered about 120 to 180degrees apart to minimize the probability of a continuous leak path ... andeach ring is individually tamped intoposition before installing the succeeding ring. This procedure is also recommended when valves using this type ofpacking are repacked in the field.
Rings for the larger size bronze and iron
valves (service temperatures up to 550'F) usually consist of a non-hardeningcore material with suitable binder,covered by a braided non-asbestos yarnjacket coated with flake graphite. Asuitable agent is included to inhibitstem corrosion.
Rings for steel valves (high temperature service) are similar in construction to those for bronze and iron valves,but have a lower weight loss at elevated temperatures, a minimum content of binder, and an inconel wireinsert in each strand of asbestos yarnused in the jacket. A suitable agent isincluded to inhibit stem corrosion.
Flexible Graphite Die-Formed Rings
Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel Ball, Gateand Globe Valves use flexible graphitepacking for critical applications. Pack-ing rings are die formed from cor-rugated flexible graphite ribbon. Depen-ding on valve size, braided carbon yarnend rings may be used to prevent extrusion of the flexible graphite. A suitableagent is included to inhibit stemcorrosion.
)
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Types of bonnet joint gaskets and thematerials from which they are madeare dictated by valve design and theintended end use of the valve.
Although it may be possible to reusesome gaskets and make up satisfactory joints a second or more times, it isnot recommended. Whenever a bonnetjoint must be reassembled after dismantling for maintenance or any otherreason, use of a new gasket will frequently avoid costly rework and system shut-downs.
Flat Gaskets
Many valves for low pressure serviceuse flat full face or ring gaskets. Fullface gaskets extend across the entire
bonnet flange face and are cut withholes to match the bolt holes in theflange.
Flat ring gaskets are installed on theflange face surface inside the bolts.They may be centered or positioned bythe bolts or located in a male and female joint.
Flat gaskets for most bronze and ironflanged bonnet joint gate, globe, angleand check valves are cut from compressed non-asbestos sheet packing comprised of synthetic fibers and fillers withsuitable elastomeric binder. This material
is suitable for temperatures up to 700°Fand pressure to 1200 psi.
Flat gaskets cut from sheet PTFE (tetrafluoroethylene) are used mainly on ballvalves and corrosion-resistant valves.
Flat gaskets of corrugated soft iron areused in Class 150 and 300 steel gate,globe, angle, and check valves.
Flat gaskets cut from sheet flexiblegraphite are used mainly on ball valvesand corrosion resistent valves where thetemperature limitations of PTFE areexceeded.
VALVE GASKETS
Spiral-Wound Gaskets
Spiral-wound gaskets for bonnet jointsare designed to accommodate thepressure requirements and bolt loading of each specific type of joint.
The gaskets are constructed by wraping alternate plies of a preformed metalstrip and a filler material. Corrugationsin the metal strip impart tension andresiliency when the gasket is undercompression. The edges of the stripcreate multiple barriers against leakage, and the soft filler material sealsminute imperfections in the flangefaces.
The metal strip is stainless steel whilethe filler material is a non-metallicmaterial such as flexible graphite orPTFE, depending upon end use
specifications.
Ring Joint Gaskets
Ring joint gaskets are made of softsteel and have an octagonal or ovalcross-section shape. The gasket seatson the tapered flanks of a speciallyprepared groove in each flange face.
Ring joint gaskets have proven to bevery effective in providing joint tightneSl? for long periods of time underdifficult service conditions.
Pressure-Seal Join t Gaskets
As the name implies, the load imposedupon the Pressure-Seal gasket to se-cure a seal against leakage is providedby the internal pressure in the valve.The seal is made by deformation of thetip of the gasket against the body bore,by the angular force of the bonnet simulating a piston acted upon by the internal pressure.
The gaskets are made of soft steel,silver-plated. The silver plating servesas a deterrent to galling as the gasketmoves against the body wall underload.
Flat Asbestos Gasket
Flat Metallic Gasket
Spiral-Wound Gasket
Octagonal Ring Joint Gasket
cP ; : •
Oval Ring Joint Gasket
Pressure-Seal Jo int Gasket
11
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NON·METALIC VALVE SEATS
Composition Discs
Crane compositi on discs are made from high
quality materials compounded and cured for
recommended services. All are molded and
vulcanized.
No. 6 Disc: Synthetic base combined withother ingredients. Soft for tight seating on air
or gas, yet sufficiently stiff to withstand hot
water and frequent operation. Also for hydro·
carbons.
Service: For 600 psi water, air, gas,
oil or gasoline . . . . . . . . 200°F max.
Composition discs are used on Bronze check
valves for tight sealing with low pressure gas.
Otherwise PTFE is the preferred material.
PTFE Disc and Ball Valve Seat
PTFE (Tetrafluoroethylene) is a non-toxic,
chemically inert material used for chemical,liquid, gas and steam services. PTFE seats are
used on ball valves and globe or check valves
where a metal to metal seal is not acceptable.
Available in virgin or glass reinforced.
Service: Virgin PTFE-125 PSIG saturated
steam 353°F
400°F maximum temperature
Reinforced PTFE-150 PSIG
saturated steam 366°F
450°F maximum temperature
ELASTOMERIC SEATS
FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES
BunaN, NBR or Nitrile
Buna N is a copolymer of butadiene and
acryloni trile. Features excellent compression
.set properties, tear resistance and abrasion
resistance. A good general purpose elastomer
suitable for water, air, many chemicals andnon·aromatic oils·. limitations are its poor
ozone and weather resistance and moderate
heat resistance.
Service: -20°F to 180°F
EPT, EPDM, EP or Ethylene·Propylene
EPT is a compound of ethylene, propylene and
usually a third monomer. Features excellent
weather and chemical resistance with good
low temperature flexibility and heat resis
tance. Increasingly popular in commercial
HVAC and many industrial applications. EPT
is resistant to mi ld acids, alkalies, silicone oils
and greases, ketones and alcohols·. Limita·
tions are its poor resistance to petroleum oil
and solvents.
Service: -20°F to 275°F
ELASTOMERIC SEATS
FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES
Hypalon®, CSM or Chlorosulfonated
Polyethylene
Hypalon® Is a chlorosulfonated polyethylene
compound. Its resistant to most chemicals,greases, alcohols, alkalies, concentrated sui·
furic acid and aqueous salt solutions·. Limi·tations are Its poor tear, abrasion and compres·
sion set resistance. Hypalon® is not recom·
mended for gasoline, jet fuels, ketones or
chlorinated solvents.
Service: -20°F to 225°F
Viton®, Fluorel®, FKM or Fluorocarbon
Viton® is a fluorocarbon elastomer. Features
excellent chemical, heat and compression set
resistance. Limitations are its fair low temper
ature performance and its resistance in steam
and water applications.
Service: OOF to 275°F
Food Grade Neoprene
FDA approved Buna N material available in
black or white color. Properties equal to that
of standard Buna N.
Service: -2 0 0 F to 225 0 F
Hypolon® and Viton® are registered trade·
marks of E.I. DuPont. Fluorel® is a registered
trademark of 3M Company.
•Please refer to corrosion chart on page 14 for
more specific information regarding usage.
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CRANE BOLTING MATERIALS
DefinitionsA bolt is threaded on one end only, theother end being upset into the form of ahead.
Machine Bolt
Square HeadWith Hexagon Nut
) \ \ \ ' '\ \1\\ \ \ I \ 1\\ \ 1\ \ '
A stud is threaded on both ends, one endbeing oversize in diameter to fit tightly(wrench fit) in a tapped hole, the otherbeing to the standard diameter for a nutassembly.
Stud Bolt
Threaded on Both EndsWith Two Hexagon Nuts
StudThreaded Oversize on One End
Other End Threaded for Nut
A stud bolt is threaded to the standarddiameter, either on both ends or fulllength, for nut assembly on each end.
Stud Bolt
Threaded Entire LengthWith Two Hexagon Nuts
Materials and Specifications
Machine bolts used in the assembly of valves intendedfor temperatures up to 500 F are made from carbonsteel conforming to ASTM A307, Grade 8. Physical requirements for this material are:
Tensile strength . . . . . . . . . . . ksiTensile strength . . . . . . . . . . MPaElongation in 2" (50 mm) . . . . %
Minimum60
4141S
Maximum100690
Bolts have regular square or hexagon heads in accordance with ANSI 81S.2.1.
Threads on bolts are in accordance with ANSI 81.1Coarse Thread Series, Class 2A fit.
Studs and stud bolts used in the assembly of valves intended for temperatures up to 500 F are made from coldrolled steel conforming to ASTM A10S.
Threads on studs (nut ends only) and stud bolts (entire
length) are in accordance with ANSI 81.1, CoarseThread Series, Class 2A fit.
Alloy steel studs and stud bolts used in the assemblyof valves comply with ASTM A193, using materialgrades. suitable for the conditions and as required by
applicable Codes and Standards. Physical requirementsof the various grades are indicated in the table below.
Threads on alloy steel studs (nut ends only) and stud
bolts (entire length) are in accordance with ANSI 81.1,Coarse Thread Series on sizes 1-inch and smaller andS-Pitch Thread Series on sizes 1 Va-inch and larger . . .Class 2A fit.
Nuts regularly furnished with machine bolts and coldrolled steel studs and stud bolts are steel conformingto ASTM A307 . . . and are tapped in accordance withANSI 81.1, Coarse Thread Series, Class 28 fit.
Nuts regularly furnished with ferritic alloy steel studsand stud bolts per A ~ T M A193, Grades 87 and B16, areforged medium' carbon steel, oil-quenched conformingto ASTM A194, Grade 2H.
Nuts regularly furnished with austenitic alloy steel studs
and stud bolts per ASTM A193, Grades 8S and BSM areforged carbide solution treated alloy steel conforming
to ASTM A194, Grade Sor SF (Type 304 or 303).
Al l nuts are made to ANSI 81S.2.2 Heavy Semi-FinishedHexagon dimensions.
Alloy Steel Studs and Stud Bolts-Physical Requirements
Grade of Steel Diameter Tensile Strength Yield Strength Elon- Reduc- Thmp-(ASTM A193) (minimum) (minimum) gation tion of erature
Inches Millimetersin 2" area Range
Over I To Over To ksi MPa ksi MPa (50 mm) (min.)
87 Chromium0 2\12 0.0 63.5 125 862 105 724 16% 50% -20°F2\12 4 63.5 101.6 115 793 95 655 160/0 50% to
Molybdenum4\12 7 101.6 177.8 100 690 75 517 18% 50% + 1000°F
Ferritic0 2\12 0.0 63.5 125 862
816 Chromium105 724 18% 50% -20°F
2\12 4 63.5 101.6 110 759 95 655 17% 45% toMoly. Vanadium 4 7 101.6 177.8 100 690 85 586 16% 450/9 + llOO°F
0 % 0.0 19.05 125 862 100 690 12% 35%-325°F
88 Cl 2 % 1 19.05 25.4 115 793 80 552 15% 35%('TYpe 304) 1 114 25.4 31.8 105 724 65 448 20% 35% to
114 1\12 31.6 38.1 100 690 50 345 28% 45% +1000°F
Austenitic0 % 0.0 19.05 110 759 95 655 15% 45%
88MCl2 % I 19.05 25.4 100 690 80 552 20% 4$% -325°F
('TYpe 316) I 114 25.4 31.8 95 655 65 448 25% 4'5% to
114 I Y2 31.6 38.1 90 621 50 345 30% I i 45070+IOOO°F
88/B8MI -325°F
CLIA l l A l l 75 SIS 30 205 350/0' 50070 to
+1500°F
Bolting - Torque & Loading . .. see page 331
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CORROSION CHART FOR METALS, ELASTOMERS AND PACKINGS
The corrosion chart following is to be used only as a guide in theselection of materials and should not be considered as unqualifiedrecommendations for any particular operating condition. Many ofthe evaluations listed are based on published literature and opinionsof experienced personnel employed in various industrial fields. Con
sequently, Crane Co. cannot guarantee their accuracy nor assumeresponsibility for their use. Unless otherwise noted, all ratings arefor 70°F.
Choice of materials must take into consideration specific environmental conditions which often have a profound influence onthe nature of the corrosive service and, hence, on behavior ofmaterials.
Temperature, aeration, inhibiting or accelerating contaminates, andvelocities are examples of the factors often encountered. Wheresome of these factors are frequently encountered, and where theyhave a decided influence on the behavior of the materials, explanatory notes have been used to record this information.
CORROSION CHART
Concerning elastomers, some environmental conditions may causeswelling, softening, hardening, or shrinking, each of which may havean influence on the operation of the valve and its life expectancy.Hence, under certain conditions service tests may be advisable toestablish suitability.
The corrosion chart, although general in nature, can be a usefultool in evaluating suitability of materials in many services. Occasionally a user's experience, under identical or similar conditions,may indicate an exception to a recommendation in the chart. In sucha case further investigation is advised.
Notes:
1. Wet acetylene in contact with red bronze may beexplosive.
2. Rating for air·free fluid only.3. Rating for alkaline solution only.4. Check local Codes and Regulations for materials acceptable for
handling of food products and bevera-ges.
KEY: ASubstantial Resistance BModerate Resistance C nsatisfactory - No Data Available
I METALS' ELASTOMERS' PACKINGS'
MEDIA \ ~ \ \ , ~ ~ ~ \ \ \\\\\,\\cetaldehyde B A A A A A A A A A A B C B C A -
A c e t ~ Acid 1()% C B A B B A C C - A A B B A C A A
", Acetic ~ c i d 10% C C A B C A C C - A, A B C - C A A
, AcetiC Acid .50% Boiling C C A B C A C C - A A B C B C A AAcetic A c i ~ ' 5()% Boiling C C B B C A C C - A A B C B C A A
Acetic A c i ~ vapors (Hot) C C B B' C A B C A A A B' C B C A A
Acetic Anhydride, C C A B C C C C A A A A C B C A A
Acetone A A A A A' A A A A A A A C A C A A
Acetylene (Dry) A A A A A' A A A - - A - A A A A -Alcohol Amyl B B A A A A B B A - A - C A A A 'A
Alcohol Butyl B., A A A A A B A A A A A A A A' A - ,Alcohol Ethyl B' A A A A A B B A A A A A A C A -
Alcohol Methyl , Bl- A A A iA A B A B B B B A A A A -
Aluminum Chloride 'Sol.· C C C B' :c B C C B B A C B A A A A
Aluminum Hydroxide B A A A iA A B A B B B B A A A - -
Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) C C A B B' A C A A A A A B A A A A
Ammonia (Anhydrous) A A A B C A A A A B A A C A C A -
Ammonium Bicarbonate B B A B C A - - - - - - A - - A -Ammonium Bisulfite C C A C !C A - - - - - - B a - - A
Ammonium Carbonate B A A C !C A A B A B B A C A - A -Ammonium Chloride C A B A C A C C A A A A B A A A -
Ammonium Hydroxide B A A C ic A B A C A A A B A - A A
Ammonium Nitrate C C A C :C A C B C C B A A A C A -Ammonium Phosphate Mono Basic : C B A B C A - B - - - - B A C A -Ammonium Phosphate OI-Basic C B A B ;C A C B B B B A B A - A -
Ammonium Phosphate Tri-Baslc B A A C IC A - - - - - - B A - A -
Ammonium Sulfate (Neutral) C B A A IC A C B A B B B A A A A A
Ammonium Sulfite C C A C 'c A C - C - - C C A - - -Aniline B B A B C A A B A B B A C B B A A
)
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CORROSION CHART (continued)
l METALS' ELASTOMERS' PACKINGS'
MEDIA \ ~ \ \ ~ \ \ \ ~ ~ \ \\\ ~ \romatic Hydrocarbons A A A A A A - A - - - - C C - - -Arsenic Acid C C A C C A C B A B B C B A B - A
Air B A A A A A B A A A A A A A A A -Barium Carbonate B B A A A A - B A B B A B A - A -
Barium Chloride B' B A A B A B - A B B A A A A A -Barium Hydroxide B' B A B C A A A A B B A ,.. A A A -
Barium Sulfate B B A A A' A A B A B A A A A A A -Barium Sulfide B B A C C A B B - - - - A A A A -Beer (Alcohol Ind.) B B A A A A B A A A A A A - A A -
Beer (Beverage Ind.) C C A A A A C A A A A A B A A A -Beet Sugar Liquor B A A A A A B B A - - A A A A A -Bensene (Benzol)
A A A A A A A A A B A A C C B A A
Black Liquor B B A B C A - B - - - - B B A A -Borax (Sodium Borate) B A A A B A A A A A A A B A A A -Boric Acid (Boracic Acid) C B A B' B' A B C A A A B A A A A A
Brine B B A A B A - - - - - - A A A A -Bromine Solution C C C C C C C C C A A C C C A A A
Bromine (Dry) C B C A B' B C C A A A A C C A A A
Butane A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A -Butadiene A A A A A A A A - - - - B A A A -
Butanol B A A A A A - - - - - - A B - - -Butyl Acetate B B A A B A A A A A A A C C C A -
Butyl Alcohol B A A A A A - - - - - - A B A A A
Butyric Acid C C A B' B' A C B C A A B C C C A -
Calcium Bisulme C C A C C A C C C A A C B B A A -Calcium Carbonate
B B A B A A A A A B B A A AA
A - '.
Cal.cium Chloride B' A B A B' A B B A A A A A A A A -Calcium Hydroxide B A A A B A C A A B A A A A A A -Calcium Hypochlorite C C C C C C C C B A A B C A B A B
Calcium Sulfate B' A A B A A A A A B B A A A A A -Cane Sugar Liquor B A A A A A - A - - - - A A A A -
Carbolic Acid-Phenol B B A A B A - B - - - - C B B A A
Carbonated water C B A B B A - B - - - - A B - A -Carbon Dioxide (Dry) A A A A A A A A A A A A B B A A -
Carbon Dioxide (Wet) C B A B B A C A A A A A B B A - -Carbon Monoxide A A A A A A A A A A A A A B - A -Carbonic Acid C B A B B' A C B A A A A A A A A -
Carbon Bisulfide B A A - B A - - - - - - C C A A -Carbon Tetrachloride (Dry) C B A A A A B B A A A A C C A A -Carbon Tetrachloride (Wet) C
BB
AB A C B A A A A C C A
A -Caustic Soda B B B A C A B B A A B A B A - A -Caustic Potash B B A A C A C B A B B A A A - A -Chlorine (Wet) C C C C C C C C C A C C C C A A A
Chlorine (Dry) B B B B B' A B B A B A A C C A A A
Chromic Acid 50% C C B C C A C C C B B A C C A A -Citric Acid C C A B C A C C B A A B A A A A A
Citric Acid Solutions C C B B C A - C - - - - A A A A A
Copper Chloride (Dry) B B - B C - - B - - - - A 'A B - -Copper Nitrate C C A C C A C B C A B C A - - A -Copper Sulfate C C A C C A C B C A A C A A A A A
Copper Plating Solution C C A C C A - - - A A - A A - - -
1
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ICRANE®I
CORROSION CHART (continued)
I METALS' ELASTOMERS' PACKINGS'
MEDIA ~ , \ \ ~ ~ \ \ \ ~ ~ \\ \\\ \\/ )
Corn Oil See Vegetable Oils B A C B A -Cotton Seed Oil See Vegetable Oils B A A A - - - B B A A -Creosote (Crude) A A A A A A B A A - A A C C B A -Cyanide Plating Solution C A A C C A - - - - - - B - - A -
D1chloroethan (Ory) A A A A A A - A - - - - C C B A -
Disodium Phosphate B B A B B A - - - - - - A - - - -
Dowtherm C C A A B A A A - A A - C C A A A
Ethyl Alcohol B' A A A A A - - - - - - A A B A A
Ether B B A A A A A A A B B A C C - A -Ethyl Acetate B B A A A' A B B B A A B C C C A -
Ethyl Chloride (Dry) A A A B A A - A - - - - C C - B A
Ethylene Dichloride (Dry) B B A A B A B - - A A - C C A A A
Ethylene Glycol A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A A A
Ethylene Oxide B B A B C A B B - - - - C C C A A
Fatty AcidsC B A B C A C A A A A A B C A A A
Ferric Chloride C C C C C C C C A B A A A A A A A
Ferric Nitrate C C B C C A C C C A B B B A A A -
Ferric Sullate C C A C C A C - C A A A A - A A -Ferrous Chloride C C C C B' C C C C B B C A A A A A
Ferrous Sullate C B A C B' A C B A B B A B A A A A
Fluorine Gas (Dry) C C A A B A C A A B B A C C C .- -
Formaldehyde C B A B A A C B B B B B B B A A -Formic Acid C C A B' C A C B A A A A B B C A A
Freon Gas (Wet) Ft2 c B A B C A C B A A A B B B B A A )Freon Gas (Dry) F12 A A A A A A A A - A A - B B B A A
Fruit Juices C C A B B A - C - - - - B A - A -
Furfural B A A A A A B A B B B B C B C A -
Gallic Acid C B A A A A C B A B B A B A A A -Gasoline (Refined) A A A A A A A A A A A A B C A A A
Gasoline (Sour) B B A A C A B B - - - - B C A A A
Gas Natural A A A A A A A A - - - - A A A A -Glycerine or Glycerol A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Glycols A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A A -Green Liquors B A A B C A - - - - - - B A - A -Heptane A A A A A A A A - A A - B C A A -
Hexane C A A A A A A B - A A - A C A A -Hydrobromic Acid C C C C C C C C C B A C C - A A A
Hydrocarbons (Aromatic) A A A A A A - - - - - - C C - - -
Hydrochloric Acid C C C C C C C C C B A C C C A A A
Hydrocyanic Acid (Dry) B B A A B A B B A A A A A A A A -
Hydrofluoric Acid 80% C C C A C B C C B A A C C - B A A
Hydrofluoric Acid 80% C B C A C B C C C A A C C - B A A
Hydrogen Gas A A A A A A A A
-A A
-A A A A -
Hydrogen Peroxide C .C A B ·C A C C A C A A C B B A -Hydrogen Sulfide (Dry) A A A B B A A A A A A A C A C A -
Hydrogen Sulfide (Wet) C B A C C A C B A A A A C A C A A
Hypo (Sodium Thlosulphate) C - A - - A - A - - - - A A A A -Kerosene A A A A A A A A A A A A B C B A A
lactic Acid (Dilute) C C A C C A C C A A A C C B A A A
lactic Acid (Concentrated) C C A C B A C C A A A C C B - A A
Linoleic Acid C B A B C A C - - - - - B C A A -Linseed Oil See Vegetable Oils B A A A A A A A C A A -Lubricating Oil A A A A A A A A - A A - A C A A -Magnesium Chloride B A B A B' A B B A A A A A A A A -Magnesium Hydroxide A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A -Magnesium Nitrate C - A B - A B A - A A A B B - A -
Magnesium Sulfate C B A AB'
A B B A A A A A A A A -
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I R A N E ~ JCORROSION CHART (continued)
j l METALS' ELAStOMERS' PACKINGS'
MEDIA ~ ~ \ \ \ ~ \ \ \ \ ~ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \aleic Acid
C C A B B A C C A B B A B C A A -
Mercury A A A C C A A A C A A A A A A A -Methyl Alcohol B' A A A A A A A A A A A A A C A A
Methyl Chloride (Dry) B B A B A A B B A B A A C B B A -
Methyl Ethyl Ketone A A A A A A A A - A A - C C C A -Monochloroacetic Acid C C C B C B C C B B B B C - - A A
Monochlorobenzene (Dry) A A A A A A A A A A A A C C B A A
Muriatic Acid C C C C C C - C - - - - B B - A -Naptha B B A A A A B A A B A A B C A A -Natural Gas A A A A A A - A - - - - A C A A -Nickel Chloride C C B B C B C C B A A B B A A A A
Nickel Nitrate C - A B C A C B B B B C B B - A -
Nickel Sulfate C B A B' B' A C B A B B A B A A A A
Nitric Acid (Dilute) C C A C C A C C C A A B C B A A A
Nitric Acid (Concentrated) C C A C C A C C A A A A C C A A B
Nitrobenzene A A A B B A A A - B B - C A B A -OleiC Acid B A A A C A B B A A A A B C B A A
Oxalic Acid C C B B' B' A C C B B B B C B B A A
Oxygen A A A A A A A A - - - - B A - A -
Palmitic Acid B B A B B A B B A - - - B A A A -
Pentane A A A A A A A A - - - - A C - A -Perchlorethylene A A A A A A A A A A A A C C A A -
j Phenol B B A A B A B B - - - - C B B A -./ Phosphoric Acid 25% C C A B C A C C A A A A B A A A A
Phosphoric Acid 25% C C A B C A C C A A A A B B A A B
Picric Acid (Aqueous) C C A C C A C B C A B C C B A A -Potassium Bicarbonate B A A A A A A A - B B - B A - A -
Potassium Bisulfite C C A C B A - - - - - - A A - A -
Potassium Carbonate B A A A B' A A B A A A A A A A A -Potassiu, Chlorate B' A A C B A - B B A B A B A A A -
Potassium Chloride C A B A B B C B B A A A A A A A -
Potassium Chromate A A A A A A B B - A A - B A - A -
Potassium Dichromate B B A B B A B B A B B A B B A A -
Potassium Hydroxide 50% B B A A C A B B A B B A B A A A -
Potassium Phosphate C B A B C A - - - - - - B A A A -Potassium Sulfate C A A A A A B B B B B B A A A A -
Potassium Triphosphate B A A A B A - - - - - - B - - A -
Propane Gas A A A A A A A A A - A A A C B A -Pyrogallic Acid C C A A B A B B A B B B - B - A -Sea Water B A A A A A C C A A A A A A A A -Silver Nitrate C C B C C A C B C A A A B A A A -
Sodium Acetate B' B A A A A C B B A A B B A C A -
Sodium Aluminate B A A A B A A - - - B - A A A A -Sodium Bicarbonate B A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A -Sodium Bisulfite C C A B B A C B - B B - B A A A -Sodium Borate B A A A B A A A - A A - B A - A -Sodium Bromide (10%) C B B B B B C C B B B B B B - A -Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) B A A A C A B B A A A A A A A A -Sodium Chlorate B B A C C A - B - A B A B B A A -
Sodium Chloride (Brine) B A B A B A C B A A A A A A A A A
Sodium Dichromate B B A - C A A - - - A - ! C - A - -
Sodium Fluoride C B B A A A C C A A - A \ A A - A -
Sodium Hydroxide 50% B A A A C A B B A C B A \ B B C A A
Sodium Hydroxide (50 to 70%) C C B A C B C C A C B A C B C A A
Sodium Hypochlorite C C C C C C C C C A A C C A B A C
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ICRANE®I
CORROSION CHART (continued)
I METALS' ELASTOMERS' PACKINGS'
MEDIA \ , \ \ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ \\
\ \\
~\
odium Nttrate B B A B B A B B A A B A B A B A -Sodium Nttrite B' A A A A A A A 8 - - B A - - A -
Sodium Peroxide Solution 8 A A A C A 8 8 8 C - A 8 A A A -Sodium Phosphate Mono Basic C 8 A B' 8' A B 8 A A A A A A A A -Sodium Phosphate Di-Basic C 8 A B 8 A B B A A A A A A - A -Sodium Phosphate Tri-Basic B A A A B A 8 8 A A A A A A - A -
Sodium Silicate A A A A B A A A 8 8 B A A A A A -
Sodium Sulfate (Salt Cake) B' 8 A A A A B B 8 B B B A A A A -
Sodium Sulfide C B A A C A B B A 8 B A A A A A -
Sodium Sulfite C B A B B A B - A C B A A A A A -Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo) C - A A C A C A 8 - A B B A A A -Stannic Chklride C C C C C C C C 8 B A C B A A A A
Stannous Chloride C C A C C A C - A 8 B B B A - A -Starch A A A A A A A A - - - - A A A A -Steam B A A A A A A A A A A A C A C A A
Stearic Acid C C A C C A A B A 8 B A B - A A A
Steep water (Corn Products) C 8 A A B A - - - - - - B B - - -
Sulfur A B A B C A A 8 B - B A C A 8 A -Sulfur DioXide (Dry) A A A A A A A A B B B B C A C A A
Sulfur Dioxide (Wet) C C A C C A C C C C A C C B C A A
Sulfuric Acid 10% (70'F) C B B C C A C C A A A A B 8 A A A
Sulfuric Acid 10% to 80% C C C B C A C C C A C C C C A A A
Sulfuric Acid 80% to 95% B B B C C A B C C 8 B C C C B A B
SulfuriC Acid 95% to 100% B B A C C A 8 C C 8 A C C C 8 A C)
Sulfuric Acid 100% & Over C C A C C A B C C B A C C C - A C
Sulfurous Acid C C A C C A C C C B B C C B A A A
Tannic Acid (Tannin) B - A A B' A 8 B A 8 B A A A A A -
Tartaric Acid C B A B C A C 8 B B B A C 8 A A A
Toluol or Toluene A A A A A A A A A A A A C C B A -
Trichklroethylerie 8 B 8 A B A B B A 8 B A C C B A A
Triethanol Amine B B A B C A - B - A A - C A C A -Turpentine B A A A A A B 8 A A A A B C A A -
Urea C C A 8 B A 8 - A A B - A A A A -
Urea Ammonia Liquor C - A C C A - - - - - - C - - - -Varnish 8 B A A A A B A A A - A C C B A -
Vegetable Oils (Containing Acid) C 8 A A C A - - - - - - B - A -
Vegetable Oils (Acid Free) B B A A B A - - - - - - B - A -Vinegar C C A 8 B A C - A A A A B A A A -
Vinyl Chloride C - A 8 C A A A A A A A C C A -water, Acidmine Containing OXidizing Salts C B A C C A C - C A A A B B A A -water, Acidmine No OXidizing Salts B A C A B B C - C A A A B 8 A A -
water, Fresh A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A -water, Fresh Boiler Feed B A A A A A A A - - - - A A A A -
water, 8rackish B A A A A A - A - - - A A - A A -water, Distilled Laboratory Grade C C A A B A C - A A A A A A A A -Water, Distilled Return Condensate B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A -water, Salt Sea water 8 A A A A A C B B A A B A A A A -Whiskey & Wines C 8 A A 8 A C C A - - B C A A A -White Liquor B A A 8 C A 8 - - - A - 8 A A A -Xylene B - A - - A A A A A A A C C B A A
Zinc Chloride C C 8 8' C A C C C B A C B A A A A
Zinc Sulfate C 8 A B' B' A C B B A A A 8 A A A A
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CRANE TESTS AND WORKING PRESSURES
VALVE TESTING
All Crane valves are tested for shell and seattightness in accordance with applicable in
dustry standards. The following standards areused in the manufacture and testing of Crane
valves.
Bronze
Gate, Globe, Angle &Check Valve
Globe, Angle & Check Valves
Gate Valves
Ball Valves
Iron
Gate Valves
Check Valves
Globe and Angle ValvesButterfly Valves
Cast Steel
Gate Valves
Globe &Check Valves
MSS-SP-BO
WW-V-51
WW-V-54WW-V-35
MSS-SP-70
WW-V-58MSS-SP-71
MSS-SP-85MSS-SP-67
API-609
ANSI B16. 34,
API 600,
API 598,MSS-SP-61ANSI 816.34,API 600·,
MSS-SP-61
API 598
·Wall thickness and stem diameter only.
Ball Valves
Forged Steel
Gate Valves
Globe &Check Valves
MSS-SP-72,WW-V-35,
ANSI 816.34
API 602,ANSI B16.34,
API 598,
MSS-SP-61
API 602·,
ANSI B16.34,
MSS-SP-61
·Wall thicknessand
stem diameteronly.
Air Testing
Corrosion Resistant
Gate Valves
Globe &Check Valves
Ball Valves
API 603,API 598,
ANSI 816.34,MSS-SP-61
ANSI 816.34,MSS-SP-61
MSS-SP-72,
ANSI 816.34
The fact that many Crane products are recommendedfor water, oil, gas, and air does not necessarily indicate that all are air tested. It has been found commercially that our regular stock valves have proven quitesatisfactory for air or gas service without an air test;therefore, if an air test is required, it must be definitely
specified.
In addition, any valve intended for air, gas, or veryvolatile fluids, where absolute tightness is essential,should be ordered air tested unless the catalog specifically states it is regularly air tested.
When iron or steel gate valves are to be used in pipelines on natural dry gas service, orders should saspecify, so that they can be suitably packed.
Non-Destructive Testing
All castings used in Crane valves are visually inspected.Steel and corrosion resistant alloys are inspected in
accordance with MSS-SP-55.
Crane steel pressure containing castings may be qualified by non-destructive examinations on a specialorder basis when specified.
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CRANE TESTS AND WORKING PRESSURES
Hydrostatic and Shock Working Pressures
Crane valves are suitable for liquid working pressuresspecified on catalog pages only when used in hy-draulic installations in which shock is absent or negligible. Sudden closure of a valve in a hydraulic systemcauses the body of liquid, which may be moving at arate generally in excess of one foot per second, tostop instantaneously. As liquids are relatively incompressible, the sudden cessation of flow effects a risein pressure considerably greater than the static workin g pressure; this pressure increase is termed"SHOCK" and may, in some cases, be sufficient tocause valves or piping to fail.
Pressure increase due to shock is not dependent uponthe working pressure in the system but upon thevelocity at which the liquid is flowing. This pressuresurge, or shock, severely limits design velocities . . .a fact readily understandable if it is remembered thatpressure rise resulting from arrest of flow may be ashigh as 60 psi for each foot per second initial velocity.
Increase in Pressure Due to
Expansion of Liquids
If a vessel is filled with liquid so that no space remains forvolumetric expansion, any rise in temperature of the liquidwill cause an increase in internal pressure; this is due tothe tendency of liquids to change in volume and, as liquidsare relatively incompressible, th e pressure builds up rapidlywith only a slight temperature rise. The increase may bedue to the sun's rays or to atmospheric conditions.
Crane tests indicate that when vessels are completely filledwith 33° API fuel oil, a rise of 1°F causes an increase ininternal pressure of about 75 psi; see chart at right.
In the first test, the 31 °increase (from sr to I \3 0) causeda total pressure increase of 2250 psi (from 250 to 2500 psi)or about a 73 psi per degree average. In the second test,th e 19° increase (from 76° to 95°) caused a total pressure increase of 1425 psi (from 150 to 1575 psi) or about a 75 psi perdegree average. While results may vary slightly under
actual service conditions, depending upon the kind of oil, itscubical coefficient of expansion, th e fleXibility, if any, of thevessel, the presence of air in the oil, and other variables, thetests prove conclusively that dangerously high pressures canbuild up in an oil-containing vessel with only moderatetemperature increase.
For example, installations of 100 psi and 1000 psiworking pressures, with the same initial velocity of 10feet per second, will be subject to the same increasein pressure (approximately 600 psi) due to instantaneous closure of a valve.
Shock generally prevails in lines equipped with checkor quick-closing valves, or in lines supplied by re-ciprocating pumps. It may also be produced, to alesser degree, by rapid closure of gate and globevalves. Therefore, care should be exercised whenclosing valves installed in liquid lines.
Where shock is likely to occur, the maximum shockpressure should be added to the working pressure ofthe line to determine working pressure of products
in the line . . . also, hydraulic installations should beequipped with air chambers or other types of shockabsorbers to eliminate, as much as possible, increasein pressure due to shock.
Thermo-Piezo Effects of Oil at Constant Volume
1/I?
v
\ ~ " , , ,(!,;;
/r
1/
Y Results Using Fuel Oil-t...- J? 170 r'--I- ,-_33
0
A.P.I.. )1 . 5
Baume,-
0
0.8015 Specific Gravity)
I I
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
Pressure-Pounds pe r Square Inch
It is recommended, therefore, on valves installed in liquidlines (particularly oil), that some means be taken to prevententrapment of liqUid in the talve bonnet so as to eliminatepossible pressure build-up due to rising temperature.
.
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2CRANE
1255200CWP
valves are marked withsize, the name "CRANE;'
class desig·valve markings
Include the cold rating.
2CRANE
CLB1255
200 CWPIron Md alloy Iron valves
In this case, the
CLB and the valve bearse nominal class desig·
e non·shock coldoil, and gas ONP rating.
6CRANESTEELWCB150
for a carbonsteel valve.
1CRANE
A105800
Typical markings for a forgedcarbon steel valve.
6ALOYCO
CF8M150
Stainless steel valves have amaterial symbol marking suchas CF8M, CN7M (Alloy 20),etc.
IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE PRODUCTS
MSS Standard
Marking and identification of Crane products conform to the Manufacturers Standardization Society Standard Marking
System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, andUnions (MSS SP-25).
General
All Crane products are marked for identification with the name "CRANE," the letter "C," or the letters "CC," dependingon the type and size of product as well asthe method of manufacture.
In addition, v ~ l v e s listed by the Under
writers' Laboratories, Inc., are marked"UL" . . . . and valves listed by the FactoryMutual Laboratories are marked "FM."
Bronze and Iron
Bronze products, readily distinguished bythe color, bear no material marking.
Crane Hi-Strength Cast Iron and alloy ironsare marked with appropriate material symbols; see table on page 23. Malleable ironproducts bear the marking "MI" or "MALL:'
Steel
Cast Steel products are marked "Steel" andalso include the appropriate alloy symbol;see table on page 23. Pressure containingparts also have the heat number stampedon raised pad.
Forged Steel products are marked with theappropriate alloy symbol and also have theheat number marked for pressure containing parts.
Corrosion-resistant alloy products such as316 Stainless, Alloy 20, etc., are marked withappropriate material symbols; see table onpage 23.
Nominal Class DesignationsThe general or nominal designations forCrane valves, such as Class 125, Class300, Class 900, etc., are as defined in thevarious applicable standards includingMSS SP-25, Standard Marking System forValves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions.
The designations are descriptive of a general product class and are not to be construed' as a recommendation for use ofthe product at pressures represented bythe numbers in the designations.
The recommended pressure-temperature
.ratings for each category of Crane valvesare specified in those sections of the catalog pertaining to the product.
Identification of Crane Valve Trims
TrimCrane Catalog No. Marking on
MaterialDesignation Suffix IdentificationFor Material (when used) Plate
METALLIC
Bronze Bronze H B
Carbon Steel Carbon Steel ... WCB
Hardened Stainless Steel AISI Type 420-5 ... . .Hard Facing Cobalt Base Alloy U HF
MonelMonel A NICU
13% Chromium Steel 13% Chromium Steel X CRI3
18-8 Steel with Molybdenum (AISI Type 316) L CFaM
NON-METALLIC
Buna N (synthetic rubber) BunaN B ...Composition (disc) Composition C Disc No.
Ethylene-Propylene-Terpolymer EPT Z ...Tetrafluoroethylene PTFE Tor TF TForTFE
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylane Hypalon H ...Fluorocarbon Viton V .. ,
The Catalog No. suffix for steel valves having a disc and seat of different materials Is a combination of letters, such
as "XU" for 13CR to Hard Facing.
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IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE PRODUCTS
Identification Plates
For further product identification, bodymarkings may be supplemented by identification plates, as shown on this page.The plates, depending on type and sizeof product, are mounted in the most prac-ticable position . . .under the wheel nut,on the yoke, etc.
Bronze valves except checks, and all ironvalves including checks have plates bear-ing the valve catalog number and thenumber of the composition disc if soequipped. Bronze checks have no platesand are generally identifiable by bodymarkings or by comparison with catalogillustrations. Check valves having a composition disc, in most cases, have thedisc number stamped on the valve cap.
Steel valves have plates bearing some orall of the following data: catalog number
and size . . .material of body, disc, stem,and seat (trim}_ .. fluid recommendation. .. and the pressure-temperaturerating. Symbols for trim materials areshown in the table on page 21.
CRANE 461125S 200WOG
BRONZE TRIM
Iron valves have a plate bearing thecatalog number of the valve.
Proper Identificiation Important
Proper identification of Crane productsin service. . . or ordering of replacementparts, to replace an old valve, for inquiriesconcerning operation, etc . .. s extreme
ly important. To expedite handling ofsuch matters, it is imperative that thecustomer furnish all pertinent data
General, for bronze or iron valves, thecatalog number and size will suffice; if
these are not available, specify the complete body markings, type of valve, andthe size of the pipe line.
In the case of steel valves, specify thecatalog number and size, or the assem blypart number, if these are not available,furnish all body markings and all information shown on the identification plate.
When valves have a composition disc, besure to include the number of the discorthe service. In all cases where recordspermit, furnish the approximate purchase date of the product underconsideration.
Cast steel valves have a plate bearingthe catalog number, size, rating, ANSIClass, the body, stem, disc, and seator seat faCing material and partnumber.
tOPEN
SHUTjCRANEJ
CAT. 9302~ 8!!!!H c.W.P. 1.-----,--======:::>- . . , t f C A ~ d ; r . J ; ( ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ~ ~ I ....J,__
Ball valves In Bronze, carbon steel,and corrosion resistant alloys withthreaded .or socket ends have thecatalog number printed on the vinylInsulator sleeve of the operatinghandle.
Iron Butter fly valveshave the catalognumber and pressure rating stampedon a tag which Is either wrappedaround the valve neck or fasteneddirectly to the valve body.
Corrosion resistant valves have aplate bearing the figure number of the
valve.
Bronze valves, except checks, have aplate bearing the catalog number of
the valve.
Forged steel valves have a plate bearing the catalog number, size, rating,and ANSI Class, and In some cases,the body, stem, disc, and seat or seatfacing material.
OCRANE c O ' s E A T 1 1 ; o ; : : ~ : ~ : : : ~ P : : ~ Y N O ~ ' : - ' : : : ~ ~ _____ 0CAT HO. _____ lOOy _ _ _ TRIM _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ I ' . ' ~ Cl. _ _ _
Flanged Ball Valves In cast steel andcorrosion resistant alloys have a platebearing the catalog number, rating,ANSI Class, body and trim materialand part number.
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MATERIAL SYMBOL MARKINGS ON
CRANE PRESSURE·CONTAINING IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS OR FORGINGS
Classification ASTMof Material
Material Designation
Specifi- Class or
cation Grade
Cast Irons A126 B
Alloy... ...
Cast IronsDuctile Iron A536 65-4512
A436 1Ype 2
Malleable Iron A47 32510
Carbon A216 WCB
Cast Steels114% Chromium-Y2% Moly. A217 WC6
214% Chromium-l% Moly. A217 WC9·
5% Chromium-Y2% Moly. A217 C5
Low Carbon A352 LCB
Thmperature 2Y2 % Nickel Steel A352 LC2
Cast Steels 3Y2 % Nickel Steel A352 LC3
Carbon A105 '"
Forged 114% Chromium-Y2% Moly. A182 Fl I
Steels 214% Chromium-l% Moly. A182 F22
5% Chromium-Y2% Moly. A182 F5a
11-13% Chromium Steel A182 F6
18-21% Cr-8-11% Ni A351 CF8
18-21% Cr-9-12% Ni-2-3% Mo A351 CF8M
Stainless 17-21% Cr-8-12% Ni A351 CF3
Steels 17-21% Cr-9-131110 Ni-2-3% Mo A351 CF3M
18-211110 Cr-9-121110 Ni with Cb A351 CF8C
19% Cr-281110 Ni-21110 Mo A351 CN7M
641110 Ni, 280/0 Mo A494 N12MV
60% Ni, 16% Cr, 17% Mo A494 CW12MW
Nickel
Alloys95% Ni A494 CZ-l00
70% Ni, 15% Cr A494 CY-40
70%Ni, 30% Cu A494 M-35-1
*Hastelloy is a trademark of Cabot Corporation**Inconel is a trademark of Intemational Nickel Company
AISI Crane Symbol ForMaterial Material on descrip-1Ype Designation Casting tion of
or material
(*)Forging see:
... Hi-Strength Cast Iron CLB page 4
. . 30/0 Nickel Cast Iron 3NI
Ductile Iron DI page 4
... Ni-Resist Cast Iron NR2... Malleable Iron MI or MALL page 4
'"Carbon Cast Steel WCB.. . No. 7 Cas t Steel WC6 page 7
... No. 9 Cast Steel WC9
... No. 5 Cast Steel C5
... "LCB" Cast Steel LCB
... No. 3 Cast Steel LC3 page 7... "Arctic" Cas t Steel LC3
'"Carbon Forged Steel A105
... No. 7 Forged Steel Fl l
No.9 Forged Steel F22page 7...
... NO.5 Forged Steel F5a
Type 410 13% Chromium Steel F6 page 7
lYpe 304304
CF8
1Ype 316316
CF8M
Type 304L 304L CF3 page 8
Type 316L 316L CF3M
Type 347 347 CF8C
... CN7M
Hastelloy B* A494
N12MV
Hastelloy C* A494
CW-12MWNickel A494
CZl00 page 9
Inconel** A494
CY-40
Monel A494
M35-1
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Pressure Temperature ratings are for body, bonnet or cover. ParticularCrane Model numbers may have limitations based on gaskets, boltingor design. Please refer to catalog page for specific pressure/temperaturerating of a particular Crane Model.
Temp OF
·20 ·150
200
250
300
350
400
406
450
500
550
Pressure-Temperature RatingsPressure·Temperature Ratings (comply with MSS·Sp·aO)
BRONZE VALVES
Working Pressure, psig
ASTM 862 ASTM 861
Class 125 Class 150 Class 200 Class 300
THO FLG 2112·3
200 300 225 400 1000 600
185 270 210 375 920 560
170 250 195 350 830 525
155 210 180 325 740 490
140 180 165300
650 450
.. . .. . 275 560 410
125 150 150 " . .. . ...120 145 " . 250 480 375
.. . ... . .. 225 390 340
. .. . .. . 200 300 300
Pressure-Temperature RatingsPressure·Temperature Ratings (comply with MSS·Sp·70, 71 & 85)
IRON VALVES
Working Pressure, psigTemp OF ASTM A126 CL8
Class 125 Class 250
2" ·12" 14" • 24" 30"·48" 2" • 12" 14" • 24"
·20 to 150 200 150 150 500 300
200 190 135 115 460 280
250 175 125 85 415 260
300 165 110 50 375 220
350 150 100 ... 335 220
400 140 .. . ., . 290 200
450 125 . . ... 250 ...
)
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Pressure-Temperature Ratings(comply with ANSI B16.34-1981-Standard Class)
STEEL, NICKEL ALLOY and OTHER SPECIAL ALLOYS
WORKING PRESSURE, PSIG
CLASS TEMP A216 A217 A217 A217 A352 A352OF WCB C5 WC6 WC9 LCB LC3
A182 A182 A350Al05 Fll F22 LF3
·20 to 100· 285 290 290 290 265 290200 260 260 260 260 250 260
300 230 230 230 230 230 230400 200 200 200 200 200 200500 170 170 170 170 170 170600 140 140 140 140 140 140650 125 125 125 125 125 125700 110 110 110 110 - -750 95 95 95 95 - -
CLASS 800 80 80 80 80 - -150 850 65' 65 65 65 - -
900 50' 50 50 50 - -950 35' 35 35 35 - -
1000 20' 20 20 20 - -1050 - 20' 20' 20' - -
1100 - 20' 20' 20' - -1150 - 20' - - - -1200 - 20' - - - -1250 - - - - - -1300 - - - - - -1350 - - - - - -1400 - - - - - -1450 - - - - - -1500 - - - - - -
·20 to 100· 740 750 750 750 695 750200 675 750 710 715 655 750300 655 730 675 -675 640 730400 635 705 660 650 620 705500 600 665 640 640 585 665600 550 605 605 605 535 605650 535 590 590 590 525 590700 535 570 570 570 - -750 505 530 530 530 - -
CLASS 800 410 500 510 510 - -300 850 270' 440 485 485 - -
900 170' 355 450 450 - -950 105' 260 380 380 -
-1000 50' 190 225 270 - -1050 - 140 140 200 - -1100 - 105 95 115 - -1150 - 70 - - - -1200 - 45 - - - -1250 - - - - - -1300 - - - - - -1350 - - - - - -1400 - - - - - -1450 - - - - - -1500 - - - - -
·20 to 100· 1480 1500 1500 lS00 1390 1500200 1350 1500 1425 1430 1315 1500300 1315 1455 1345 1355 1275 1455400 1270 1410 1315 1295 1235 1410500 1200 1330 1285 1280 1165 1330600 1095 1210 1210 1210 1065 1210650 1075 1175 1175 11.5 1045 1175700 1065 1135 1135 1135 - -750 1010 1065 1065 1065 - -
CLASS 800 825 995 1015 1015 - -600 850 535' 880 975 975 - -900 345' 705 900 900 - -
950 205' 520 755 755 - -1000 105' 385 445 535 - -1050 - 280 275 400 - -1100 - 205 190 225 - -1150 - 140 - - - -1200 - 90 - - - -1250 - - - - - -1300 - - - - - -1350 - -'- - - - -1400 - - - - - -1450 - - - - - -1500 - - - - - -
'Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged usage abolle about 800·F'For Welding End Valves only, flanged and ratings terminate at l000·F
A351A351 I 351
CFBM CF3M CF8
A182 A182
F316 F304
275 275 275
240 240 235
215 215 205195 195 180170 170 170140 140 140125 125 125
110 110 11095 95 95
80 80 80
65 65 6550 - 50
35 - 3520 - 2020' - 20'
20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 20'20' - 15'15' - 10'
720 720 720620 620 600560 560 530515 515 470480 480 435450 450 415
445 445 410430 430 405425 425 400415 415 395405 405 390395 - 385385 - 375365 - 325360 - 310325 - 260275 - 195205 - 155180 - 110140 - 85105 - 60
75 - 5060 - 3540 - 25
1440 1440 14401240 1240 12001120 1120 10551030 1030 940955 955 875905 905 830890 890 815865 865 805845 845 795830 830 790
810 810 780790 - 770
775 - 750
725 - 645720 - 620645 - 515550 - 390410' - 310'365 - 220275 - 165205 - 125150 - 95115 - 7085 - 50
/
A351CF3
275235205180170140125110
95
80-----
---------720600530470435415410405400395
--
------------
144012001055940875830815805795790
--------------
A351 A351CF8C CN7M
275 230245 215225 200200 -170 -140 -125 -110 -95
80 -65 -50 -35 -20 -20' -20' -20' -20' -20' -20' -20' -20' -20' -15' -
720 600635 555590 525555 -520 -490 -480 -470 -460 -455 -445 -430 -385 -365 -360 -325 -275 -170 -125 -
95 -70 -50 -40 -35 -
1440 12001270 11151175 10451110 -1035 -985 -960 -935 -920 -910 -
890 -865 -775 -725 -720 -645 -550 -345 -245 -185 -135 -105 -
80 -70 -
25
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CLASS TEMP'F
·20 to 100·
200300400
400
600
650
700
750
CLASS 800
900 850
900950
1000
10501100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
·20 to 100·
200300400
500600
650700750
800850
9009501000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
·20 to 100·
200300400
500600
650700750
800
CLASS850
250090095D
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250I.351
1481
145DI.
Pressure-Temperature Ratings(comply with ANSI B16.34-1981-Standard Class)
A216 A217WCB C5
Al05
2220 2250
2025 2250
1970 2185
1900 2115
1795 1995
1640 1815
1610 1765
1600 1705
1510 1595
1235 1490
805' 1315
515' 1060
310' 780
155' 575
- 420- 310
- 205
- 135
-- --- --- -
3705 3750
3375 3750
3280 3640
3170 3530
2995 3325
2735 3025
2685 2940
2665 2840
2520 2660
2060 2485
1340' 2195
860' 1765
515' 1305
260' 960- 705
- 515
- 345
- 225- -- -- -- -- -- -
6170 6250
5625 6250
5470 6070
5280 5880
4990 5540
4560 5040
4475 4905
4440 4730
4200 4430
3430 41452230 36601430 2945860 2170
430 1600- 1170- 860
- 570- 370
- -- -- -- -- -- -
STEEL, NICKEL ALLOY and
OTHER SPECIAL ALLOYS
WORKING PRESSURE, PSIG
A217 A217 A352 A352 A351 A351 A351WC6 WC9 LCB LC3 CF8M CF3M CF8A182 A182 A350 A182 A182Fll F22 LF3 F316 F304
2250 2250 2085 2250 2160 2160 2160
2135 2150 1970 2250 1860 1860 1800
2020 2030 1915 2185 1540 1540 1410
1975 1945 1850 2115 1540 1540 1410
1925 1920 1745 1995 1435 1435 1310
1815 1815 1600 1815 1355 1355 1245
1765 1765 1570 1765 1330 1330 1225
1705 1705 - ...., 1295 1295 1210
1595 1595 - - 1270 1270 1195
1525 1525 - - 1245 1245 1180
1460 1460 - - 1215 1215 1165
1350 1350 - - 1180 - 1150
1130 1130 - - 1160 - 1125
670 805 - - 1090 - 965
410 595 - - 1080 - 925
290 340 - - 965 - 770.. . ... - - 825 - 585.. .. . - - 620' - 465- - - - 545 - 330- - - - 410 - 245- - - - 310 - 185- - - - 225 - 145- - - - 175 - 105- - - - 125 - 70
3750 3750 3470 3750 3600 3600 3600
3560 3580 3280 3750 3095 3095 3000
3365 3385 3190 3640 2795 2795 2640
3290 3240 3085 3530 2570 2570 2350
3210 3200 2910 3325 2390 2390 2185
3025 3025 2665 3025 2255 2255 2075
2940 2940 2615 2940 2220 2220 2040
2840 2840 - - 2160 2160 2015
2660 2660 - - 2110 2110 19902540 2540 - - 2075 2075 1970
2435 2435 - - 2030 2030 1945
2245 2245 --
1970
- 19201885 1885 - - 1930 - 1870
1115 1340 - - 1820 - 1610
665 995 - - 1600 - 1545
480 565 - - 1610 - 1285
- - - - 1370 - 980
- - - - 1030' - 770
- - - - 910 - 550
- - - - 685 - 410- - - - 515 - 310- - - - 380 - 240- - - - 290 - 170- - - - 205 - 120
6250 6250 5785 6250 6000 6000 6000
5930 5965 5470 6250 5160 5160 5000
5605 5640 5315 6070 4660 4660 4400
5485 5400 5145 5880 4280 4280 3920
5350 5330 4850 5540 3980 3980 36405040 5040 4440 5040 3760 3760 34604905 4905 4355 4905 3700 3700 3400
4730 4730 - - 3600 3600 3360
4430 4430 - - 3520 3520 3320
4230 4320 - - 3460 3460 32804060 4060 - - 3320 3320 3240
3745 3745 - - 3280 - 32003145 3145 - - 3220 - 3120
1860 2230 - - 3030 - 2685
1145 1660 - - 3000 - 2570
BOO 945 - - 2685 - 2145- - - - 2285 - 1630- - - - 1715 - 1285
- - - - 1515 - 915
- - - - 1145 - 685- - - - 860 - 515- - - - 630 - 400
- - - - 485 - 285
- - - - 345 - 200
'PermiSSible. but not recommended lor prolonged usage alxM! about BOO'F.
A351 A351 A351CF3 CF8C CN7M
2160 2160 1800
1800 1910 1670
1410 1765 1570
1410 1665 -1310 1555 -1245 1475 -1225 1440 -1210 1405 -1195 1385 -1180 1370 -- 1330 -- 1295 -- 1160 -- 1090
-- 1080 -- 965 -- 825 -- 515 -- 370 -- 280 -- 205 -- 155 -- 125 -- 105 -
3600 3600 3000
3000 3180 2785
2640 2940 2615
2350 2770 -2185 2590 -2075 2460 -2040 2400 -2015 2340 -1990 2305 -1970 2280 -- 2220 -- 2160 -- 1930 -- 1820 -- 1800 -- 1610 -- 1370 -- 855 -- 615 -- 465 -- 345 -- 255 -- 205 -- 170 -
6000 6000 5000
5000 5300 4640
4400 4900 4360
3920 4620 -3640 4320 -3460 4100 -3400 4000 -3360 3900 -3320 3840 -3280 3800 -- 3700 -- 3600 -- 3220 -- 3030 -- 3000 -- 2685 -- 2285 -- 1430 -- 1030 -- 770 -- 570 -- 430 -- 345 -- 285 -
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TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING
Bronze Standards
Dimensions In InchesNom- Diam- Diam- Num- Diam- Length Lengthinal eter Thickness eter ber eter of of stud
pipe of of Flange of of of bolts boltssize flange bolt bolts bolts with
circle 2 nuts
Class 150: Templates for drillingand flange dimensions in theupper portion of the table conform to the American NationalBronze Flange Standard (ANSIB16.24), Class 150. This Standard does not include sizes V4
and 3At-inch.
Class 150 Bronze ANSI Standard
The flange diameter, bolt circle,and number and diameter ofbolts for the foregoing Standards are the same as for Class125 Cast Iron and Class 150
Steel American National Standards, size for size, but thicknessand facing of flanges are different.
*1,4
*%1;2
3,4
111,4
11;2
2
2V2
3
*31;2
4
*5
6
8
10
12
2.50 ...2.50 .. .
3.50 0.31
3.81l 0.34
4.25 0.38
4.62 0.41
5.00 0.44
6.00 0.50
7.00 0.56
7.50 0.62
8.50 0.69
9.00 0.69
10.00 0.75
11.00 0.81
13.50 0.94
16.00 1.00
19.00 1.06
1.69 4 % 1.12 1.50
1.69 4 % 1.12 1.50
2.38 4 1;2 1.25 1.88
2.75 4 1;2 1.50 1.88
3.12 4 1;2 1.50 2.00
3.50 4 lh 1.50 2.00
3.88 4 1;2 1.50 2.12
4.75 4 % 1.75 2.50
5.50 4 % 2.00 2.62
6.00 4 % 2.00 2.75
7.00 8 % 2.25 2.88
7.50 8 % 2.25 2.88
8.50 8 34 2.50 3.25
9.50 8 34 2.50 3.3811.75 8 34 2.75 3.62
14.25 12 % 3.25 4.12
17.00 12 'Va 3.25 4.25
Class 300: Templates for drilling and flange dimensions in thelower portion of the table conform to the American NationalBronze Flange Standard (ANSIB16.24), Class 300. Class 300 Bronze ANSI Standard
The flange diameter, bolt circle,and number and diameter of
bolts for the foregoing Standardare the same as for Class 250Cast Iron and Class 300 SteelAmerican National Standards,but thickness and facing offlanges are different.
1;2
34
1114
lV2
2
2V2
3
3V2
4
5
6
8
3.75 0.50
4.62 0.53
4.88 0.595.25 0.62
6.12 0.69
6.50 0.75
7.50 0.81
8.25 0.91
9.00 0.97
10.00 1.06
11.00 1.12
12.50 1.19
15.00 1.38
2.62 4 lh 1. 75 2.25
3.25 4 % 2.00 2.50
3.50 4 % 2.00 2.623.88 4 % 2.00 2.75
4.50 4 34 2.25 3.12
5.00 8 sAl 2.25 3.00
5.88 8 3,4 2.50 3.38
6.62 8 3,4 2.75 3.50
7.25 8 3,4 3.00 3.62
7.88 8 3,4 3.00 3.88
9.25 8 3,4 3.25 4.00
10.62 12 3,4 3.25 4.12
13,00 12 Va 3.75 4.75
Facings: Flange faces of bronzeflanged valves are regularly fur-
• Sizes 1,4 and %-mch are not mcluded m ANSI B16.24.
nished plain faced, with two V-shaped concentricgrooves between the port and the bolt holes, per MSSSP6.
Port: Diameter of port on flanged valves of the classesindicated is the same as the pipe size (nominal).
Bolt lengths. Machine bolt lengths include the heightof the point. Stud bolt lengths do not Include heightof points.
Bolt holes: Bolt holes for the V4 and %-inch diameterbolts are 7116-inch diameter.
The holes for V2-inch diameter bolts and larger aredrilled Va-inch larger than the bolt diameter.
Drilling templates are in multiples of four, so that valvescan be turned to face in any quarter when being installed. Bolt holes are drilled to straddle the center lineunless otherwise ordered.
Spot facing: Bolt holes in Crane bronze flanged valves arenot regularly spot faced.
Gaskets: When bronze flanged valves are bolted to iron orsteel flanges which normally have a raised face, theraised face should be removed to provide a full face bearing for the gasket.
27
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TEMPLATES FOR DRILLINGClasses 25 and 125 Cast Iron
Dimensions, in Inches
Nom- Class 25 Cast Iron
inal
pipe Diam- Thick- Diam- Num- Diam- L e ~ r hsize eter ness eter of ber eter
of of bolt of of boltsflange flange circle bolts bolts
1 ... .,. . .'" '" . .
IV4 ... .. . ... ...'" . .
lV2 . . . . ... .. . . . ...
2 .. . .. , ... .. . ... ...2V2 .,. ... ... . ..
'" . ..3 ... ... ... ... ... . .
3V2 ... .,. ... '" . . .,.4 9.00 0.75 7.50 8 % 2.50
5 10.00 0.75 8.50 8 % 2.50
6 11.00 0.75 9.50 8 % 2.50
8 13.50 0.75 11.75 8 % 2.50
10 16.00 0.S8 14.25 12 sh 2.75
12 19.00 1.00 17.00 12 % 3.00
14 21.00 1.12 18.75 12 % 3.50
16 23.50 1.12 21.25 16 % 3.50
IS 25.00 1.25 22.75 16 % 3.75
20 27.50 1.25 25.00 20 % 3.75
24 32.00 1.38 29.50 20 % 4.00
30 38.75 1.50 36.00 28 'Va 4.50
36 46.00 1.62 42.75 32 'Va 4.75
42 53.00 1.75 49.50 36 1 5.2548 59.50 2.00 56.00 44 1 5.75
54 66.25 2.25 62.75 44 1 6.25
60 73.00 2.25 69.25 52 lIfs 6.25
72 86.50 2.50 82.50 60 lIfs 6.75
84 99.75 2.75 95.50 64 11/4 7.50
96 113.25 3.00 108.50 68 8.00
ANSI Standard: Templates for drilling and flange dimen-sions in the above table conform to the American National Cast Iron Flange Standard (ANSI B16.1), Classes25 and 125 respectively, as indicated.
Facing: The flanges are plain faced, with a smoothfinish, per MSS SP-6.
Port: Diameter of port on Class 25 and 125 flangedvalves is the same as the pipe size (nominal).
Bolt lengths: Machine bolt lengths include the heightof the point. Stud bolt lengths do not include height ofthe points.
Class 125 Cast Iron
Diam- Thick- Diam- Num- Diam- L e ~ r h Length ofeter ness eter of ber eter stud boltsof of bolt of of bolts with
flange flange circle bolts bolts 2 nuts
4.25 0.44 3.12 4 1f2 1.75 ..,4.62 0.50 3.50 4 1f2 2.00 . .5.00 0.56 3.88 4 1f2 2.00 '"
6.00 0.62 4.75 4 O/S 2.25'"
7.00 0.69 5.50 4 % 2.50'"
7.50 0.75 6.00 4 % 2.50 . .
8.50 0.81 7.00 8 O/S 2.75 '"
9.00 0.94 7.50 8 % 3.00'"
10.00 0.94 8.50 8 % 3.00 ...11.00 1.00 9.50 8 % 3.25
'"
13.50 1.12 11.75 8 3,4 3.50 ...16.00 1.19 14.25 12 'Vs 3.75 ...19.00 1.25 17.00 12 'Vs 3.75 ...21.00 1.38 lS.75 12 1 4.25 ...
23.50 1.44 21.25 16 1 4.50'"
25.00 1.56 22.75 16 Ilh 4.75'"
27.50 1.69 25.00 20 lIh 5.00'"
32.00 1.88 29.50 20 5.50 ...
38.75 2.12 36.00 28 11,4 6.25'"
46.00 2.38 42.75 32 1If2 7.00 S.75
53.00 2.62 49.50 36 IIh 7.50 9.2559.50 2.75 56.00 44 Ilf2 7.75 9.50
66.25 3.00 62.75 44 }3,4 8.50 10.50
73.00 3.12 69.25 52 H4 8.75 10.75
86.50 3.50 82.50 60 H4 9.50 11.50
99.75 3.88 95.50 64 2 10.50 12.75
113.25 4.25 108.50 68 21f4 11.50 14.00
Bolt holes: For bolts 1V2-inch diameter and smaller, boltholes are drilled Va-inch larger than the bolt diameter.
For boltsH ~ - i n c h
diameter and larger, bolt holes aredrilled V4-inch larger than the bolt diameter.
Drilling templates are in multiples of four, so that valvesmay be turned to face in any quarter when being in-stalled.
Bolt holes are drilled to straddle the center line unlessotherwise ordered.
spot facing: Bolt holes are not regularly spot faced.When spot facing is desired, orders must so specify.
)
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TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING
Class 250 and Class 800 Hydraulic Cast Iron
Clas. 250 Cast Iron Class 800 Hydraulic Cast Iron
Class 250: Templates for drillingand flange dimensions conformto the American National CastIron Flange Standard (ANSI
816.1), Class 250.
Flanges have a 1/16-inch raisedface' with a serrated finish perMSS SP-6. The thickness offlange dimension (C) includes theraised face.
In sizes 24-inch and smaller, thetemplates are the same as forANSI B16.5, Class 300 Steel, except for the diameter (D) of theraised face.
Class 800 Hydraulic: Templatesfor drilling and flange dimensionsconform to the American National Cast Iron Flange Standard(ANSI 816.1), Class 800.
Flanges have a V4 -inch high largemale face with a serrated finishper MSS SP-6. The thickness offlange dimension (C) does not include the male face.
The templates are the same asfor ANSI B16.5, Class 600 Steelexcept for flange thickness andlength of bolts.
Bolt lengths: Machine boltlengths include the height of thepoint. Stud bolt lengths do notinclude the height of the points.
Bolt holes: For bolts smaller than13M-inch diameter, bolt holes aredrilled Va -inch larger than thebolt diameter. For bolts 1%-lnchdiameter and larger, bolt holesare drilled V4-inch larger than thebolt diameter.
Drilling templates are In multiplesof four, so that valves may beturned to face in any quarterwhen being installed. Bolt holesstraddle the center line unlessotherwise ordered.
80lt holes are not regularly spot
faced.
Dimensions, In Inches
Class Nom- No. Dia. L e ~ f h Lengthina! A B C D E of of of studpipe bolts bolts bolts boltssize with
Valve 2 nutsor See See
fitting Note X Note X
1 1.00 4.88 0.69 2.69 3.50 4 % 2.50'"
m 1.25 5.25 0.75 3.06 3.88 4 % 2.50 ...IV2 1.50 6.12 0.81 3.56 4.50 4 3,4 2.75
'"
2 2.00 6.50 0.88 4.19 5.00 8 % 2.75 ...2V2 2.50 7.50 1.00 4.94 5.88 8 3,4 3.25 ...3 3.00 8.25 1.12 5.69 6.62 8 3,4 3.50 ...3V2 3.50 9.00 1.19 6.31 7.25 8 3,4 3.50 ...4 4.00 10.00 1.25 6.94 7.88 8 3,4 3.75 ...5 5.00 11.00 1.38 8.31 9.25 8 3,4 4.00 ...6 6.00 12.50 1.44 9.69 10.62 12 3,4 4.00 ...
Class 250 8 8.00 15.00 1.62 11.94 13.00 12 'Va 4.50 ...Cast Iron 10 10.00 17.50 1.88 14.06 15.25 16 1 5.25 ...
12 12.00 20.50 2.00 16.44 17.75 16 1M! 5.50'"
14 13.25 23.00 2.12 18.94 20.25 20 IVa 6.00 ...
16 15.25 25.50 2.25 21.06 22.50 20 ll4 6.25 ...18 17.00 28.00 2.38 23.31 24.75 24 IV4 6.50 '"
20 19.00 30.50 2.50 25.56 27.00 24 m 6.75 ...24 23.00 36.00 2.75 30.31 32.00 24 IV2 7.50 9.50
30 29.00 43.00 3.00 37.19 39.25 28 J3,4 8.50 10.5036 34.50 50.00 3.38 43.69 46.00 32 2 9.50 11.7542 40.25 57.00 3.67 50.44 52.75 36 2 10.00 12.5048 46.00 65.00 4.00 58.44 60.75 40 2 10.75 13.00
Nom- A B C D E No. Dia. Lengthinal of of of boltspipe Valve bolts boltssize or See See
fitting Note Y Note Z
Class 800 2 2.00 6.50 1.25 3.62 5.00 8 % 3.75 3.50
Hydraulic 2V2 2.50 7.50 1.38 4.12 5.88 8 3,4 4.25 4.00Cast Iron 3 3.00 8.25 1.50 5.00 6.62 8 3,4 4.50 4;25
3V2 3.50 9.00 1 62 5.50 7.25 8 'Va 5.00 4.75For sizes 4 4.00 10.75 1.88 6.19 8.50 8 'Va 5.50 5.25not listed,
use Class 600 5 5.00 13.00 2.12 7.31 10.50 8 1 6.00 5.75steel data
6 6.00 14.00 2.25 8.50 11.50 12 1 6.25 6.00
8 7.88 16.50 2.50 10.62 13.75 12 }l/a 7.00 6.7510 9.75 20.00 2.88 12.75 17.00 16 1\4 7.75 7.5012 11.75 22.00 3.00 15.00 19.25 20 V,4 8.00 7.75
Length of Bolts or Stud Bolts
Nole X - 1/16" raised face to 1 16 " raised face valve, fitting, or companion f lange.
NOle Y - 1/4" male to 1 4" male valve, fitting, or companion flange.
Nole Z {1/4" large male to 3/16" large female valve, fit ting, or companion flange.
- 1/4" tongue to 3/16" groove valve, fitting, or companion flange.29
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~ - - - - - - B - - - - - - ~
Length of
Stud BoltLength of
Machine Bolt
\-i,-Inch Railed Face Joint
Standards: Data for sizes 24-inch and
smaller conform to the American National Steel Flange Standard (ANSIB16.5), Classes 150 and 300 as indicated in the table.
Sizes 30-inch and larger are not included in ANSI B16.5. Data for thesesizes conform to dimensions shownin MSS SP-44 Steel Pipeline FlangeStandard, Classes 150 and 300 as
. indicated.
Facing: End flanges are regularly furnished with a 1/16-inch raised facehaving a serrated finish per MSSSP-6. The thickness of flange dimen
sion (C) includes the facing.Bolt holes: Bolt holes are drilled Vsinch larger than the bolt diameter.
Drilling templates are in multiples offour, so that valves may be turned toface in any quarter when installed.Bolt holes are drilled to straddle thecenter line unless otherwise ordered.
Bolt holes are spot faced.
Bolts and stud bolts: Stud bolt lengths(F) do not include the height of thepoints. Machine bolt lengths (G) include the height of the point.
Lengths F and G apply for flangedjoints made up of product having1/16-inch high raised faces.
Class 150: Stud bolt lengths establish·ed by ANSI B16.5 are adequate for allClass 150 flanged joints having the reg·ular 1116·inch raised face.
Class 300: For male to female or tongueto groove flanged joints, add the heightof the male or tongue (1;4·inch) to di·mension F or G.
TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING
Classes 150 and 300 Steel
Dimensions in InchesClass Nom- A B C D E
inal Valve Corn- Valvepipe or panion or
size fitting flange fitting
Ih 0.50 3.50 0.44 ... 1.38 2.38
34 0.75 3.88. 0.50 ... 1.69 2.75
1 1.00 4.25 0.56 0.44 2.00 3.12
1M 1.25 4.62 0.62 0.50 2.50 3.50
IIh 1.50 5.00 0.69 0.56 2.88 3.88
2 2.00 6.00 0.75 0.62 3.62 4.75
21h 2.50 7.00 0.88 0.69 4.12 5.50
3 3.00 7.50 0.94 0.75 5.00 6.00
31h 3.50 8.50 0.94 0.81 5.50 7.004 4.00 9.00 0.94 6.19 7.50
5 5.00 10.00 0.94 7.31 8.50
Class 6 6.00 11.00 1.00 8.50 9.50150
Steel8 8.00 13.50 1.12 10.62 11.75
10 10.00 16.00 1.19 12.75 14.25
12 12.00 19.00 1.25 15.00 17.00
14 13.25 21.00 1.38 16.25 18.75
16 15.25 23.50 1.44 18.50 21.25
18 17.25 25.00 1.56 21.00 22.75
20 19.25 27.50 1.69 23.00 25.00
24 23.25 32.00 1.88 27.25 29.50
30 30.00 38.75 2.94 33.75 36.00
36 36.00 46.00 3.56 40.25 42.75
42 42.00 53.00 3.81 47.00 49.5048 48.00 59.50 4.25 53.50 56.00
Ih 0.50 3.75 0.56 1.38 2.62
34 0.75 4.62 0.62 1.69 3.25
1 1.00 4.88 0.69 2.00 3.501M 1.25 5.25 0.75 2.50 3.88
IIh 1.50 6.12 0.81 2.88 4.50
2 2.00 6.50 0.88 3.62 5.00
21h 2.50 7.50 1.00 4.12 5.88
3 3.00 8.25 1.12 5.00 6.62
31h 3.50 9.00 1.19 5.50 7.25
Class 4 4.00 10.00 1.25 6.19 7.88
300 5 5.00 11.00 1.38 7.31 9.25
Steel 6 6.00 12.50 1.44 8.50 10.62
8 8.00 15.00 1.62 10.62 13.00
10 10.00 17.50 1.88 12.75 15.25
12 12.00 20.50 2.00 15.00 17.7514 13.25 23;00 2.12 16.25 20.25
16 15.25 25.50 2.25 18.50 22.50
18 17.00 28.00 2.38 21.00 24.75
20 19.00 30.50 2.50 23.00 27.00
24 23.00 36.00 2.75 27.25 32.00
30 ... 43.00 3.62 33.75 39.25
36 ... 50.00 4.12 40.25 46.00
Bolts or F G
Stud
Bolts
No. Dia.
4 112 2,50 2.00
4 Ih 2.50 2.25
4 Ih 2.75 2.25
4 Ih 2.75 2.50
4 Ih 3.00 2.50
4 % 3.25 2.75
4 % 3.50 3.00
4 % 3.75 3.25
8 % 3.75 3.25
8 % 3.75 3.25
8 34 4.00 3.25
8 34 4.00 3.50
8 34 4.25 3.75
12 Vs 4.75 4.00
12 Vs 4.75 4.25
12 1 5.25 4.50
16 1 5.50 4.75
16 Hi 6.00 5.00
20 Hi 6.25 5.50
20 m 7.00 6.00
28 1M ... ...32 IIh ... ...36 IIh ... ...44 m ... ...4 112 2.75 2.25
4 % 3.00 2.50
4 % 3.25 2.754 % 3.25 2.75
4 34 3.75 3.00
8 % 3.50 3.00
8 3,4 4.00 3.50
8 34 4.25 3.75
8 34 4.50 3.758 34 4.50 4.00
8 34 4.75 4.25
12 34 5.00 4.25
12 Vs 5.50 4.75
16 1 6.25 5.50
16 Hi 6.75 6.00
20 IJ,-8 7.00 6.25
20 m 7.50 6.50
24 114 7.75 6.75
24 m 8.25 7.25
24 IIh 9.25 8.00
28 134 ... ...32 2 ... ...
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TEMPLATES FOR DRILLINGClasses 400, 600, and 900 Steel
Dimensions, in Inches
c
Male to MaleFlanged Joint
Male to FemaleFlanged Joint
Stud 8011 Length UGH also applies
for Tongue to Groove Flanged Joinl
Standards: Templates fo r drilling,flange dimensions, and stud bolt
lengths shown in the table conformto the American National Steel FlangeStandard (ANSI B16.5), Classes 400,SOO, and 900, as indicated .. . exceptthe 3O-inch Class SOO data conformsto MSS SP-44 Steel Pipeline FlangeStandard (Class SOO).
Facing: End flanges of flanged valvesof these classes are regularly furnishedwith 1/4-inch high large male facing
having a serrated finish per MSS SP-S.
The thickness of flange dimension (C)does not include the 1/4-inch facing.
Bolt holes: Bolt holes are drilled Va-inch larger than the bolt diameter.
Drilling templates are in multiples offour, so that valves may be turned toface in any quarter when being installed. Bolt holes are dri l led tostraddle the center line unless otherwise ordered.
Bolt holes are spot faced.
Stud bolts: Stud bolt lengths (F and G)do not include the height of the points.The lengths apply for flanged Joints,made up of combinations of flangedproduct having male, female, tongue, orgroove faces. Male or tongue faces arev.. ·inch high; female or groove faces are3/16-inch deep.
Class
Class
400
Steel
Class
600
Steel
Class
900
Steel
Nominal
pipesize
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
1/2
3,4
1
114
1\12
2
2¥.z
3
3¥.z
4
5
6
8
10
1214
16
18
20
24
30
3
4
5
6
8
10
1214
16
18
20
24
Stud
At B C D E Bolts
No. Dia.
4.00 10.00 1.38 6.19 7.88 8 Va
5.00 11.00 1.50 7.31 9.25 8 Va
6.00 12.50 1.62 8.50 10.62 12 Va
8.00 15.00 1.88 10.62 13.00 12 1
10.00 17.50 2.12 12.75 15.25 16 1\10
12.00 20.50 2.25 15.00 17.75 16 B413.12 23.00 2.38 16.25 20.25 20 1\14
15.00 25.50 2.50 18.50 22.50 20 10/0
17.00 28.00 2.62 21.00 24.75 24 1%
18.88 30.50 2.75 23.00 27.00 24 1\12
22.62 36.00 3.00 27.25 32.00 24 1%
0.50 3.75 0.56 1.38 2.62 4 ¥.z.
0.75 4.62 0.62 1.69 3.25 4 %1.00 4.88 0.69 2.00 3.50 4 %1.25 5.25 0.81 2.50 3.88 4 %
1.50 6.12 0.88 2.88 4.50 4 3,4
2.00 6.50 1.00 3.62 5.00 8 %
2.50 7.50 1.12 4.12 5.88 8 3,4
3.00 8.25 1.25 5.00 6.62 8 3,4
3.50 9.00 1.38 5.50 7.25 8 Va
4.00 10.75 1.50 6.19 8.50 8 Va
5.00 13.00 1.75 7.31 10.50 8 1
6.00 14.00 1.88 8.50 11.50 12 1
7.88 16.50 2.19 IG.62 13.75 12 m9.75 20.00 2.50 12.75 17.00 16 114
11.75 22.00 2.62 15.00 19.25 20 B412.88 23.75 2.75 16.25 20.75 20 1%
14.75 27.00 3.00 18.50 23.75 20 1¥.z
16.50 29.25 3.25 21.00 25.75 20 1%
18.25 32.00 3.50 23.00 28.50 24 1%
22.00 37.00 4.00 27.25 33.00 24 IVa
... 44.50 4.50 33.75 40.25 28 2
2.88 9.50 1.50 5.00 7.50 8 Va
3.88 11.50 1.75 6.19 9.25 8 1M!
4.75 13.75 2.00 7.31 11.00 8 114
5.75 15.00 2.19 8.50 12.50 12 m
7.50 18.50 2.50 10.62 15.50 12 1%
9.38 21.50 2.75 12.75 18.50 16 1%
11.12 24.00 3.12 15.00 21.00 20 1%12.25 25.25 3.38 16.25 22.00 20 1¥.z
14.00 27.75 3.50 18.50 24.25 20 1%
15.75 31.00 4.00 21.00 27.00 20 IVa
17.50 33.75 4.25 23.00 29.50 20 2
21.00 41.00 5.50 27.25 35.50 20 21/2
tDlmenslOn "A " applies to valves or fittings.
F G
5.50 5.25
5.75 5.50
6.00 5.75
6.75 6.50
7.50 7.25
8.00 7.75
8.25 8.00
8.75 8.50
9.00 8.75
9.75 9.50
10.75 10.50
3.25 3.00
3.50 3.253.75 3.50
4.00 3.75
4.25 4.00
4.25 4.00
4.75 4.50
5.QO 4.75
5.50 5.25
5.75 5.50
6.50 6.25
6.75 6.50
7.75 7.50
8.50 8.25
8.75 8.509.25 9.00
10.00 9.75
10.75 10.50
11.50 11.25
13.00 12.75
. . .,.
5.75 5.50
6.75 6.50
7.50 7.25
7.75 7.50
8.75 8.50
9.25 9.00
10.00 9.7510.75 10.50
11.25 11.00
12.75 12.50
13.50 13.50
17.25 17.00
31
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~ - - - - - - - - B - - - - - - - - ~
Male to Male
Flanged JointMale to F.male
Flanged Joint
Stud 8011 lenglh "G " al.o applie.fo r Tongue 10 Groove Flanged Joinl
ANSI B16.5: Templates for drilling,flange dimensions, and stud bolt
lengths shown in the table conform tothe American National Steel FlangeStandard (ANSI B16.5), Classes 1500and 2500, as indicated.
Facing: End flanges of flanged valvesof these classes are regularly furnishedwith V4-inch high large male facinghaving a serrated finish per MSS SP-6.
The thickness of flange dimension (C)does not include the V4-inch facing.
Bolt holes: Bolt holes are drilled Vsinch larger than the bolt diameter.
Drilling templates are in multiples offour, so that valves may be turned toface in any quarter when installed. Boltholes are drilled to straddle the centerline unless otherwise ordered.
Bolt holes are spot faced.
Stud bolts: Stud bolt lengths (F and G)do not include the height of the pOints.
The lengths apply for flanged jOints,made up of combinations of flangedproduct having male, female, tongue, orgroove faces. Male or tongue faces areV4·lnch high; female or groove faces are3/16·inch deep.
TEMPLATES FOR DRILLINGClasses 1500 and 2500 Steel
Dimensions, in Inches
c . . I 5.. 1 At I B I c I D IE INo ~ f ~ " , I FIG
~ 0.50 4.75 0.88 1.38 3.25 4 3;4 4.25 4.003;4 0.56 5.12 1.00 1.69 3.50 4 34 4.50 4.251 0.88 5.88 1.12 2.00 4.00 4 'Va 5.00 4.75B4 1.12 6.25 1.12 2.50 4.38 4 'Va 5.00 4.75
1.38 7.00 1.25 2.88 4.88 4 1 5.50 5.252 1.88 8.50 1.50 3.62 6.50 8 'Va 5.75 5.50
2.25 9.62 1.62 4.12 7.50 8 1 6.25 6.003 2.75 10.50 1.88 5.00 8.00 8 1I/a 7.00 6.75
Class 4 3.62 12.25 2.12 6.19 9.50 8 H4 7.75 7.501500 5 4.38 14.75 2.88 7.31
11.50 8 l¥2 9.75 9.50Steel 6 5.38 15.50 3.25 8.50 12.50 12 1% 10.25 10.00
8 7.00 19.00 3.62 10.62 15.50 12 1% 11.50 11.2510 8.75 23.00 4.25 12.75 19.00 12 lV's 13.25 13.0012 1 0 ~ 3 8 26.50 4.88 15.00 22.50 16 2 14.75 14.5014 11.38 29.50 5.25 16.25 25.00 16 2I,4 16.00 15.75
16 13.00 32.50 5.75 18.50 27.75 16 21/2 17.50 17.2518 14.62 36.00 6.38 21.00 30.50 16 23;4 19.50 19.0020 16.38 38.75 7.00 23.00 32.75 16 3 21.50 21.()()
24 19.62 46.00 8.00 27.25 39.00 16 24.50 24.00
~ 0.44 5.25 1.19 1.38 3.50 4 3;4 5.25 5.003;4 0.56 5.50 1.25 1.69 3.75 4 34 5.25 5.001 0.75 6.25 1.38 2.00 4.25 4 'Va 5.75 5.5011/4 1.00 7.25 1.50 2.50 5.12 4 1 6.25 6.00
m 1.12 8.00 1.75 2.88 5.75 4 IIh 7.00 6.75Class 2 1.50 9.25 2.00 3.62 6.75 8 1 7.25 7.002500 1.88 10.50 2.25 4.12 7.75 8 1Ih 8.00 7.75Steel 3 2.25 12.00 2.62 5.00 9.00 8 lI,4 9.GO 8.75
4 2.88 14.00 3.00 6.19 10.75 8 l¥2 10.25 10.00
5 3.62 16.50 3.62 7.31 12.75 8 P4 12.00 11.756 4.38 19.00 4.25 8.50 14.50 8 2 13.75 13.50
8 5.75 21.75 5.00 10.62 17.25 12 2 15.25 15.0010 7.25 26.50 6.50 12.75 21.75 12 2112 19.50 19.2512 8.62 30.00 7.25 15.00 24.38 12 234 21.50 21.25
tDimenslOn "A" apphes to valves or fittmgs.
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Large Male
*Small Male
large Tongue
Small Tongue
MALE, FEMALE, TONGUE, AND GROOVE FLANGE FACINGSFor Class 300 Steel
Large Female
·Small Female
large Groove
Small Groove
Class
Dimensions, In Inches
Size
IA
IB
IC D
Ih· 1.38 1.00 0.72 1.3834 1.69 1.31 0.94 1.69
I 2.00 1.50 1.19 1.88
114 2.50 1.88 1.50 2.25
II/2 2.88 2.12 1. 75 2.50
2 3.62 2.88 2.25 3.25
21h 4.12 3.38 2.69 3.75
3 5.00 4.25 3.31 4.62
3V2 5.50 4.75 3.81 5.12
Class 300 4 6.19 5.19 4.31 5.69
Steel 5 7.31 6.31 5.38 6.81
6 8.50 7.50 6.38 8.00
8 10.62 9.38 8.38 10.0010 12.75 11.25 10.50 12.00
12 15.00 13.50 12.50 14.25
14 16.25 14.75 13.75 15.50
16 18.50 16.75 15.75 17.62
18 21.00 19.25 17.75 20.12
20 23.00 21.00 19.75 22.00
24 27.25 25.25 23.75 26.25
Dimensions above conform to the American National SteelFlange Standard, (ANSI 816.5).
All of the types of facings can be applied to Class 300 steelflanged product conforming to
ANSI816.5.
Center-to-face: The illustrations show how regular valvecenter-to-face dimensions are affected by these special facings. Note that the male or tongue facing increases the regular center-to-face V4-inch; the female or groove facing doesnot alter the regular center-to-face.
Regular facing and finish: End flanges of Class 300 valves areregularly furnished with a 1/16-inch raised face.
The 1/16-inch raised and V4-inch large male faces regularlyhave a serrated finish per MSS SP-6. The female, tongue, andgroove faces regularly have a smooth finish per MSS SP-6.
*Small male and female: Small male and female facing, when
used with steel screwed flanges, makes the joint directly onthe end of the pipe. In these cases, the, pipe must be thickenough to provide a bearing surface of ample width to prevent crushing of the gasket.
If a pipe end is to be used as a mating member in a joiht,orders should specify the inside diameter of the pipe. In someinstances, it may be necessary to lag up the port diameter of
valves to match the 1.0. of the pipe, in which case specialprices will apply.
Gaskets: Gaskets for male and female and for tongue andgroove joints should cover the bottom of the recess withminimum clearances, allowing for the plus or minus toleranceof 0.02" which is permitted by ANSI 816.5 on the inside andoutside-diameters of facings.
33
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MALE, FEMALE, TONGUE, AND GROOVE FLANGE FACINGS
For Classes 400 to 2500 Steel
Dimensions, in Inches
Class Size
IA
IB
IC D
112 1.38 1.00 0.72 1.383,4 1.69 1.31 0.94 1.69
1 2.00 1.50 1.19 1.88
1:14 2.50 1.88 1.50 2.25
11h 2.88 2.12 1.15 2.50
2 3.62 2.88 2.25 3.25
21/2 4.12 3.38 2,69 3.75
3 5.00 4.25 3.31 4.62
Class 3112 5.50 4.75 3.81 5.12
400,600, 4 6.19 5.19 4.31 5.69900,1500, 5 7.31 6.31 5.38 6.81or 2500 6 8.50 7.50 6.38 8.00
Steel
8 10.62 9.38 8.38 10.00
10 12.75 11.25 10.50 12.0012 15.00 13.50 12.50 14.25
14 16.25 14.75 13.75 15.50
16 18.50 16.75 15.75 17.62
18 21.00 19.25 17.75 20.12
20 23.00 21.00 19.75 22.00
24 27.25 25.25 23.75 26.25
Dimensions above conform to the American National SteelFlange Standard, ANSI 816.5.
All of the types of facings can be applied to Class 400, 600,900, 1500, and 2500 steel flanged product conforming to ANSI816.5.
Center-to-face: The illustrations show how regular valvecenter-to-face dimensions are affected by these special facings. Notice particularly: the male and tongue facings areincluded in the regular center-to-face: the female and groovefacings require a deduction of 1f4-inch from the regular center to face.
Regular faCing and finish: End flanges of valves of the classesindicated are regularly furnished with a 1f4-inch male facehaving a serrated finish, per MSS SP-6.
Female, tongue, and groove faces regularly have a smoothfinish per MSS SP-6.
*Small male and female: Small male and female facing, whenused with steel screwed flanges, makes the joint directly onthe end of the pipe. In these cases, the pipe must be thickenough to provide a bearing surface of ample width to prevent crushing of the gasket.
If a pipe end is to be used as a mating member in a joint,orders should specify the inside diameter of the pipe. In someinstances, it may be necessary to lag up the port diameter ofvalves to match the 1.0. of the pipe, in which case specialprices Will apply.
Gaskets: Gaskets for male and female and for tongue andgroove joints should cover the bottom of the recess withminimum clearances, allowing for the plus or minus toleranceof 0.02" which is permitted by ANSI 816.5 on the inside andoutside diameters of facings.
Large Male Large Female
*Small Male *Small Female
large Tongue Large Groove
Small Tongue Small Groove
...-.
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RING JOINT FACINGS AND RINGS
American National Standard - Dimensions, in Inches
/f',
Valve Classes150 and 300
Valve Classes 400, 600,goO, 1500, and 2500
• "."',approxl-mate
clearancewith
( J studbolts
) -II·G l tight.
Assembled Ring Joint
RingClass Size
No.A
V2' R11 1.3443,4 R13 1.688
1 R16 2.000
IV" R18 2.375
IIh R20 2.688
2 R23 3.250
211.! R26 4.000-3 R31 4.875
Class 311.! R34 5.188
300 4 R37 5.875
400 5 R41 7.125
600 6 R45 8.312
8 R49 10.625
10 R53 12.750
12 R57 15.000
14 R61 16.500
16 R65 18.500
18 R69 21.000
20 R73 23.000
24 R77 27.250
Class I ize I ingNo.
1 R15114 R17
IIh R19
2 R22
21h R25
3 R29
31h R33
4 R36
Class 5- R40
150 6 R43
8 R48
10 R52
12 R56
14 R59
16 R64
18 R68
20 R72
24 R76
B C D
0.250 0.438 0.375
0.312 0.562 0.500
0.312 0.562 0.500
0.312 0.562 0.500
0.312 0.562 0.500
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.6250.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.438 0.688 0.625
0.500 0.750 0.688
0.625 0.875 0.812
A
1.8752.250
2.562
3.250
4.000
4.500
5.188
5.875
6.750
7.625
9.750
12.000
15.000
15.625
17.875
20.375
22.000
26.500
E
0.281
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.469
0.4690.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.469
0.531
0.656
Oval Ring
Octagonal Ring
k - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - ~
Oval rings fi t grooves having either a flat or round bottom;octagonal rings only fit grooves having a flat bottom.
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 2.500.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 2.88
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 3.25
0.312 0.562 0.5pO 0.344 0.250 0.16 4.00
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 4.75
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 5.25
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 6.06
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 6.75
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 7.62
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 8.62
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 10.75
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 13.00
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.16 16.00
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.12 16.75
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.12 19.00
0.312 0.562 0.500 0,344 0.250 0.12 21.50
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.12 23.50
0.312 0.562 0.500 0.344 0.250 0.12 28.00
G JF
Class Class ClassH
Class Class300 400 600 300 400
0.219 0.12 . . . . 0.12 2.00 3.00 . . . .
0.250 0.16 . . . . 0.16 2.50 3.50 . . . .
0.250 0.16 . . . . 0.16 2.75 3.75 . . . .0.250 0.16 .... 0.16 3.12 3.75 . . ..
0.250 0.16 •• 0. 0.16 3.56 4.25 ....
0.312 0.22 . . . . 0.19 4.25 4.25 . . . .
0.312 0.22. . . .
0.19 5.00 4.75. . . .
0.312 .0.22 . . . . 0.19 5.75 5.00 ....
0.312 0.22 .... 0.19 6.25 5.25 ....
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 6.88 5.25 5.75
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 8.25 5.50 6.00
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 9.50 5.75 6.25
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 11.88 6.25 7.00
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 14.00 7.00 7.75
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 16.25 7.50 8 .25
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 18.00 7.75 8.50
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 20.00 8.25 9.00
0.312 0.22 0.22 0.19 22.62 8.50 9.25
0.375 0.22 0.22 0.19 25.00 9.00 10.00
0.438 0.25 0.25 0.22 29.50 10.25 11.25
J
3.253.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.50
4.50
4.75
5.25
5.25
5.75
6.00
6.50
6.75
7.50
Class600
3.00
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
5.005.25
5.75
6.00
6.75
7.00
7.75
8.75
9.00
9.50
10.25
11.00
11.75
13.25
35
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RING JOINT FACINGS AND RINGS
American National Standard - Dimensions, in Inches
(continued from Ihe preceding page)
Dimensions shown on these facing pages apply to ringjoint facing and rings for the end flanges of Crane steelvalves.
The side walls of the groove which is cut into the raisedface on end flanges (see illustrations on facing page)have a smooth finish per MSS SP-6.
Standards: The dimensions of the rings and ring jointgrooves, as well as the marking of the rings, conformto American National Standard 816.20.
The flange facing dimensions conform to the AmericanNational Steel Flange Standard (ANSI 816.5).
Class I ize I I A I B I C I DIE I FIG I H I Center to end: When ring jointfacing is applied to Class 150 and300 valves, the center-to-end isequal to the regular center-toface dimension (which includesthe 1/16-inch raised face) plusthe depth of the groove.
3 R31 4.875 0.438 0.688 0.625
4 R37 5.875 0.438 0.688 0.625
5 R41 7.125 0.438 0.688 0.625
6 R45 8.312 0.438 0.688 0.625
8 R49 10.625 0.4380.688 0.625Class 10 R53 12.750 0.438 0.688 0.625
900 12 R57 15.000 0.438 0.688 0.625
14 R62 16.500 0.625 0.875 0.812
16 R66 18.500 0.625 0.875 0.812
18 R70 21.000 0.750 1.000 0.938
20 R74 23.000 0.750 1.000 0.938
24 - R78 27.250 1.000 1.312 1.250
% R12 1.562 0.312 0.562 0.500
3,4 R14 1.750 0.312 0.562 0.500
i R16 2.000 0.312 0.562 0.500
1lA R18 2.375 0.312 0.562 0.500
1% R20 2.688 0.312 0.562 0.500
2 R24 3.750 0.438 0.688 0.625
21/2 R27 4.250 0.438 0.688 0.625
3 R35 5.375 0.438 0.688 0.625
Class4 R39 6.375 0.438 0.688', 0.625
15005 R44 7.625 0.438 0.688 0.625
6 R46 8.312 0.500 0.750 0.688
8 R50 10.625 0.625 0.875 0.812
10 R54 12.750 0.625 0.875 0.812
12 R58 15.000 0.875 1.125 1.062
14 R63 16.500 1.000 1.312 1.250
16 R67 18.500 1.125 1.438 1.375
18 R71 21.000 1.125 1.438 1.375
20 R75 23.000 1.250 1.562 1.500
24 R79 27.250 1.375 1.750 1.625
1/2 R13 1.688 0.312 0.562 0.500
3A R16 2.000 0.312 0.562 0.500
1 R18 2.375 0.312 0.562 0.500
lIA R21 2.844 0.438 0.688 0.625
11/2 R23 3.250 0.438 0.688 0.625
Class 2 R26 4.000 0.438 0.688 0.625
2500 21/2 R28 4.375 0.500 0.750 0.688
3 R32 5.000 0.500 0.750 0.688
4 R38 6.188 0.625 0.875 0.812
5 R42 7.500 0.750 1.000 0.938
6 R47 9.000 0.750 1.000 0.938
8 R51 11.000 0.875 1.125 1.062
10 R55 13.500 1.125 1.438 1.375
12 R60 16.000 1.250 1.562 1.500
0.469 0.312 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.160.469 0.312 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.16
0.656 0.438 0.16
0.656 0.438 0.16
0.781 0.500 0.19
0.781 0.500 0.19
1.062 0.625 0.22
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.531 0.375 0.12
0.656 0.438 0.16
0.656 0.438 0.16
0.906 0.562 0.19
1.062 0.625 0.22
1.188 0.688 0.31
1.188 0.688 0.31
1.312 0.688 0.38
1.438 0.812 0.44
0.344 0.250 0.16
0;344 0.250 0.16
0.344 0.250 0.16
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.469 0.312 0.12
0.531 0.375 0.12
0.531 0.375 0.l.2
0.656 0.438 0.16
0.781 0.500 0.16
0.781 0.500 0.16
0.906 0.562 0.19
1.188 0.688 0.25
1.312 0.688 0.31
6.12
7.12
8.50
9.50
12.1214.25
16.50
18.38
20.62
23.38
25.50
30.38
2.38
2.62
2.81
3.19
3.62
4.88
5.38
6.62
7.62
9.00
9.15
12.50
14.62
17.25
19.25
21.50
24.12
26.50
31.25
2.56
2.88
3.25
4.00
4.50
5.25
5.88
6.62
8.00
9.50
11.00
13.38
16.75
19.50
6.00
7.00
7.75
7.75
9.009.50
10.25
11.25
11.75
13.50
14.25
17.75
4.25
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.50
5.75
6.257.00
7.75
9.75
10.50
12.00
13.75
15.50
17.00
18.50
20.50
22.50
25.75
5.25
5.25
5.75
6.50
7.25
7.50
8.25
9.25
10.75
12.75
14.50
16.00
20.50
22.50
On ring jOint valves of Classes400 and higher, the center-to-endis equal to the regular center-toface dimension minus 1f4-inch(height of the large male), plusthe depth of the groove.
\
This practice also applies toloose flanges; that is, the raisedface which is equal to the depthof the groove is added to theflange thickness.
*Stud bolts: The length of studbolts, indicated as dimension "J"
in the tables on these facingpages, applies for all combinations of ring jOint valves, fittings,and flanges.
Stud bolt lengths (J) do not include the height of the points.
For quantity and diameter of studbolts required for each flangedjoint, refer to appropriate "tem
plate for drilling" table (pages 31to 32).
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Outside
- - - - - ,
See Note (5)
Outside
45 deg. max.
Component or Fitting
Inside
See Note (5) I--__ ..J
Inside
NOTES:
!min.2
BUTT·WELDING ENDS FOR STEEL VALVES
ANSI 816.25
Radius of at least 0.05 Imin.
30 deg. max.
\\\
Max. Slope 1:3
Radius of at least 0.05 Imin.
2lmin.
Transition Region
\\\\
......
......
.....
)---III
/---.::-
"-...:)
Imin.
See Note (1)
FIGURE 1 WELDING END TRANSITIONS MAXIMUM ENVELOPE
(1) The value of Imin. is whichever of the following is applicable:
a) the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe
Max.-See Note (2)
Min.-1.0 Imin.
b) 0.875 times the nominal wall thickness of pipe ordered toa pipe schedule wall thickness which has an undertolerance of 12.5%
c) the minimum ordered wall thickness of the cylindrical welding end of a component or fitting (or the thinner. of the two) when the joint is between two components
(2) The maximum thickness at the end of the component is:
a) the greater of Imin + 0.15 in. (4 mm) or 1.15tmin when ordered on a minimum wall basisb) the greater of tmin: + 0.15 in. (4 mm) or 1.1 t n o ~ . when ordered on a nominal wall basis
(3) Weld bevel Is shown for illustration only.
(4) The weld reinforcement permitted by app"cable code may lie outside the maximum envelope.
(5) Where transitions using maximum slope do not intersect inside or outside surface, as shown by phantom outlines,maximum slopes shown or alternate radii shall be used.
37
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___ , 37.5 deg. ± 2.5 deg.
l"\....
"-
See Note ( 2 ) ~,..,..-
r___ .I
BUTT·WELDING ENDS FOR STEEL VALVES
ANSI 816.25
0.06 ± 0.03
f (1.6 ± 0.8)
t
I !
----, 37.5deg. ± 2.5deg.
"-'\....:, - - - ; - - - - - - - - . -
See Note (3) \. I 0.06 ± 0.03~ ~ ~ ( 1 . 6 ± 0 .•
3 O d o g ~ Y f ~ ~ ~ f 1 r0.5 (13) mio.
t tFigure 2a Welding End Detail for Joint Without BackingRing.
Figure 2b l41 Welding End Detail for Joint Using Split Rectangular Backing Ring.
FIGURE 2 WELDING END DETAILS INTENDED FOR USE ON 0.88 in. (22 mm) AND THINNER NOMINAL WALL THICKNESSES
10 deg. ± 1 deg.---,
\''''''J --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~
37.5 deg. ± 2.5 deg. 10.75 ± 0.06
(19 ± 2)10 .06 ± 0.03-L 1.6 ± 0.8)
See Note (2)
r_ _ _ -1
~ i--,..-- t
B
!
A
0.75 ± 0.06(19 ± 2)
37.5 deg. ± 2.5 deg.
0.06 ± 0.03~ . 6 ± 0 . 8 )
3 O ~ v / r l t 1- - ~ ~ ~ 1
0.5 (13) min. t
A
Figure 3a Welding End Detail for Joint Without Backing Ring Figure 3b l41 Welding End Detail for Joint Using Split RectangularBacking Ring.
FIGURE 3 WELDING END DETAILS INTENDED FOR USE ON NOMINAL WAll. THICKNESSES GREATER THAN 0.88 in. (22 mm)
NOTES:
(1) Dotted lines denote maximum envelope for transitions from welding bevel and root face into body of component. See Figure 1 for details.
(2) Internal surface may be as formed or machined for dimension B at root face. Contour within the envelope is manufacturer's option unless otherwisespecifically ordered.
(3) Intersections should be slightly rounded.
(4) Purchase order must specify contour of ring intended to be used.
(5) Linear dimensions are in inches with metric values shown in millimeters in parenthesis.
B = NOMINAL INSIDE DIAMETER OF PIPEA = OUTSIDE DIAMETER (CAST STEEL VALVES)
Other types of weld end preparation can be furnished when specified.
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TAPS AND DRAINS FOR FLANGED VALVES
Designating Location of Tapped Holes
8 \ -II1\ ..._
c -ti 0
Globe Valve Angle Valve
Globe Valve
These illustrations indicate a standard method
used for designating the location of tappedholes on cast iron and cast steel globe, angle,check, and gate valves in all pressure classes.
~u.;::;rrCheck Valve Ga,e Valve
Valve bodies can be tapped without a boss for a verysmall drain hole; the maximum size of the hole, however, depends entirely upon the location of the tappedhole and the pressure class of the valve.
Gate valves are regularly made with bosses. Globe,angle, and check valves are not regularly made withbosses but can be so furnished when orders specify.
LOCATION OF BY-PASSES
Gate valves: When gate valves are ordered with by-passattached, it shall be regular practice to attach said bypass at the side of the main valve with the stems of bothvalves parallel, pointing vertically upwa:rd.
The more common of the "special" attached-locationsis on the center of the flow line, at the bottom of themain valve, with the stem of the by-pass valve at rightangles to the main valve stem. This is designated as the"bottom attachment," or defined as "by-pass at bottom." When any other "special" attached-location or
other position of the by-pass valve stem is desired, asketch should be submitted.
Globe valves: When globe valves are ordered with bypass attached, it shall be regular practice to attach saidby-pass at the right-hand side of the main valve, withthe stems of both valves parallel, pointing vertically upward. When by-pass is "specially" required attached atthe left-hand side, the designation shall be "left-handattachment."
Right-hand side of a globe valve is the side at the right,when facing the flow-port which leads to the under sideof the disc.
Angle valves: When angle valves ordered with by-pass attached, it shall be regular praCtice to attach saidby-pass at the back of the main valve, with the stems ofboth valves parallel, pointing vertically upward.
When the by-pass is "specially" required attached atthe right or left-hand side, the designations shall be"right-hand attachment" or "left-hand attachment."Right-hand side of an angle valve is at the right, whenfacing the back of the valve.
These illus-trations are
represen'a,iveof steel valves.
Ga'e Valve withBy.PalS on Side
Go,. Valve withBy.PalS at Bollom
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PIPE DATACarbon and Alloy Steel - Stainless Steel
(a/so see next three pagesj
Nom- Outside Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse Moment Weight Weight External Section
inal Diarn. Steel Stain-. Thick- Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface ModulusPipe less ness eter Metal
(a) (A)Inertia
Size Iron Sched. Steel (t) (d) Pounds Pounds Sq.Ft.(IlPipe No. Sched. Square Square Square per per foot per foot ( 2 0 . ~ Jnches Inches Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches
...'"
lOS .049 .307 .0548 .07401/8 0.405 STD 40 40S .068 .269 .0720 .0568
XS 80 80S .095 .215 .0925 .0364
...'" lOS .065 ' .410 .0970 .1320
1/4 0.540 STD 40 40S .088 .364 .1250 .1041
XS 80 80S .119 .302 .1574 .0716
... . .. lOS .065 .545 .1246 .23333/8 0.675 STD 40 40S .091 .493 .1670 .1910
XS 80 80S .126 .423 .2173 .1405
...'"
5S .065 .710 .1583 .3959.. . ... lOS .083 .674 .1974 .3568
STD 40 40S .109 .622 .2503 .3040
1/2 0.840 XS 80 80S .147 .546 .3200 .2340
... 160 ... .187 .466 .3836 .1706
XXS '" .. . .294 .252 .5043 .050
... . . 5S .065 .920 .2011 .6648
...'"
105 .083 .884 .2521 .6138
STD 40 40S .113 .824 .3326 .53303/4 1.050 XS 80 80S .154, .742 .4335 .4330
... 160 . . .219 .612 .5698 .2961XXS
'".. . .308 .434 .7180 .148
... .. . 5S .065 1.185 .2553 1.1029
... .. . lOS .109 1.097 .4130 .9452
STD 40 40S .133 1.049 .4939 .86401 1.315 XS 80 80S .179 .957 .6388 .7190
... 160 .. . .250 .815 .8365 .5217
XXS ... ... .358 .599 1.0760 .282
... .. . 5S .065 1.530 .3257 1.839
...'"
lOS .109 1.442 .4717 1.633
STD 40 40S .140 1.380 .6685 1.495
U4 1.660 XS 80 80S .i91 1.278 .8815 1.283.... 160 .,. .250 1.160 1.1070 1.057
XXS '" ... .382 .896 1.534 .630
... ... 5S .065 1.770 .3747 2.461
... ... lOS .109 1.682 .6133 2.222
STD 40 40S .145 1.610 .7995 2.03611/2 1.900 XS 80 80S .200 1.500 1.068 1.767
... 160 ... .281 1.338 l.429 1.406
XXS ' " ... .400 1.100 1.885 .950
... '" 5S .065 2.245 .4717 3.958
... '" lOS .109 2.157 .7760 3.654
STD 40 40S .154 2.067 1.075 3.355
2 2.375 XS 80 80S .218 1.939 1.477 2.953... 160 ... .344 1.687 2.190 2.241
XXS ... . . .436 1.503 2.656 1.774
... ... 5S .083 2.709 .7280 5.764
... '" lOS .120 2.635 1.039 5.453
STD 40 40S .203 2.469 1.704 4.78821,12 2.875 XS 80 80S .276 2.323 2.254 4.238
... 160 ... .375 2.125 2.945 3.546
XXS '"... .552 1.771 4.028 2.464
... ' " 5S .083 3.334 .8910 8.730
.. , ' " lOS .120 3.260 1.274 8.347
STi:> 40 40S .216 3.068 2.228 7.393
3 3.500 XS 80 80S .300 2.900 3.016 6.605
... 160 . . .438 2.624 4.205 5.408
XXS'"
... .600 2.300 5.466 4.155
Identlne.llon, w.Uthlcknea. end welghta are extracted Irom ANSI 836.10 and 836.19, The notations
STD. XS, and XXS indicate Standard, Extra Stron9. and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively.
Feet
.00051
.00040
.00025
.00091
.00072
.00050
.00162
.00133
.00098
.00275
.00248
.00211
.00163
.00118
.00035
.00462
.00426
.00371
.00300
.00206
.00103
.00766
.00656
.00600
.00499
.00362
.00196
.01277
.01134
.01040
.00891,00734
.00438
.01709
.01543
.01414
.01225
.00976
.00660
.02749
.02538
.02330
.02050
.01556
.01232
.04002
.03787
.03322
.02942
.02463
.01710
.06063
.05796
.05130
.04587
.03755
.02885
Inches4 foot of pipe of pipe
.00088 .19 .032 .106 .00437
.00106 .24 .025 .106 .00523
.00122 .31 .016 .106 .00602
.00279 .33 .057 .141 .01032
.00331 .42 .045 .141 .01227
.00377 .54 .031 .141 .01395
.00586 .42 .101 .178 .01736
.00729 .57 .083 .178 .02160
.00862 .74 .061 .178 . 0 2 ~ 5 4
.01197 .54 .172 .220 .02849
.01431 .67 .155 .220 .03407
.01709 .85 .132 .220 .04069
.02008 1.09 .102 .220 .04780
.02212 1.31 .074 .220 .05267
.02424 1.71 .022 .220 .05772
.02450 .69 .288 .275 .04667
.02969 .86, .266 .275 .05655
.03704 1.13 .231 .275 .07055
.04479 1.47 .188 .275 .08531
.05269 1.94 .128 .275 .10036
.05792 2.44 .064 .275 .11032
.04999 .87 .478 .344 .07603
.07569 1.40 .409 .344 .11512
.08734 1.68 .375 .344 .1328
.1056 2.i7 .312 .344 .1606
.1251' 2.84 .230 .344 .1903
.1405 3.66 .122 .344 .2136
.1038 1.11 .797 .435 .1250
.1605 1.81 .708, .435 .1934
.1947 2.27 .649 .435 .2346
.2418 3.00 .555 .435 .2913
.2839 3.76 .458 .435 .3421
.3411 5.21 .273 .435 .4lIO
.1579 1.28 1.066 .497 .1662
.2468 2.09 .963 .497 .2598
.3099 2.72 .882 .497 .3262
.3912 3.63 .765 .497 .4lI8
.4824 4.86 .608 .497 .5018
.5678 6.41 .42 .497 .5977
.3149 1.61 1.72 .622 .2652
.4992 2.64 1.58 .622 .4204
.6657 3.65 1.45 .622 .5606
.8679 5.02 1.28 .622 .73091.162 7.46 .97 .622 .9791.311 9.03 .77 .622 1.104
.7100 2.48 2.50 .753 .4939
.9873 3.53 2.36 .753 .6868
1.530 5.79 2.07 .753 1.064
1.924 7.66 1.87 .753 1.339
2.353 10.01 1.54 .753 1.638
2.871 13.69 1.07 .753 1.997- ' - -
1.301 3.03 3.78 .916 .7435
1.822 4.33 3.62 .916 1.041
3.017 7.58 3.20 .916 1.7243.894 10.25 2.86 .916 2.2255.032 14.32 2.35 .916 2.8765.993 18.58 1.80 .916 3.424
T .nave,., Intern . • re. values listed In "square leet" also
represent volume In cubic leet per loot 01 pipe length.
I,
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PIPE DATA - cont.
Nom- Outside Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse Moment Weight Weight External Section
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface ModulusPipe less ness eter Metal
(a) (A)Inertia
Size Iron Sched. Steel (t) (d) (I) Pounds· Pounds Sq. Ft.Pipe No. Sched. Square Square' Square pe r pe r foot per foot
(2/DJnches Inches Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches
.. , ... 5S .083 3.834 1.021 11.545
.. , ... lOS .120 3.760 1.463 11.10431/2 4.000 STD 40 40S .226 3.548 2.680 9.886
XS 80 80S. .318 3.364 3.678 8.888
... ... 5S .083 4.334 1.152 14.75
'" ... lOS .120 4.260 1.651 14.25ST n 40 40S .237 4.026 3.174 12.73
4 4.500 XS 80 80S .337 3.826 4.407 1l.50.. , 120 ... .438 3.624 5.595 10.31.. 160 ... .531 3.438 6.621 9.28
XXS ... '" .674 3.152 8.101 7.80
.. , ... 5S .109 5.345 1.868 22.44
... ... lOS .134 5.295 2.285 22.02SI D 40 40S .258 5.047 4.300 20.01
5 5.563 XS 80 80S .375 4.813 6.112 18.19.. , 120 ... .500 4.563 7.953 16.35... 160 ... .625 4.313 9.696 14.61
XXS ... ... .750 4.063 1l.34O 12.97
... ... 5S .109 6.407 2.231 32.24
.. , ... lOS .134 6.357 2.733 31.74SI D 40 40S .280 6.065 5.581 28.89
6 6.625 XS 80 80S .432 5.761 8.405 26.07.. , 120 '" .562 5.501 10.70 23.77... 160 ... .719 5.187 13.32 21.15
XXS ... ... .864 4.897 15.64 18.84
... '" 5S .109 8.407 2.916 55.51
.. , ... lOS .148 8.329 3.941 54.48
... 20 . . .250 8.125 6.57 51.85
... 30 ... .277 8.071 7.26 51.16SID 40 40S .322 7.981
8.40 50.038 8.625 ... 60 ... .406 7.813 10.48 47.94XS ,80 80S .500 7.625 12.76 45.66.. , 100 ... .594 7.437 14.96 43.46.. , 120 ... .719 7.187 17.84 40.59.. , 140 ... .812 7.001 19.93 38.50
XXS ... ... .875 6.875 21.30 37.12.. , 160 '" .906 6.813 21.97 36.46
... '" 5S .134 10.482 4.36 86.29
.. , ... HiS .165 10.420 5.49 85.28
... 20 ... .250 10.250 8.24 82.52
.. , 30 ... .307 10.136 10.07 80.69SI D 40 40S .365 10.020 11.90 78.86
10 10.750 XS 60 80S .500 9.750 16.10 74.66... 80 . . .594 9.562 18.92 71.84... 100 . . .719 9.312 22.63 68.13. . 120 ... .844 9.062 26.24 64.53
XXS 140 .... 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13... 160 ... 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75
... ... 5S .156 12.438 6.17 121.50
... ... lOS .180 12.390 7.11 120.57
.. , 20'" .250 12.250 9.82 117.86
... 30 ... .330 12.090 12.87 114.80SI D '" 40S .375 12.000 14.58 113.10... 40 '" .406 11.938 15.77 1ll.93XS ... 80S .500 1l.750 19.24 108.43
12 12.75 ... 60 ... .562 1l.626 21.52 106.16.. , 80 '" .688 1l.374 26.03 101.64.. , 100 ... .844 1l.062 1.53 96.14
XXS 120 ... 1.000 10.750. 36.91 90.76
." 140 ... 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59
... 160 ... 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.53
Identl"catlon,wallthlckne.s and weights are extracted from ANSI 836.10 and 836.19. The notations
STD, XS. and XXS Indicate Standard, Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively.
Feet
.08017
.07711
.06870
.06170
.10245
.09898
.08840
.07986
.0716
.0645
.0542
.1558.1529.1390.1263.1136.1015.0901
.2239
.2204
.2006
.1810
.1650
.1469
.1308
.3855
.3764
.3601
.3553
.3474.3329
.3171
.3018
.2819
.2673
.2578
.2532
.5992
.5922
.5731
.5603
.5475
.5185
.4989
.4732
.4481
.4176
.3941
.8438
.8373
.8185
.7972
.7854
.7773;7528
.7372
.7058
.6677
.6303
.6013
.5592
Inches4 foot of pipe of pipe
1.960 3.48 5.00 1.047 .97992.755 4.97 4.81 1.047 1.3784.788 9.11 4.29 1.047 2.3946.280 12.50 3.84 1.047 3.140
2.810 3.92 6.39 1.178 1.2493.963 5.61 6.18 1.178 1.7617.233 10.79 5.50 1.178 3.2149.610 14.98 4.98 1.178 4.271
11.65 19.00 4.47 1.178 5.17813.27 22.51 4.02 1.178 5.89815.28 27.54 3.38 1.178 6.791
6.947 6.36 9.72 1.456 2.4988.425 7.77 9.54 1.456 3.029
15.1614.62 8.67 1.456 5.45120.67 20.78 7.88 1.456 7.431
25.73 27.04 7.09 1.456 9.25030.03 32.96 6.33 1.456 10.79633.'63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
11.85 7.60 13.97 1.734 3.57614.40 9.29 13.75 1.734 4.34628.14 18.97 12.51 1.734 8.49640.49 28.57 11.29 1.734 12.2249.61 36.39 10.30 1.734 14.9858.97 45.35 9.16 1.734 17.8166,33 53.16 8.16 1.734 20.02
26.44 9.93 24.06 2.258 6.13135.41 13.40 23.61 2.258 8.21257.72 22.36 22.47 2.258 13.3963.35 24.70 22.17 2.258 14.69
72.49 28.55 21.70 2.258 16.8188.73 35.64 20.77 2.258 20.58105.7 43.39 19.78 2.258 24.51121.3 50.95 18.83 2.258 28.14140.5 60.71 17.59 2.258 32.58153.7 67.76 16.68 2.258 35.65162.0 72.42 16.10 2.258 37.56165.9 74.69 15.80 2.258 38.48
63.0 15.19 37.39 2 . 8 ~ 4 1l.71
76.9 18.65 36.95 2.814 14.30113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57160.7 40.48 34;20 2.814 29.90212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.43244.8 64.43 31.13 2.814 45.54286.1 77.03 29.53 2.814 53.22324.2 89.29 27.96 2.814 60.32
367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43399.3 115.64 24.59 2.814 74.29
122.4 20.98 52.65 3.338 19.2140.4 24.17 52.25 3.338 22.0191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.2248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 39.0279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.8300.3 53.52 48.50 3.338 47.1361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.7400.4 73.15 46.00 3.338 62.8475.1 88.63 44.04 3.338 74.6561.6 107.32 41.66 3.338 88.1641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.7
7 0 0 ~ 5 139.67 37.52 3.338 109.9781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.6
Transverse Internal area values listed In "square feet" also
represent volume In cubic feet per foot of pipe length.
41
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PIPE DATA-cont.
Nom- Outside Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse Moment Weight Weight External Section
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam- of Internal Area of Pipe Water Surface ModulusPipe less ness eter Metal
(a) (A)Inertia
Size Iron Sched. Steel (t) (d) (I) Pounds Pounds Sq. Ft.Pipe No. Sched. Square Square Square per per
foot per foot ( 2 0 . ~ Jnches Inches Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Inches4 foot of pipe of pipe
... . . 55 .156 13.688 6.78 147.15 1.0219 162.6 23.07 63.77 3.665 2 3 ~ 2
... ... lOS .188 13.624 8.16 145.78 1.0124 194.6 27.73 63.17 3.665 27.8
... 10 . . .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6
... 20'" .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 3J4.4 45.61 60.89 3.665 45.0
STD 30 ... .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2... 40 ... .438 13.124 18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.44 58.64 3.665 61.3
14 14.00 XS ... ... .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1... 60 . . .594 12.812 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 85.05 55;86 3.665 80.3... 80 . . .750 12.500 31.22 122.72 .8522 678.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.2... 100 ... .938 12.124 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.85 50.04 3.665 117.8... 120 ... 1.094 11.812 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.79 47.45 3.665 132.8... 140 '0 • 1.250 11.500 50.07 W3.87 .7213 1027.0 170.28 45.01 3.665 146.8... 160
'" 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.11 42.60 3.665 159.6
... . . 55 .165 15.670 8.21 192.85 1.3393 257.3 27.90 83.57 4.189 32.2
... . . 105 .188 15.624 9.34 191.72 1.3314 291.9 31.75 83.08 4.189 36.5... 10 ... .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383;7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0
... 20 . . .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.27 80.50 4.189 59.2STD 30 ... .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
16 16.00 XS 40 ... .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5... 60 . .. .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6... 80 ... .844 14.312 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.61 69.73 4.189 144.5... 100 . . 1.031 13.938 48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.82 66.12 4.189 170.5... 120
'" 1.219 13.562 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.43 62.62 4.189 194.5... 140 . . 1.438 13.124 65.78 135.28 .9394 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.0... 160 . . 1.594 12.812 72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.25 55.83 4.189 236.7
... . . 55 .165 17.670 9.25 245.22 1.7029 367.6 31.43 106.26 4.712 40.8
... ... 105 .188 17.624 10.52 243.95 1.6941 417.3 35.76 105.71 4.712 46.4
... 10 . . .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1... 20 '" .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 58.94 102.77 4.712 75.5STD
'" ... .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6... 30 . . .438 17.124 24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3
82.15 99.84 4.712 103.418 18.00 XS ... ... .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 93.45 98.27 4.712 117.0... 40 ... .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.67 96.93 4.712 130.1... 60 ... .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3... 80 . . .938 16.124 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.92 88.50 4.712 203.8... 100 ... 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.3... 120 . . 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.6... 140 ' 0 - ' 1.562 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.22 75.32 4.712 305.5... 160 . . 1.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.50 70.88 4.712 335.6
... ... 55 .188 19.624 11.70 302.46 2.1004 574.2 39.78 131.06 5.236 57.4
... . . 105 .218 19.564 13.55 300.61 2.0876 662.8 46.06 130.27 5.236 66.3
... 10 . . .250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2.0740 765.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6STD 20 ... .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 111.3XS 30 ... .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7... 40 . . .594 18.812 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 123.11 120.46 5.236 170.4
20 20.00 ... 60 . . .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7... 80 . . 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
... 100 . . 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5... 120 . . 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5'"
140 ... 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.09 92.66 5.236 421.7... 160 . . 1.969 16.062 111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
... ... 55 .188 21.624 12.88 367.25 2.5503 766.2 43.80 159.14 5.760 69.7... . . 105 .218 21.564 14.92 365.21 2.5362 884.8 50.71 158.26 5.760 80.4... 10 . . .250 21.500 17.08 363.05 2.5212 1010.3 58.07 157.32 5.760 91.8STD 20 ... .375 21.250 25.48 354.66 2.4629 1489.7 86.61 153.68 5.760 135.4XS 30 ... .500 21.000 33.77 346.36 2.4053 1952.5 114.81 150.09 5.760 117.5
22 22.00 ... 60 ... .875 20.250 58.07 322.06 2.2365 3244.9 197.41 139.56 5.760 295.0... 80 ... 1.125 19.75 73.78 306.35 2.1275 4030.4 250.81 132.76 5.760 366.4... 100 ... 1.375 19.25 89.09 291.04 2.0211 4758.5 302.88 126.12 5.760 432.6... 120 . . 1.625 18.75 104.02 276.12 1.9175 5432.0 353.61 119.65 5.760 493.8... 140 ... 1.875 18.25 118.55 261.59 1.8166 6053.7 403.00 113.36 5.760 550.3... 160 ... 2.125 17.75 132.68 247.45 1.7184 6626.4 451.06 107.23 5.760 602.4
Id.ntlflcltlon, .llIthlckn•• • Ind • • Ohn are extracted from ANSI 836.10 and 836.19. The notations
STD, XS. and XXS Indicate Standard, Extra Strong. and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively.
Trln.v.ra. Internal .r.. values listed In "square feet" also
represent volume In cubic feet per foot of pipe length.
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PIPE DATA-cont
Nom- Outside Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse
inal Diam. Steel Stain- Thick- Diam- of Internal Area
Pipe less ness eter Metal(a) (A)
Size Iron Sched. Steel (t) (d)
Pipe No. Sched. Square Square SquareInches Inches Size No. Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet
... ., . 5S .218 23.564 16.29 436.10 3.0285
... 10 lOS .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121STD 20 .. , .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483XS ... . . .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853.,. 30 . . .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542
24 24.00 .,. 40 . . .688 22.624 50.31 402.07 2.7921... 60 . .. .969 22.062 70.04 382.35 2.6552. . 80 ... 1.219 21.562 87.17 365.22 2.5362.,. 100 .., 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911.,. 120 . .. 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645. . 140 ... 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547... 160 . . 2.344 19.312 159.41 292.98 2.0346
.,. 10 . . .312 25.376 25.18 505.75 3.5122
26 26.00 STD .,. . . .375 25.250 30.19 500.74 3.4774XS 20 ... .500 25.000 40.06 490.87 3.4088
... 10 . . .312 27.376 27.14 588.61 4.0876STD . . ... .375 27.250 . 32.54 583.21 4.0501
28 28.00 XS 20 ... .500 27.000 43.20 572.56 3.9761.,. 30 .. , .625 26.750 53.75 562.00 3.9028
. . ., . 5S .250 29.500 23.37 683.49 4.7465
.,. 10 lOS .312 29.376 29.10 677.76 4.706730 30.00 STD .,. .. .375 29.250 34.90 671.96 4.6664
XS 20 ... .500 29.000 46.34 660.52 4.5869
'" 30 .. , .625 28.750 57:68 649.18 4.5082
.,. 10 .. , .312 31.376 31.06 773.19 5.3694STD ... . . .375 31.250 37.26 766.99 5.3263
32 32.00 XS 20 .. , .500 31.000 49.48 754.77 5.2414.,. 30 .. , .625 30.750 61.60 742.64 5.1572
... 40 ... .688 30.624 67.68 736.57 5.1151
.,. 10 .., .344 33.312 36.37 871.55 6.0524
STD ... . . .375 33.250 39.61 868.31 6.029934 34.00 XS 20 .. , .500 33.000 52.62 855.30 5.9396
. . 30 ... .625 32.750 65.53 842.39 5.8499
'" 40 .. , .688 32.624 72.00 835.92 5.8050
... 10 ... .312 35.376 34.98 982.90 6.8257STD .. . ... .375 35.250 41.97 975.91 6.7771
36 36.00 XS 20 ... .500 35.000 55.76 962.11 6.6813... 30 ... .625 34.750 69.46 948.42 6.5862... 40 ... .750 34.500 83.06 934.82 6.4918
IdentlflClltlon, Willi thlckn.. . ind welghta are extracted from ANSI 836.10 and 836.19. The notationsSTD. XS, and XXS Indicate Standard, Extra Strong, and Double Extra Strong pipe respectively.
Moment Weight Weight External Section
of Pipe Water Surface Modulus
Inertia
(I) Pounds Pounds Sq. Ft.
per per foot per foot ( 2 0 . ~ Jnches4 foot of pipe of pipe
1151.6 55.37 188.98 6.283 96.01315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.61942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.92549.5 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.52843.0 140.68 178.09 6.283 237.03421.3 171.29 174.23 6.283 285.14652.8 238.35 165.52 6.283 387.75672.0 296.58 158.26 6.283 472.86849.9 367.39 149.06 6.283 570.87825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.18625.0 483.12 134.45 6.283 718.99455.9 542.13 126.84 6.283 787.9
2077.2 85.60 219.16 6.806 159.8
2478.4 102.63 216.99 6.806 190.63257.0 136.17 212.71 6.806 250.5
2601.0 92.26 255.07 7.330 185.83105.1 110.64 252.73 7.330 221.84084.8 146.85 248.11 7.330 291.85037.7 182.73 243.53 7.330 359.8
2585.2 79.43 296.18 7.854 172.33206.3 98.93 293.70 7.854 213.83829.4 118.65 291.18 7.854 255.35042.2 157.53 286.22 7.854 336.16224.0 196.08 281.31 7.854 414.9
3898.9 105.59 335.05 8.378 243.74658.5 126.66 332.36 8.378 291.26138.6 168.21 327.06 8.378 383.77583.4 209.43 321.81 8.378 474.0
8298.3 230.08 319.18 8.378 518.6
5150.5 123.65 377.67 8.901 303.0
5599.3 134.67 376.27 8.901 329.47383.5 178.89 370.63 8.901 434.39127.6 222.78 365.03 8.901 536.99991.6 244.77 362.23 8.901 587.7
5569.5 118.92 425.92 9.425 309.46658.9 142.68 422.89 9.425 369.98786.2 189.57 416.91 9.425 488.1
10868.4 236.13 417.22 9.425 603.812906.1 282.35 405.09 9.425 717;0
Trllnaver• • Internlll . r • values listed in "square feet" alsorepresent volume In cubic feet per foot of pipe length.
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SEAMLESS RED BRASS AND COPPER PIPE
Nominal Dimensions (Inches) and Weights
Size Out- Regular Extra Strong .(IPS) side
Diam- Inside I Wall I Lbs. pe r Foot Inside I Wall ILbs. per Foot
eter Diam- Thick- Diam- Thick-eter ness Brass ICopper eter ness Brass ICopper
Va .405 .281 .062 .253 .259 .205 .100 .363 .371
V. .540 .376 .082 .447 .457 .294 .123 .611 .625
% .675 .495 .090 .627 .641 0421 .127 .829 .847
% .840 .626 .107 .934 .955 .542 .149 1.23 1.25
% 1.050 .822 .114 1.27 1.30 .736 .157 1.67 1.711 1.315 1.063 .126 1.78 1.82 .951 .182 2.46 2.51
1% 1.660 1.368 .146 2.63 2.69 1.272 .194 3.39 3.46
1% 1.900 1.600 .150 3.13 3.20 1.494 .203 4.10 4.19
2 2.375 2.063 .156 4.12 4.22 1.933 .221 5.67 5.80
2% 2.875 2.501 .187 5.99 6.12 2.315 .280 8.66 8.85
3 3.500 3.062 .219 8.56 8.76 2.892 .304 11.6 11.8
..3% 4.000 3.500 .250 11.2 11 ..4 3.358 .321 14.1 14.4
4
I 4.500 114
.000
I.250
1
12
.
7
1
12
.
9
113
.
818
1
.341
1
16
.
9
1
17
.
3
5 5.562 5.062 .250 15.8 16.2 4.812 .375 23.2 23.76 6.625 6.125 .250 19.0 19.4 5.751 .437 32.2 32.9
8 I 8.625118.0011.312
1
30
.
91
31.6
117
.
625
1
.500
1
4804
1
49
.
510 10.750 10.020 .365 45.2 46.2 9.750 .500
61.'.1.6204
12 12.750 12.000 .375 55.3 56.5
Above pipe suitable for use in plumbing lines, boiler feed lines, andsimilar applications. Data in table abstracted from ASTM B42 and B43.
SEAMLESS COPPER WATER TUBE
Dimensions and Weights
Standard Nominal Type K Tube I Type LTube I TypeM Tubesize
of tube
Inches
5/S
%1
11/.Iljz2
2%3
3ljz456
8
1012
outsidediameterof tube
Inches
.375
.500
.625
.750
.8751.1251.375
1.6252.1252.6253.125
3.6254.1255.1256.125
8.12510.12512.125
Wallthickness
Inches
.035
.049
.049
.049
.065
.065
.065
.072
.083
.095.109
.120
.134
.160
.192
.271.338.405
Weightpe r foot
Pounds
.145
.269
.344
0418
.641
.8391.04
1.362.06
2.934.00
5.126.519.67
13.9
25.940.357.8
Copper water tubes are designed for plumbing sys-tems, underground water services, etc. The tubing isgenerally used with solder, flared, or compressiontype fittings. Data in table (abstracted from ASTMB88) covers three wall thicknesses designated Types
K, L, and M.
Wallthickness
Inches
.030
.035
.040
.042
.045
.050
.055
.060
.070
.080.090
.100
.110
.125
.140
.200
.250
.280
Weightpe r foot
Pounds
.126
.198
.285
.362
.455
.655
.884
1.141.75
2.483.33
4.29S.387.61
10.2
19.330.140.4
Wallthickness
Inches
.025
.025
.028
.030
.032
.035
.042
.049
.058
.065.on
.083
.095
.109
.122
.170
.212
.254
Weightpe r foot
Pounds
.106
.145
.204
.263.328.465.682
.9401.46
2.032.68
3.584.666.668.92
16.S25.636.7
Types K and L are furnished in colis or straightlengths. Coiled lengths are annealed after coiling.Straight lengths are furnished in the drawn temperunless annealing is specified. Type M is furnished instraight lengths and in drawn temper only.
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD TAPER PIPE THREADS(NPT)
t=
1:;1 Lf
;::=:
e!==
• ti t~ '
Eo = D - (O.050D + l.l)p*E! = Eo + O.06'l5 L\
p = Pitch
Depth of thread = O.BOpTotal Taper %,"-inch per Foot
Tolerance on Product
One tu m large or smallfrom notch on plug gaugeor face of ring gauge.
Notch flush with face offitting. If chamfered, notchflush with bottom of chamfer2 = (O.BOD + 6.8)p
D
Nominal Outsidepipe diametersize of
pipe
1/16 0.3125
M! 0.40514 0.540
% 0.675
1,1 0.840% 1.0501 1.315
H4 1.660
m 1.900
2 2.37521,1 2.8753 3.50031,1 4.0004 4.500
5 5.563
6 6.6258 8.625
10 10.75012 12.750
140.D. 14.000160.D. 16.000180.D. 18.000200.D. 20.00024 O.D. 24.000
Dimensions in Inches
p Eo
Number Pitch Pitch
of of diameterthreads thread at end ofper inch external
thread
27' 0 . ~ 0 4 0.2711827 0.03704 0.3635118 0.05556 0.47739
18 0.05556 0.61201
14 0.07143 0.V5843
14 0.07143 0.9676811.5 0.08696 1.2136311.5 0.08696 1.5571311.5 0.08696 1. 79609
11.5 0.08696 2.26902
8 0.12500 2.719538 0.12500 3.340628 0.12500 3.837508 0.12500 4.33438
8 0.12500 5.390738 0.125OQ 6.446098 0.12500 8.433598 0.12500 10.545318 0.12500 12.53281
8 0.12500 13.775008 0.12500 15.762508 0.12500 17.750008 0.12500 19.73750
8 0.12500 23.71250
t Also pitch diameter at gauging notch.
§Also length of plug gauge.
E1t
Pitchdiameterat end ofinternalthread
0.281180.373600.49163
0;62701
0.778430.988871.238631.583381.82234
2.296272.762163.388503.888814.38712
5.449296.505978.50003
10.6209412.61781
13.8726215.8757517.8750019.8703123.86094
L11f
Normalengagement
by hand
betweenexternal
and
internalthreads
0.1600.16150.2278
0.240
0.3200.3390.4000.4200.420
,0.436
0.6820.7660.8210.844
0.9370.9581.0631.2101.360
1.5621.8122.0002.1252.375
1fAlso length of ring gauge, and length from gauging notch to small end of plug gauge.
• For the 1AJ-27 and %-18 sizes . . . El approx. = D - (0.05 D + 0.827) P
Above Information extracted from Amerloan
National Standard for Pipe Threads, ANSI 82.1.
L2§
Length Height
of of
effective thread
externalthread
0.2611 0.029630.2639 0.029630.4018 0.04444
0.4078 0.04444
0.5337 0.05714
0.5457 0.057140.6828 0.069570.7068 0.069570.7235 0.06957
0.7565 0.06957
1.1375 0.100001.2000 0.100001.2500 0.100001.3000 0.10000
1.4063 0.100001.5125 0.100001.7125 0.100001.9250 0.100002.1250 0.10000
2.2500 0.100002.4500 0.100002.6500 0.100002.8500 0.100003.2500 0.10000
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THREADED PIPE JOINTS '-0J
Standardized Threads Normal Engagement
Several Standards have been estab.lished covering pipethreads for various purposes. The oldest and probablymost commonly used is the American National Standardfor Pipe Threads, known as ANSI B2.1. There are alsothe American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 5A, 6A,and 5l covering Oil Field Tubular Goods, such as l ine
Pipe and Casing Threads.
The British Standard Taper Pipe Thread system, in accordance with British Standard No. 21, is used in GreatBritain. The form of thread is that of the Whitworthsystem; the sides of the thread form an angle of 55 degrees with each other, and the crests and roots of thethreads are rounded to a radius equal to 0.1373 x thepitch of the thread. The total taper is 0.75-inch per foot,the same as for American National Standard Taper Pipe
Threads.The number of threads per inch are as follows:
Pipe Size Threads
Va" . . . . . . • . • . . . . .28 per inchV4, 3/a" . . . . . . . . . . . 19 per inch1/2,3/4" ••. .•••. . . . 14 per inch
1 to 6" . . . . . . . . . . n per inch8, IIY' . . . . . . . . . . . 10 per inch12" .and up . . . . . . . .8 per inch
Thread Assembling
In making up threaded pipe joints, it is very importantthat the threads in both parts be thoroughly cleaned.Any threads which may have become burred or bentshould be straightened or. removed and afterward agood grade of lubricant should be applied to the threads.The lubricant reduces the friction which allows the two
p a r t ~ to be pulled up further, resulting in a more effective pipe joint. Pipe joints should not be screwed together too rapidly in orper to avoid raising thetemperature of the two parts to a high degree.
Leaky Joints
leaky joints can usually be traced either to faultythreading or an improper lubricant. Frequently thetrouble lies in the thread on the pipe which may havebeen cut with dull or improperly adjusted threadingtools, resulting in wavy, shaved, rough, or chewedthreads.
Wavy threads are noticeable both to the eye and touch,due to circumferential waves or longitudinal flats ofslightly helical form rather than the desired true circularform. Shaved threads appear to have been threadedwith two dies, one not matching the other, giving adouble thread appearance at the start of the thread.Rough or chewed threads are noticeably rough and torn.
Should the threads have any of these defects, it is pos
sible that leaky joints might result.
The normal amount of engagement required betweenmale and female threads to make a tight joint is given inthe table below. The dimensions are based on partsbeing threaded to the American National Standard forPipe Threads or the API Standard for l ine Pipe Threads. . . and have been established from tests made underpractical working conditions. No allowance was madefor variations in tapping or threading.
PipeSize
I/S"
V4
3/S
V2
3/4
1
0.25"0.380.380.500.560.69
American National Standardand API Line Pipe Threads
Normal Thread Engagement
IV4" 0.69"
lV2 0.692 0.752V2 0.943 1.0031i2 1.06
A
4" 1.12"
5 1.256 1.318 1.4410 1.6212 1.75
In order to obtain the thread engagements listed in thetable, it is necessary to vary the torque or power applied
according to the size, weight, and kind of material . . . aswell as the type of lubrication used. For example, it requires considerably less power to make up a threadedjoint using a light bronze valve than a high pressuresteel valve. '
Crane Threaded Products
Crane threaded products have smooth, accurately cutthreads properly gauged and carefully inspected fortaper, lead, thread angle, height, out-of-roundness, andalignment.
They are threaded in compliance with established Standards as the requirements may be, and the start of eachthread is properly chamfered for ease in assembling.
Crane has taken extraordinary precautions to insuresatisfactory thread joints by maintaining constantlycareful inspection of not only the product itself but thethreading equipment as well, which is the b e ~ t available.
A complete gauging system has also been establishedwhich includes Master Gauges approved by the Na-tional Bureau of Standards, Reference Gauges, andWorking Gauges. These gauges are checked periodically and frequently so as to keep them well within theallowable tolerances. In fact, Crane threading is heldto much closer tolerances than actually required to
make a tight joint.
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BOLTING - TORQUE AND LOADING
The torque or turning effort required to produce a certain stress in bolting is dependent upon a number ofconditions, some of which are:
with a heavy graphite and oil mixture. It was found thata non-lubricated bolt has an efficiency of about 50 percent of a we" lubricated bolt and also that differentlubricants produce results varying between the limits of50 and 100
per cent of the tabulated stress figures.
1. Diameter of bolt .2. Type and number of threads on bolt.3. Material of bolt.4. Condition of nut bearing surfaces. For high temperature installations, particularly over 5000
5. Lubrication of bolt threads and nut bearing surfaces. F and up to 1050°F, a High Temperature Thread Com-The tables below reflect the results of many Crane tests pound should be used. Through its use, stud bolts canto determine the relation between torque and bolt be more readily followed up or disassembled after beingstress. Values are based on steel bolting well lubricated subjected to heat.
Data for Use with Machine Bolts and Cold Rolled Steel Stud Bolts
Nominal Number Minor Area Stress
Diameter of Diameter Tensileof Bolt Threads Stress 7,500 psi 15,000 psi 30,000 psi
Torque Tension Torque Tension Torque Tension
Inches Pe r Inch Inches Sq. Inch Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Ft. Lbs Lbs.
1/4 20 .1887 . 0318 1 239 2 477 4 9545116 18 .2443 .0524 2 393 4 786 8 15723/8 16 .2983 .0775 3 581 6 1163 12 23257/16 14 .3499 .1063 5 797 10 1595 20 31891/2 13 .4056 .1419 8 1064 15 2129 30 4257
9/16 12 .4603 .182 12 1365 23 2730 45 54605/8 11 .5135 .226 15 1695 30 3390 60 67803/ 4 10 .6273 .334 30 2505 55 5010 110 10020718 9 .7387 .462 45 3465 85 6930 170 13860
1 8 .8466 .606 65 4545 130 9090 260 18180
IVa 7 .9497 .763 95 5723 185 11445 370 22890
H4 7 1.0747 .969 130 7268 260 14535 520 290701% 6 1.1705 1.155 170 8663 340 17325 680 34650
IV2 6 1.2955 1.405 225 10538 450 21075 900 42150
1% 5 1.5046 1.90 360 14250 715 28500 1425 570002 41/2 1.7274 2.50 525 18750 1050 37500 2100 75000
Data for Use with Alloy Steel Stud Bolts
Nominal Number Minor Area Stress
Diameter of Diameter Tensileof Stud Threads Stress 30,000 psi 45,000 psi 60,000 psi
Torque Tension Torque Tension Torque TensionInches Pe r Inch Inches Sq. Inches Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Ft. Lbs. Lbs.
114 20 .1887 .0318 4 954 6 1431 8 19085116 18 .2443 .0524 8 1572 12 2439 16 3144
3/ 8 16 .2983 .0775 12 2325 18 3488 24 4650'7/16 14 .3499 .1063 20 3189 30 4784 40 63781/2 13 .4056 .1419 30 4257 45 6386 60 8514
9/16 12 .4603 .182 45 5460 68 8190 90 10920
5/8 11 .5135 .226 60 6780 90 10170 120 135603/ 4 10 .6273 .334 110 10020 165 15030 220 200407/8 9 .7387 .462 170 13860 255 20790 340 277201 8 .8466 .606 260 18180 390 27270 520 36360
nil 8 .9716 .790 375 23700 565 35550 750 47400
H4 8 1.0966 1.000 525 30000 790 45000 1050 60000
1% 8 1.2216 1.233 715 36990 1075 55485 1425 7398011-'2 8 1.3466 1.492 925 44760 1395 67140 1850 89520
1% 8 1.4716 1.78 1200 53400 1800 80100 2400 10680013,4 8 1.5966 2.08 1500 62400 2250 93600 3000 124800
IVa 8 1.7216 2.41 1850 72300 2775 108450 3700 144600
2 8 1.8466 2.77 2260 83100 3390 124650 4525 166200
2Jr4 8 2.0966 3.56 3260 106800 4890 160200 6525 213600
21-'2 8 2.3466 4.44 4500 133200 6750 199800 9000 266400
234 8 2.5966 5.43 6025 162900 9040 244350 12050 3258003 8 2.8466 6.51 7875 195300 11815 292950 15750 390600
Bolting materials . .. page 13
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ASSEMBLY AND MAINTENANCE OF FLANGED JOINTS
When a flanged joint is assembled, each of the component parts is subjected to
tensile or compressive stresses of varying magnitude. In the great majority of cases,it is .adequate to tighten the bolts sufficiently to withstand the test pressure without
, leakage.
The maximum allowable stress values for bolt ing given in the various codes such asthe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and the ANSI Code for Pressure Pipingare design values to be used in determining the minimum amount of bolting required.
A distinction must be recognized between the design value and the bolt stress thatmight actually exist or that might be needed for conditions other than the· designpressure. The initial tightening of the bolts is a pre-stressing operation, and theamount of bolt stress developed must be within proper limits to insure, on the onehand, that it is adequate to provide against all conditions that tend to produce aleaking joint and, on the other hand, that it is not so excessive that yielding of thebolts and/or flanges can produce relaxation that also can result in leakage.
The first Jmportant consideration is the need for a joint to be tight in the hydrostatic test. An initial bolt stress of some magnitude greater than the design value
therefore must be provided. If it is not, further bolt strain develops during the testwhich tends to part the joint and thereby, to decompress the gasket enough to allowleakage. It. is evident that an initial bolt stress higher than the design value may, andin some cases must, be developed in the tightening operation. This practice ispermissible, as pointed out in Appendix S, Section VIII, Division 1, of the ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, provided it includes necessary and appropriateprovision to insure against excessive flange distortion and gross crushing of thegasket.
,
Investigation of field-erected flanged joints has indicated that the probable boltstress developed manually, when using standard wrenches on al/oy steel bolts is:
where S is the bolt stress and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt.
Experience indicates that these stresses are satisfactory for ANSI B16.5 flanges andwill comply with the requirements as set forth in the preceding paragraphs. It canbe seen that smaller bolts will have excessive stress unless judgment is used inpulling up on them. On the other hand, it will be impossible to develop the desiredstress in very large bolts by ordinary hand wrenching. Impact wrenches may proveserviceable, but if not, resort may be had to such methods as preheating the bolt or
using hydraulically-powered bolt tensioners. With some of these methods, controlof the bolt strelSs is possible by means inherent in the procedure, especially ifeffective thread lubricants are employed, but in all cases, the bolt stress can beregulated within reasonable tolerances by measuring the bolt elongation withsuitable extensometer equipment. Generally, simple wrenching without verificationof the actual bolt stress meets all practical needs, and measured control of stressis employed only when there is some special or important reason for doing so.
It is possible for the bolt stress to decrease after initial tightening, because of slowcreep or relaxation of the gasket, particularly in the case of the "softer" gasketmaterials. This may be the cause of leakage in the hydrostatic test, in which case itmay suffice merely to retighten the bolts. A decrease in bolt stress can also occurin service at elevated temperatures as a result of creep in the bolt and/or flangegasket material, with consequent relaxation. When this results in leakage underservice conditions, it is common practice to retighten the bolts, and sometimes asingle such operation, or perhaps several repeated at long intervals, is sufficientto correct the condition.
(Abstracted In part from Appendix S, ASME Boller A Pre88ure Vessel Code, Sec. VII I, Dlv. 1)
\
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a
Cv
Ddf
fT
g
hL
K =
LL/D
P =P' =Qq',. =
q'". =
R. =
FLOW OF FLUID'S THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE
The content, Indexed below comprl,e a condensed .ummary 0' data publl,hed In Crane"Technical Paper No. 410 . . . . .Flow 0' Fluid, Through Valve., FIHlng., and Pipe".
Nonmenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
see belowBasic Theory PAGEResistance Coefficient K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Equivalent Length LID and Flow Coefficient C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Laminar Flow Conditions; Reduced Seat Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Proper Sizing of Check and Foot Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Representative Resistance Coefficients(UK" Factor Table)Pipe Friction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Formulas for Contraction and Enlargement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Formulas for Reduced Port Valves and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Coefficients for Valves and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53-55
Nomographs, Charts, and TablesFriction Factors for Clean Commerical Pipe . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . 56Weight Density of Air and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Physical Properties of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Viscosity of Steam and Water; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Viscosity of Water and Liquid Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Viscosity of Gases and Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Flow of Water through Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Flow of Air through Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Flow Formulafor Compressible Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water . . . . . . . . . . . 64-67Properties of Superheated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-70Properties of Compressed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Nomenclature
Symbols used In thIs "Flow of FluIds " sectIon are defined as follows:
cross sectional area of pipe or orifice, or Sg = specific gravity of a gas relative to air =flow area in v ~ v e , in square inches the ratio of the molecular weight of the
flow coefficient for valves gas to that of air
internal diameter of pipe, in feet T = absolute temperature, in degrees Rankine
internal diameter of pipe, in inches (460 + t)
friction factor in formula t temperature, in degrees FahrenheithL= fLv 2/D2g V specific volume of fluid, in cubic feet per
friction factor in zone of complete poundturbulence v mean velocity of flow, in feet per second
acceleration of gravity =second per second
32.2 feet per W rate of flow, in pounds per hour
loss of static pressure head due to fluid Greek LeHers
flow, in feet of fluid Beta
resistance coefficient or velocity head loss (3 ratio of small to large diameter in orificesin the formula, hL = KV 2/2g and nozzles, and contractions or enlarge-
length of pipe, in feet ments in pipesequivalent length of a resistance to flow, Delta
in pipe diametersfj . = differential between two points
pressure, pounds per square inch gaugeRho
weight density of fluid, lbs. per cubic footpressure, pounds per square inch absolute
p
Murate of flow, in gallons per minute p, = absolute (dynamic) viscosity, in centipoiserate of flow, in cubic feet per hour atstand-
P,. absolute viscosity, in pound mass per footard conditions (14.7 psia and 6oF), scfh second or poundal seconds per sq. foot
rate of flow, in cubic feet per minute at Theta
std. conditions (14.7 psia and 6oF), scfm 8 angle of convergence or divergence in en-Reynolds number largements or contractions in pipes
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RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT K, EQUIVALENT LENGTH LID,
AND FLOW COEFFICIENTCv
Pressure loss test data for a wide variety of valves andfittings are available from the work of numerous investigators. Extensive studies in this field have been con
ducted by Crane Laboratories. However, due to thetime-consuming and costly nature of such testing, it isvirtually impossible to obtain test data for every sizeand type of valve and fitting. It is therefore desirable toprovide a means of reliably extrapolating available testinformation to enverope those items which have notbeen or cannot readily be tested. Commonly used concepts for accomplishing this are the "equivalent lengthLID", "resistance coefficient K", and "flow coefficientC " .
Pressure losses in a piping system result from a numberof system characteristics, which may be categorized asfollows:
1. Pipe frict ion, which is a function of the surface roughnessof the Interior pipe wall, the inside diameter of the pipe,
and the fI!lid velocity, density and viscosity. For frictiondata, see page 56.
2. Changes In direction of flow path.3. Obstructions in flow path.4. Sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section and
shape of flow path.
Velocity in a pipe is obtained at the expense of statichead, and decrease in static head due to velocity is,
v2hL - - Equation 1
2g'
which is defined as "velocity head". The resistance coefficient K in the equation,
v2hL K-, Equation 2
zg
therefore, is defined as the number of velocity headslost due to a valve or fitting. It is always associated withthe diameter in which the velocity occurs. In most valvesor fittings, the losses due to friction (Category 1 above)resulting from actual length of flow path are minor coillpared to those due to one or more of the other threecategories listed.
The resistance coefficient K is therefore considered asbeing independent of friction factor or Reynolds number, and may be treated as a constant for any givenobstruction (Le., valve or fitting) in a piping systemunder all conditions of flow, including laminar flow.
The same loss in straight pipe is expressed by the Darcy
equation,
hL _ (l=) v2 Equation 3D zg
It follows that,
Equal/on 4
The ratiO LID is the equivalent length, in pipe diametersof straight pipe, that wi!1 cause the same pressure dropas the obstruction under the same flow conditions.Since the resistance coefficient K is constant for allconditions of flow, the value of LID for any given valveor fitt ing must necessarily vary inversely with the changein friction factor for different flow conditions.
Equation 2 may be written in many forms dependingupon the units in which flow conditions are expressed.Some of the more common and useful forms are,
For compressible flow with hL or l:o.P greater than 10%of the inlet absolute pressure, refer to Crane TechnicalPaper No. 410-"Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe".
Analysis of flow test data for different sizes of the sameitems indicates that the resistance coefficient K for anygiven line of valves and fittings tends to vary with size,in the same manner, as does the friction factor forstraight pipe at flow conditions resulting in Reynoldsnumbers falling in the zone of complete turbulence.
As previously stated, the resistance coefficient K is always associated with the diameter in which the velocityin the term v2/2g occurs. The values in the "K" Factor
Table (pages 45 to 48) are associated with the internaldiameter of the following pipe schedule numbers for thevarious ANSI Classes of valves and fittings.
Class 300 and lower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule 40Class 400 and 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule 80Class 900 . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Schedule 120Class 1500 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Schedule 160Class 2500 (sizes Ve to 6") . . . . . " . . . . . . . . Schedule 160Class 2500 (sizes 8" and up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXS
When the resistance coefficient K is used in flow equation 2, or any of its equivalent forms, the velocity andinternal diamete-r dimensions used in the equation mustbe based on the dimensions of these schedule numbersregardless of the pipe with which the valve may beinstalled.
An alternate procedure which yields identical resultsfor Equation 2 is to adjust K in proportion to the fourthpower of the diameter ratio, and to base values of velocity or diameter on the internal diameter of the connecting pipe.
t/" = v (ddGb) ,'0 1'1> Equation 5
Subscript "a " defines K and d with reference to the internal diame.ter of the connecting pipe.
Subscript "b" defines K and d with reference to the internal diameter of the pipe for which the values of Kwere established, as given in the foregoing list of pipeschedule numbers.
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RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT K, EQUIVALENT LENGTH LID,
AND FLOW COEFFICIENT Cv-cont.
When a piping system contains more than one size ofpipe, valves, or fittings, Equation 5 may be used to express all resistances in terms of one size. For this case,
subscript "a" relates to the size with reference to whichall resistances are to be expressed, and subscript lib"relates to any other size in the system.
It has been found convenient in some branches of thevalve industry, particularly in connection with controlvalves, to express the valve capacity and the valve flowcharacteristics in terms of the flow coefficient Cv' TheCv coefficient of a valve is defined as the flow of water
at 60 F, in gallons per minute, at a pressure drop of onepound per square inch across the valve.
By the substitution of appropriate equivalent units in the
Darcy equation, it can be shown that,
C2q.qd2
y = VR Equation 6
Also, the quantity (gpm) of liquids of low viscosity thatwill flow through the valve can be determined from:
Q = Cv V0P (6:.4) = 7·q Cy V : Equation 7
LAMINAR FLOW CONDITIONS
In the usual plpmg installation, the flow will changefrom laminar to turbulent in the range of Reynolds numbers from 2000 to 4000, defined in the Friction FactorChart (page 49) as the critical zone. The lower criticalReynolds number of 2000 is usually recognized as theupper limit for the application of Poiseuille's law forlaminar flow in straight pipes,
(JJ.LV)hL = O.Oq62 d2p Equation 8
which is identical to Equation 3 when the value of thefriction factor for laminar flow, f=641 Reo is factoredinto it. Laminar flow at Reynolds numbers above 2000
is unstable, and in the critical zone and lower range ofthe transition zone, turbulent mixing and laminar motion may alternate unpredictably.
Equation 2 (h L = Kv'12g) is valid for computing headloss due to valves and fittings for all conditions offlow, including laminar flow, using resistance coefficientK as given in the "K" Factor Table (pages 45 to 48).
When Equation 2 is used to determine the losses instraight pipe, it is necessary to compute the Reynoldsnumber in order to establish the friction factor f, to beused to determine the value of the resistance coefficientK for the pipe in accordance with Equation 4 (K=fLlD).
REDUCED SEAT VALVES
Valves are often designed with reduced seats, and thetransition from seat to valve ends may be either abruptor gradual. Straight-through types such as gate and ballvalves so designed with gradual transition are sometimes referred to as venturi valves. Formulas (page 52)for computing resistance coefficient K for several typesof reduced seat valves have been found to yield resultsthat have excellent correlation with test results. It willbe noted that these computed K values are a function ofthe ratio f3 (beta) of the seat diameter to the internaldiameter of the connecting pipe.
Procedure for determining K for reduced seat globe andangle valves is also applicable to throttled globe andangle valves. For this case the value of f3 must be basedupon the square root of the ratio of areas,
(3 = Valwhere: a2
B, . •• defines area at most restricted point in flow pathB•• •• defines internal area of connecting pipe.
'The use of /1 as a factor is purely empirical based on test information and it has no theoretical basis.
PROPER SIZING OF CHECK AND FOOT VALVES
Many difficulties encountered with check valves, bothlift and swing types, or with foot valves, are due tooversizing which results in noisy operation and premature wear of moving parts. The minimum velocity re-quired to lift the disc to the full-open and stable positionhas been determined by test for numerous types ofcheck and foot valves, and is given on pages 53 and 54.pressed in terms of a constant times the square root ofthe specific volume of the fluid being handled, makingIt applicable for use with any fluid.
Sizing check and foot valves on the basis of the specified minimum velocity for full disc lift will often resultin valves smaller in size than the pipe in which they areinstalled, but the pressure drop will be little, if any,higher than if a full size valve is used with the disc notfully open. The losses due to sudden or gradual contraction and expansion which will occur in such installations with bushings, reducing flanges or taperedreducers can be readily calculated from the data givenon page 52.
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"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 1of .4
REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
Nominal Size %"
Friction .027Factor (Fr)
• Formula I
(UK" Is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 50)
PIPE FRICTION DATA FOR CLEAN COMMERCIAL STEEL PIPEWITH FLOW IN ZONE OF COMPLETE TURBULENCE
*".025
1" 1%" 2" 2Y2,3" 4" 5" 6"
.023 .022 .Q21 .019 .018 .017 .016 .015
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING "K" FACTORSFOR VALVES AND FlnlNGS WITH REDUCED PORT
• Formula 6
8·10"
.014
12·16"
.013
K2 = + Formula 2 + Formula 4
KdO.5 VSin!(1 + (I _K2 = 2
fJ4
• Formula 7
18·24"
.012
• Formula 3 K2 = ~ + :3 (Formula 2 + Formula 4) when 8 = 180°
• Formula 4
K· (I -2 =
fJ4
• Formula 5
K2 = i +Formula I + Formula 3
Kl + i n ~ [ 0 . 8 (I - + 2.6 (I _ ~ ) 2 ]K2 = 2
fJ4
/
SUDDEN AND GRADUAL CONTRACTION
-, ,
{ a. d.
\ ,/ 1
( f
) (
, =;] i ,S "\
9\ d, I a, I
t \ ":; I
If : 8 45° . . . . . . . . .Ks - Formula I
45° < 8;;;: 180° .. .Ks - Formula 2
Subscript I defines dimensionsand coefficients with reference to
the smaller diameter.
Subscript 2 refers to the largerdiameter.
SUDDEN AND GRADUAL ENLARGEMENT
,5 ' , i ,_,a,/d, , d.
" / t ,
t! ...
rs , (, ,I \I a. I\ I
'z "
If : 8 <: 45° . . . . . . . . .Ks - Formula 3
45° < 8 180° . . •Ks - Formula 4
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"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 2 of 4
REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
If :
(for formulas and friction date, see page 52)
("K" Is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 50)
GATE VALVESWedge Disc, Double Disc, or Plug Type
_.....- G : ~If: f:J = 1,8 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kl = 8fT
f:J < I and 8 450. ••••••• • K2 = Formula 5
(:3 < I and 450< 8 < 180
0• • . K2 = Formula 6
GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES
If : (:3=I . . . K1=55fT
(:3=I . . . K1=150fT If : f:J=I . . . Kl=55fT
All globe an d angle valves,whether reduced seat or throttled,
If : f:J < I . . .K2 = Formula 7
SWING CHECK VALVES
K = 100fT
Minimum pipe velocity(fps) fot full disc lift
K = 50 fT
Minimum pipe velocity(fps) for full disc lift
=35 VV = 60 yvU/L Listed = 100 y=-
LIFT CHECK VALVES
If : (:3=I . . . Kl =600fT
(:3 < I . . .K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
=4°132 VV
If : (:3 = I .• . Kl = 55 fT
(:3 < I . . .K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
= 140 (:32 YV
TILTING DISC CHECK VALVES
Sizes 2 to 8" . . . K =
Sizes 10 to 14" . . . K =
Sizes 16 to 48" . . . K =
Minimum pipe velocity(fps) for full disc lift =
STEEL
40fT
30 fT
20fT
8 0VV
IRON
120fT
qOfT
60fT
30 VV
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"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET 3 of 4
REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS(for formulas and friction date, see page 52)
("K" ;s based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 50)
STOP·CHECK VALVES(Globe and Angle Types)
If :{3 = I ... K! = 400 fT
{3 < I .. :K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocityfor full disc lift
= 55 ~ 2 V V
If:{3 = I ... K! = 300 iT
{3 < I .. .K2 = Formula 7
If :{3 = I .. .K! = 200fT
{3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity
for full disc lift
= 75 {32 VV
If:{3= I . . . K!=35o fT
f3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
= 6 0 {32VV
[ [
If : If :f3=I . . . K!=55iT {3 = I. . . K! = 55 iT
f3 < I .. . K2 = Formula 7 (3 < I .. .K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
= 140 f32 v'V
FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER
Poppet Disc
Minimum pipe velocity(fps) for full disc lift
= 15 VV
Hinged Disc
Minimum pipe velocity(fps) for full disc lift
= 35 VV
BALL VALVES
If : f3=I,(}=0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K!=3fT
{3 < 1 and () <: 45°· . , . . . . . .K2 = Formula 5
f3 < 1 and 45° < (} <: 180° . . . K2 = Formula 6
BUTTERFLY VALVES
Sizes 2 to 8" . . .K = 45 iT
Sizes 10 to 14/1·· .K = 35 iT
Sizes 16 to 24/1 .. ·K = 25 iT
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"K" FACTOR TABLE-SHEET.4 of.4
REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
(for formulas and fr iction date, see page 52)
("K" is based on use of schedule pipe as /lsted on page 50)
PLUG VALVES AND COCKSStraight-Way 3-Way ~;J
a.' -
View X-X •
atJf.. cfDIf : {3= I,
Kl = I8hIf : {3= I ,
Kl = 30fT
If : {3 = I ,
Kl = gofT
If : (3 < I .. .K2 = Formula 6
MITRE BENDS
c< K
0° 2 fr15° 4fr
8fr45° 15 fr60° 25 fr75° 40 fr90° 60 fr
90° PIPE BENDS ANDFLANGED OR BUTT-WELDING 90° ELBOWS
rid K rid K
UJld
~ : j, I
1 20 fr 10 30 fr2 12 fr 12 34 fr3 12 fr 14 38 fr4 14 fr 16 42 fr
6 17 fr 18 46 fr
8 24 fr 20 50 fr
Th e resistance coefficient, Kn, for pipe bends otherthan goO may be determined as follows:
KB = (n - I) (0.2 5 71"
ha+ 0.5 K) +K
n = number of 90° bendsK = resistance coefficient for one 90° bend (per table)
CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS
STANDARD ELBOWS90° 45°
(iJ 0=3 0 h K = I6h
STANDARD TEES
Flow thru run . . . . . . . K = 20 hFlow thru branch . . . . K = 60 h
InwardProjecting
Projecting
K 1.0
PIPE ENTRANCE
rid K
0.00* 0.50.02 0.280.04 0.240.06 0.150.10 0.09
0.15 & up 0.04
·Sharp-edged
PIPE EXIT
Sharp-Edged
K 1.0
Flush
For,K,
see table
Rounded
-K m 1.0
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VALUES OF (ud) FOR WATER AT 60 · F (VELOCITY IN FT.{SEC. X DIAMETER IN INCHES)
f
FrictionFactor =
hL
( ~ ) ~
.07
.06
.05
.04
.03
.02
.015
0.1 0.2 0.4 - 0.6 0.8 1
.RI'ilCALZONE
ilNAR - AN I t J Q ~ -""I'- Z 1""
\ l., ~I""'--.
r<-';\ : '-I - 1\ \ ~f - ~ \ ~ ~
~ 1\." :"
~ ~,
N
,
4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100
TURBULENT
CO
i"'" ,;:::1"-
,.... I"- 1\
..... '.
\:S"' - -I--....
t ' --.;
~ ~ ~~ ~
I I
200 400 600 800 '\.1'- ' J . . ~ ~ f I , . ~ - ~ i ' " ~ G ; "
- ..
._-1- .- -_ .. -- _ ...- .. . -- -
ETE RBI) C
'......
-::- - i . . .~~ ;;;::::::::: '-
r-;:
,
I
InsideDiameter,
Inches0.2')
0.2
0.3
0.4
O.
O.
1.0
l.
2
3
4
81012
16
36
48
5
J
0
5
F
I"'"
NominalPipeSize,
Inches1.-
-1
]..
'4
'8
'2
'4
]
11,,
4
•
b- 5~ 68
142 4 6 8 1 1 1 100000246
o 0 0 0
Schedule Number
.0
.009103 23456810 4 2 3 4 5 6 8105 2 3 4 5 6 8106 2 3 4 56 8107 2 3 4 56 8108
DvpRe - Reynolds Number =---;;::-
Problem: Determine the friction factor for 12-inch Schedule 4 0 pipe at a flow having a Reynolds number of 300 ,000 .
Solution: Th e friction factor (1) equals 0.016.
-'-.....- ~ -
L.F. Moody, "Friction Factors for Pipe Flow"; Trans-actions of the American Society of Mechanical Enginee;,s,Volume 66, November, 1944; pages 671 to 678.
"11:D( ;...(5
Z~(' )
a:Dtil
cg:D(' )rm»z(' )
o3:3:m:D(' )
;;r-
~mmr-
::!!"'Um
J
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AirTemp.
DegF.
I30·40506070
8090
100110120
130140150175200
225250275300350
400450500550600
30·
40506070
8090
100110120
130140150175200
225250·275
300350
400450500550600
0psi
.0811
.0795
.0782
.0764
.0750
.0736
.0722
.0709
.0697
.0685
.0673
.0662
.0651
.0626
.0602
.0580
.0559
.0540
.0523
.0490
.0462
.0436
.0414
.0393
.0375
130psi
.798
.782.770
.752
.738
.724
.711
.698
.686
.674
.663
.652
.641
.616
.593
.571
.551
.532
.515
.483
.455
.430
.407
.387
.369
5psi
.1087
.1065
.1048
.1024
.1005
.0986
.0968
.0951
.0934
.0918
~ 0 9 0 2.0887.0873.0834.0807
.0777
.0750
.0724
.0700
.0657
.0619
.0585
.0555
.0527
.0502
140psi
.853
.836.823
.804
.789
.774
.760
.747
.734
.721
.709
.697
.686
.659
.634
.610
.589
.569
.550
.516
.486
.459
.436
.414
.394
I
WEIGHT DENSITY OF AIR AND GASES
WeIght Den.lty of AIr·
Weight Density of Air, in Pounds per Cubic Foot
Fo r Gl\uge Pressures Indicated
(Based on an atmospheric pressure of 14.696 and a molecular weight of 28.9Z)
10psi
.1363
.1335
.1314
.1284
.1260
.1236
.1214
.1192
.1171
.1151
.1131
.1113
.1094
.1051
.1011
.0974
.0940
.0908
.0878
.0824
.0776
.0733
.0695
.0661
.0630
150psi
.909
.890.876
.856
.840
.824
.809
.795
.781
.768
.755
.742
.730
.701
.675
.650
.627
.606
.586
.550
.518
.489
.464
.441
.420
I20psi
.1915
.1876
.1846
.1804
.1770
.1737
.1705
.1675
.1645
.1617
.1590
.1563
.1537
.1477
.1421
.1369
.1321
.1276
.1234
.1158
.1090
.1030
.0977
.0928
.0885
175psi
1;047
1.0261.009.986.968
.950
.932
.916
.900
.884
.869
.855
.841
.807
.777
.749
.722
.698
.675
.633
.596
.563
.534
.508
.484
I30psi
.247
.242
.238
.232
.228
.224
.220
.216
.212
.208
.205
.201
.1981
.1903
.1831
.1764
.1702
.1644
.1590
.1491
.1405
.1327
.1258
.1196
.1140
200psi
1.185
1.1611.142l.i161.095
1.0751.0551.0361.0181.001
.984
.967
.951
.914
.879
.847
.817
.790
.764
.716
.675
.638
.604
.575
.547
I40psi
.302
.295
.291
.284
.279
.274
.269
.264
.259
.255
.251
.246
.242
.233
.224
.216
.208
.201
.1945
.1825
.1719
.1624
.1540
.1464
.1395
250psi
1.460
1.4311.4081.3761.350
1.3251.3011.2781.2551.234
1.2131.1931.1731.1271.084
1.0441.088
.973
.941
.883
.832
.786
.745
.708
.675
I50psi
.357
.350
.344
.336
.330
.324
.318
.312
.307
.302
.296
.291
.287
.275
.265
.255
.246
.238
.230
.216
.203
.1921
.1821
.1731
.1649
300psi
1.736
1.7021.6741.6361.605
1.5751.5471.5191.4921.467
1.4421.4181.3951.3401.289
1.2421.1981.1571.1191.050
.989
.934
.886
.842
.801
I60psi
.412
.404
.397
.388
.381
.374
.367
.361
.354
.348
.342
.337
.331
.318
.306
.295
.284
.275
.266
.249
.235
.222
.210
.1999
.1904
400psi
2.29
2.242.212.162.12
2.082.042.001.9671.933
1.9001.8681.8381.7651.698
1.636.1.5791.5251.4751.384·
1.3031.2321.1671.1101.057
70psi
.467A58
.451
.440
.432
.424
.416
.409
.402
.395
.388
.382
.375
.361
.347
.334
.322
.311
.301
.283
.266
.252
.238
.227
.216
500psi
2.84
2.782.742.682.63
2.582.532.482.442.40
2.362.322:282.192.11
2.031.9591.8931.8301.717
1.6181.5291.4491.3771.312
80psi
.522
.512
.504
.492
.483
.474
.465
.457
.449
.441
,434.427.420.403.388
.374
.361
.348
.337
.316
.298
.281
.267
.253
.241
600psi
3.39
3.323.273.203.14
3.083.022.972.922.86
2.822.772.722.622.52
2.432.342.262.192.05
1.9321.8261.7311.6451.567
Interpolate 'o r value. of infermediate pre.sures or temperatures.
I90psi
.578
.566
.557
.544
.534
.524
.515
.505
.497
.488
.480
.472
.464
.446
.429
.413
.399
.385
.372
.349
.329
.311
.295
.280
.267
700psi
3.94
3.863.803.723.65
3.583.513.453.393.33
3.273.223.173.042.93
2.822.722.632.542.38
2.252.122.011.9121.822
I100psi
.633
.620.610.596.585
.574
.564
.554
.544
.535
.525
.517
.508
.488
.470
.453
.437
.422
.408
.383
.360
.341
.323
.307
.292
800psi
4.49
4.404.334.244.16
4.084.003.933.863.80
3.733.673.613.473.34
3.213.103.002.902.72
2.562.422.292.182.08
I I 120pSI psi
.688 .743
.674 .728
.663 .717
.648 .700
.636 .687
.624 .674
.613 .662
.602 .650
.591 .639
.581 .628
.571 .617
.562 .607
.553 .597.531 .573
.511 .552
.492 .531
.475 .513
.459 .495
.443 .479
.416 .449
.392 .423
.370 .400
.351 .379
.334 .360
.318 .343
900 1000psi psi
5:05
I5.60
4.95 5.494.87 5.404.76 5.284.67 5.18
4.58 5.084.50 4.994.42 4.904.34 4.814.26 4.73
4.19 4.654.12 4.574.05 4.503.89 4.323.75 4.16
3.61 4.003.48 3.863.36 3.733.25 3.613.05 3.39
2.87 3.192.72 f OI
2.58 .862.45 2.722.33 2.59
Air: Values in the table were calculated using theperfect gas law. Correction for supercompressi-bility, the deviation from the perfect gas law, wouldbe less than three percent and has not been applied.
*Gases other than air: The weight density ofgases other than air can be determined by multiply-ing the density listed for air by the specific gravity(Sg) of the gas relative to air.
57
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VISCOSITY OF STEAM AND WATER
Temp. Viscosity of Steam and Water -In Centipoise (,,}
p ~ i a I 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 7500 10000 12000F psia psia psi a psia psia psia psia psia psia psia psia psia psia psia
I
Sat. water .667 .524 .388 .313 .255 .197 .164f
.138 .m .094 .078 ... ... ... ....013 .014 .015 .017 .019 .023at. st'earn .010 .010 .011 .012 .012 .... . . ... ...
15000.041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .042 .042 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050
1450 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .041 .041 .043 .045 .047 .0491400 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .039 .040 .040 .042 .044 .047 .0491350 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .038 .039 .041 .044 .046 .0491300 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .037 .038 .040 .043 .045 .048
1250 ·935 .035 .035 .035 .035 .035 .035 .036 .036 .036 .037 .039 .042 .045 .0481200 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .035 .035 .036 .038 .041 .045 .0481150 .034 .034 .034 .034, .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .037 .041 .045 .0491100 .032 .032 .032 .032 .032 .032 .032 .032 .033 .033 .034 .037 .040 .045 .0501050 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .033 .036 .040 .047 .052
1000 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .031 .032 .035 .041 .049 .055950 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .030 .031 . 0 ~ 5 .042 .052 .059900 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .029 .035 .045 .057 .064850 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .027 .027 .027 .027 .028 .035 .052 . ~ .070800 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .026 .026 .027 .040 .062 .071 .075
750 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .025 .025 . 0 2 ~ ~ .057 .071 .078 .081700 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .024 .026 .071 .079 .085 .086650 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 ·023 .02,3 .023 .082 .088 .092 .096600 .021 .021 .021 I .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .087 .091 .096 .101 .104550 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .019 .095 .101 .105 .109 .113
500 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .018 .018 .103 .105 .111 .114 .119 .122450 .018 .018 .018 .018 .017 .017 .017 .017 .1l5 .1l6 .118 .123 .127 .131 .135400 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .131 .132 .134 .138 .143 .147 .150350 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 :m .153 .154 .155 .160 .164 .168 .171300 .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .182 .183 .183 .184 .185 .190 .194 '.198 .201
250 .013 .013 .013 .013 .013 .228 .228 .228 .228 .229 .231 .235 .238 .242 .245200 .012 .012 .012 .012 .300 .300 .300 .300 .301 .301 .303 .306 .310 .313 .316150 .Oll .011 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .428 .429 .431 .434 .437 .439100 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .681 .682 .683 .68350 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.298 1.296 1.289 1.284 1.279 1.275
32 1.153 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.7531.752 1.751 1.749 1.745 1.733 1.723 1.713 1.705
Values directly below underscored viscosities are for water. ® Critical point.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Temp. Saturation Specific Weight Weight Temp. Saturation Specific Weight Weightof Water Pressure Volume Density of Water Pressure Volume Density
t P' V P t P' V p
Degrees Cubic Feet Pounds per Pounds Degrees Cubic Feet Pounds per PoundsFahrenheit Psia Per Pound Cubic Foot Per Gallon Fahrenheit Psia Per P6und Cubic Foot per Gallon
32" 0.08859 0.016022 62.414 8.3436 200 11.526 0.016637 60.107 8.035140 0.12163 0.016019 62.426 8.3451 210 14.123 0.016705 59.862 8.002450 0.17796 0.016023 62.410 8.3430 212 14.696 0.016719 59.812 7.995760 0.25611 0.016033 62.371 8.3378 220 17.186 0.016775 59.613 7.9690
70 0.36292 0.016050 62.305 8.3290 240 24.968 0.016926 59.081 7.897980 0.50683 0.016072 62.220 8.3176 260 35.427 0.017089 58.517 7 ~ 8 2 2 690 0.69813 0.016099 62.116 8.3037 280 49.200 0.017264 57.924 7.7433
100 0.94924 0.016130 6 1 . ~ 9 6 8.2877 300 67.005 0.01745 57.307 7.6608
110 1.2750 0.01616.,5 61.862 8.2698 350 134.604 0.01799 55.586 7.4308120 1.6927 0.016204 61.7132 8.2498 400 247.259 0.01864 53.648 7.1717130 2.2230 0.016247 61.550 8.2280 450 422.55 0.01943 51.:467 6.8801140 2.8892 0.016293 61.376 8.2048 500 680.86 0.02043 48.948 6.5433
150 3.7184 0.016343 61.188 8.1797 550 1045.43 0.02176 45.956 6.1434160 4.7414 0.016395 60.994 8.1537 600 1543.2 0.02364 42.301 5.6548170 5.9926 0.016451 60.787 8.1260 650 2208.4 0.02674 37.397 4.9993180 7.5110 0.016510 60.569 8.0969 700 3094.3 0.03662 27.307 3.6505
SpecifiC gravity of waterat 60
F equals1.00.
Weight per gallonbased
on7.48052
gallons per cubic foot.
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VISCOSITY OF WATER AND
LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
4nM
3Mn I21
'l<W \I \
IMn 1\800
4'"'\
3nn \ \ \
20nI, \ \ \
\ \ _\ \
10013\ \ \ _\ \
80
60
40 12 \
30"'- 1\ \ \
11!'-.., 15'- \ 1\\ 1\ \ \20
1 4 " " '\ \' \
In....... \ \ 1\ !'\
0
8
6 8
4~ ' \ .
9"7 ~ ~ :, \.3 ,
1'\,"- ~ \ \\!\2 61, ~ ,\1\ 1
1.0 "- ",,,- \ 1\\1\
.8 5
.6
.4 4"'- l "-
.3r-- ,....., ........
3 r-.... ~ '\..2
I "-- -2
.1~ r - -r- .......... ~ -,
.08r - -
.06
. ~ . ,
.0
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
-t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
1. Ethane (C2H ,)
2. Prapane (CaH 8)
3. Butane (C.H 10)
4. Natural Gasoline
5. Gasoline
6. Water
7. Kerosene
8. Distillate
9. 48 Oeg. API Crude
10. 40 Oeg. API Crude
11. 35.6 Oeg. API Crude
12. 32.6 O&g. API Crude
13. Salt Creek Crude
14. Fuel 3 (Max.)
IS. Fuel 5 (Min.)
16. SAE 10 Lube (100 V.I.)
17. SAE 30 Lube (100 V.I.)
I 8. FuelS (Max.) or 6 (Min.)
19. SAE 70 Lube (100 V.I.)
20. Bunker C Fuel (Max.)
and M.C. Residuum
21. Asphalt
Example: The viscosity of water at 125 Fahrenheit is0.52 centipoise (CurveNo.6).
References: Cu rves 1, 2, and 3 are taken from FlowMeasurement with Orifice Meters by R. F. Stearns,R. M. Jackson, R. R. Johnson, and C. A. Larson; courtesyof D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1951.
Curve 6 is a plot of the viscosity data shown in the uppertable on the facing page.
All remaining curves reproduced with permission of the
Oil and Gas Journal.
'"I)
.040
.036
.032
'0~ .028c:
'"..:>c:
~.024
'"I):>
I
::t .020j~
.01 6'LI
V /2 ~ ~.01
.00 ~
VISCOSITY OF GASES
AND VAPORS
// /
/ L /
/ / / V/ v/ / :V V/
V/ ~ //V/V/
// j /// ,.
Vi% co //, /
~ . " " ~
~ ~ ~ // 1 '/ d ~ ..~ " / / / ~ v""""~ /.V ,; / ~ ./
/.
L /1 . / / //
~ /:. ~ /.;. ....-- .......-" . .
V/ ~ /V
1 /,.,
V
/
//
/'
/ '~V
" , ...
V...-
. ~
HELIUM
Air
So = .5·NHa
So = .75*
So = LOa·
o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
t - Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit
•The broken line curves in-dicated as S. In the tableabove represent hydro-
carbon IIBpors ana naturalgases.
Example: The viscosity of sUlphurdioxide gas S02 at 200 F is 0.Q16centipoise.
References: The curves for hydrocarbon vapors and natural
gases are from the Data Book onHydrocarbons by J.B. Maxwell.Courtesy of D. Van NostrandCompany, Inc. of New York City.
The curve for helium is from theHandbook of Chemistry an d
Physics, 44th Edition. Courtesy of
the Chemical Rubber PublishingCo. of Cleveland, Ohio.
All other curves in the table are
based upon Sutherland's formula. 59
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60
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE
Pressure Drop per 10 0 feet and Velocity in Schedule 40 Pipe for Water at 60 FDischarge
Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press. Veloe- Press.it y Drop Ity Drop it y Drop Ity Drop it y Drop it y Drqp lt y Drop it y Drop
Gallons I ubic Ft. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs. Feet Lb . Feet Lbs. Feet Lbs.per per per per per per per per per per per per per per ~ d ~ r n . per per
Minute Second Second Sci. In. Second Sci. In. Second Sq. In. Second Sci. In. Second Sq. In. Second Sci. 1n. Second Sci. rn.
lfs/l 14/1 %" 1f2/1
.2 0.000446 1.13 1.86 0.616 0.35934"3 0.000668 1.69 4.l l 0.924 0.903 0.504 0.159 0.l l7 0.061
.4 0.000891 2.26 6.98 1.23 1.61 0.672 0.34/1 0.422 0.086
.5 0.00111 2.82 10.5 1.54 2.39 0.840 0.539 0.528 0.167 0.301 0.033
.6 0.00134 3.39 14.7 1.85 3.29 1.01 0.751 0.633 0.240 0.361 0.0411" 114"8 0.00178 4.52 25.0 2.46 5.44 1.34 1.25 0.844 0.408 0.481 0.102
1 0.00223 5.65 37.2 3.08 8.28 1.08 1.85 LOb 0.600 0.602 0.155 0.371 0.048 11f2/12 0.00446 11.29 134.4 6.16 30.1 3.36 6.58 2.11 2.10 1.20 0.626 0.743 0.164 0,429 0.0443 0.00668 9.25 64.1 5.04 13.9 3.17 4.33 1.81 1.09 1.114 0.336 0.644 0.090 0,473 0.0434 0.00891
2"12.33 111.2 6.72 23.9 4.22 7.42 2.41 1.83 1.49 0.565 0.858 0.150 0.630 0.071
5 0.01114 8.40 36.7 5.28 11.2 3.01 2.75 1.86 0.835 1.073 0.l l3 0.788 0.104
6 0.01337 0.574 0.044 21fz/l 10.08 51.9 6.33 15.8 3.61 3.84 2.23 1.17 1.29 0.309 0.946 0.1458 0.01782 0.765 0.073 13 .44 91.1 8.45 27.7 4.81 6.60 2.97 1.99 1.72 0.518 1.26 0.241
10 0.02228 0.956 0.108 0.670 0.0463/1
10.56 42.4 6.02 9.99 3.71 2.99 2.15 0.774 1. 58 O.36l15 0.03342 1.43 0.224 1.01 0.094
31f2"9.03 21.6 5.57 6.36 3.22 1.63 2.37 0.755
20 0.04456 1.91 0.375 1.34 0.158 0.868 0.056 12.03 37.8 7.43 10.9 4.29 2.78 3.16 1.28
25 0.05570 • . 39 0.561 1.68 0.234 1.09 0.083 0.812 0.041 4" 9.28 16.7 5.37 4.22 3.94 1.9330 0.06684 2.87 0.786 2.01 0.327 1.30 0.114 0.974 0.056 11.14 23.8 6.44 5.92 4.73 2.7235 0.07798 3.35 1.05 2.35 0.436 1. 52 0.151 1.14
o.on0.882 0.041
12.99 32.2 7.51 7.90 5.52 3.6440 0.08.912 3.83 1.35 2.68 0.556 1.74 0.192 1.30 0.09 1.01 0.052 14.85 41.5 8.59 10.24 6.30 4.6545 0.1003 4.30 1.67 3.02 0.668 1.95 0.239 1,46 0.117 1.13 0.064 9.67 12.80 7.09 5.85
50 0.1114 4.78 2.03 3.35 0.839 2.17 0.288 1.62 0.142 1.26 0.076 5" 10.74 15.66 7.88 7.1560 0.1337 5.74 2.87 4.02 1.18 2.60 0.406 1.95 0.204 1.51 0.107 12.89 22.2 9.47 10.2170 0.1560 6.70 3.84 4.69 1.59 3.04 0.540 2.27 0.261 1.76 Q.l43 1.12 0.047 11.05 13.7180 0.1782 7.65 4.97 5.36 2.03 3,47 0.687 2.60 0.334 2.02 0.180 1.28 0.060
6"12.62 17.59
90 0.2005 8.60 6.20 6.03 2.53 3.91 0.861 2.92 0.416 2.27 0.224 1.44 0.074 14.20 ll.O
100 0.2228 9.56 7.59 6.70 3.09 4.34 1.05 3.25 0.509 2.52 0.272 1.60 0.090 1.11 0.036 15.78 26.9125 0.2785 11.97 11.76 8.38 4.71 5.43 1.61 4.06 0.769 3.15 0.415 2.01 0.135 1.39 0.055 19.72 41.4150 0.3342 14.36 1 6.70 10.05 6.69 6.51 2.24 4.87 1.08 3.78 0.580 2,41 0.190 1.67 0.0"175 0.3899 16.75 22.3 11.73 8.97 7.60 3.00 5.68 1.44 4.41 0.774 2.81 0.253 1.94 0.102
S"00 0.4456 19.14 28.8 13 .42 11.68 8.68 3.87 6.49 1.85 '5.04 0.985 3.21 0.313 2.22 0.130
225 0.5013 ... .. 15.09 14.63 9.77 4.83 7.30 2.32 5.67 1.23 3.61 0.401 2.50 0.162 1.44 0.043250 0.557 .. . .. , ... .. . 10.85 5.93 8.12 2.84 6.30 1.46 4.01 0.495 2.78 0.195 1.60 0.051275 0.6127 .. . .. , .. . ... 11.94 7.14 8.93 3.40 6.93 1.79 4.41 0.583 3.05 0.234 1.76 0.061300 0.6684 .. . .. , .. . .. . 13.00 8.36 9.74 4.02 7.56 2.11 4.81 0.683 3.33 0.275 1.92 0.072325 0.7241 .. . .. , .. . .. . 14.12 9.89 10.53 4.09 8.19 2.47 5.21 0.797 3.61 0.320 2.08 0.083
350 0.7798 .. . .. . ... . .. 11.36 5.41 8.82 2.84 5.62 0.919 3.89 0.367 2.24 0.095375 0.8355 .. . .... ... ... 12.17 6.18 9.45 3.25 6.02 1.05 4.16 0.416 2.40 0.108400 0.8912 ... ... ... .. . 12.98 7.03 10.08 3.68 6.42 1.19 4.44 0.471 2.56 0.121425 0.9469
10 '
... ... ...'" 13.80 7.89 10.71 4.12 6.82 1.33 4.72 0.529 2.73 0.136
450 1.003 ... ... ... .. . 14.61 8.80 11 .34 4.60 7.22 1.48 5.00 0.590 2.89 0.151
475 1.059 1.93 0.054 ... ... . .. .. . 11.97 5.12 7.62 1.64 5.27 0.653 3.04 0.166500 1.114 2.03 0.059 ... ... ...
'" 12.60 5.65 8.02 1.81 5.55 0.720 3.21 0.182550 1.225 2.24 0.071 ... ... . . ... 13.85 6.79 8'.82 2.17 6.11 0.861 3.53 0.219600 1.337 2.44 0.083
12/1... ... .. .
'" 15.12 8.04 9.63 2.55 6.66 1.02 3.85 0.258650 1.448 2.04 0.097 ... ... ... ... .. . ... 10.43 2.98 7.22 1.18 4.17 0.301
700 1.560 2.85 0.112 2.01 0.04714/1
... '" ... ... 11.23 3.43 7.78 1.35 4.49 0.343750 1.671 3.05 0.127 2.15 0.054 ... ... ... '" 12.03 3.92 8.33 1.55 4.81 0.392800 1.782 3 .25 0.143 2.29 0.061 ... ... ... ... 12.83 4.43 8.88 1.75 5.13 0.443'850 1.894 3.46 0.160 2.44 0.068 2.02 0.042 ... ... ... ... 13.64 5.00 9.44 1.96 5.45 0.497900 2.005 3.66 0.179 2.58 0.075 2.13 0.047 ... ... ... 14.44 5.58 9.99 2.18 5.77 0.554
950 2.117 3.86 0.198 2.72 0.083 2.25 0.05216/1
... ... 15.24 6.21 10.55 2.42 6.09 0.6131000 2.228 4.07 0.218 2.87 0.091 2.37 0.-057 ... ... 16.04 6.84 11.10 2.68 6.41 0.6751100 2.451 4.48 0.260 3.15 0.110 2.61 0.068 .. ... 17.65 8.13 12.22 3.l l 7.05 0.8071200 2.674 4.88 0.306 3.44 0.128 2.85 0.080 2.18 0.042 ... ... ... .. . 13.33 3.81 7.70 0.9481300 2.896 5.29 0:355 3.73 0.150 3.08 0.093 2.36 0.048 ... .. . .. . ... 14.43 4.45 8.33 1.11
1400 3.119 5.70 0.409 4.01 0.171 3.32 0.107 2.54 0.055IS"
15.55 5.13 8.98 1.281500 3.342 6.10 0.466 4.30 0.195 3.56 0.122 2.72 0.063 16.66 5.85 9.62 1.461600 3.565 6.51 0.527 4.59 0.219 3.79 0.138 2.90 0.071 17.77 6.61 10.26 1.651800 4.010 7.32 0.663 5.16 0.276 4.27 0.172 3.27 0.088 2.58 0.050 19.99 8.37 11. 54 2.082000 4.456 8.14 0.808 5.73 0.339 4.74 0.209 3.63 0.107 2.87 0.060
20"
22.21 10.3 12.82 2.55
2500 5.570 10.17 1.24 7.17 0.515 5.93 0.321 4.54 0.163 3.59 0.09124"
16.03 3.943000 6.684 12.20 1.76 8.60 0.731 7.11 0.451 5.45 0.232 4.30 0.129 3.46 0.075 19.24 5.593500 7.798 14.24 2.38 10.03 0.982 8.30 0.607 6.35 0.312 5.02 0.173 4.04 0.101 22.44 7.564000 8.912 16.27 3.08 11.47 1.27 9.48 0.787 7.26 0.401 5.74 0.ll2 4.62 0.129 3.19 0.051 25.65 9.804500 10.03 18.31 3.87 12.90 1.60 10.67 0.990 8.17 0.503 6.46 0.280 5.20 0.161 3.59 0.065 28.87 11.2
5000 11.14 20.35 4.71 14.33 1.95 11.85 1.21 9.08 0.617 7.17 0.340 5.77 0.199 3.99 0.079 ... ...6000 13.37 24.41 6.74 17.20 2 ." 14.23 1.71 10.89 0.8" 8.61 0.483 6.93 0.280 4.79 0.1l1 ... .. .7000 15.60 28.49 9.11 20.07 3.74 16.60 2.31 12.71 1.18 10.04 0.651 8.08 0.376 5.59 0.150 ... ...8000 17.82 ... ... 22.93 4.84 IS.96 2.99 14.52 1.51 11.47 0.839 9.23 0.488 6.38 0.192 ... ...9000 20.05 ... ... 25.79 6.09 21.34 3.76 16.34 1.90 12.91 1.05 10.39 0.608 7.1S 0.242 ... . .
10000 22.28 ... ... 2S.66 7.46 23.71 4.61 IS.15 1.34 14.34 1.28 11. 54 0.739 7.98 0.294 ... .. .11000 26.74 ... ... 34.40 10.7 28.45 6.59 21.79 3.33 17.21 1.83 13 .S5 1.06 9.58 0.416 ... ...14000 31.19 ... ... ... ... 33.19 8.89 25.42 4.49 20.0S 2.45 16.16 1.43 11.17 0.561 ... . ..16000 35.65 ... .. , ... ... ... ... 29.05 5.83 22.95 3.18 18.47 1.85 12.77 0.713 ... . .18000 40.10 ... ... ... ... ... ... 32.08 7.31 25.82 4.03 10.77 2.3l 14.36 0.907 ... . .20000 44.56 ... .. , ... ... ... .. . 36.31 9.03 28.69 4.93 Z3.08 2.86 15.96 1.12 ... ...
For pipe lengths other than 100 feet, the pressure drop is proportional to thelength. Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, the pressure drop is approximately one-halfthe value given in the table . . . for 300 feet, three times the given value, etc.
Velocity is a function of the cross sectionalflow area; thus, it is constant for a givenflow rate and is independent of pipe length.
For cer/cu/ertlon. for pip. oth.r than Schedule 40, .. . exp/ernertiC/ft 011 next perfle.
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FLOW OF AIR THROUGH SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE
For lengths of pipe other than100 feet, the pressure drop isproportional to the length.Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, thepressure drop is approximately
one-half the value given in thetable ... for 300 feet, threetimes the given value, etc.
The pressure drop is also inversely proportional to theabsolute pressure and directlyproportional to the absolutetemperature.
Therefore, to determine thepressure drop for inlet or average pressures other than 100psi and at temperatures otherthan 60 F, multiply the valuesgiven in the table by the ratio:
(100+ 14.7)(460+t)P -+ 14.7 520
where:
"P " is the inlet or averagegauge pressure in pounds persquare inch, and, .
"t'. is th e temperature in ·degrees Fahrenheit underconsideration.
The cubic feet per minute ofcompressed air at any pressure is inversely proportionalto the absolute pressure anddirectly proportional to theabsolute temperature.
To determine the cubic feetper minute of compressed airat any temperature and pressure other than standard con
ditions, multiply the value ofcubic feet per minute of freeair by the ratio:
~ ) ( 4 6 0 + t )14.7 + P 520
Calculations for Pipe
Other than Schedule 40
To determine the velocity ofwater, or the pressure dropof water or air, through pipeother than Schedule 40, usethe following formulas:
Va = V40 ( rL!;Pa =
~ P 4 0(
rwhere:
V = velocity, feet per sec.
d = internal diameter ofpipe, in inches; seepages 27 to 30.
= pressure drop, inpounds per squareinch.
Subscript "a " refers to theSchedule of pipe throughwhich velocity or pressuredrop is desired.
Subscript "40" refers to thevelocity or pressure dropthrough Schedule 40 pipe, asgiven on these facing pages.
Free Airq'm
Cubic FeetPer Minute
at 60 F and14.7 psia
12345
68
101520
2530354045
5060708090
100125150175200
225250275300325
350375400425450
475500
550600650
700750800850900
9501000110012001300
14001500160018002000
2 SOO
3000350040004500
50006000700080009 000
1000011 000120001300014000
1500016000180002000022000
24000260002800030000
Com-pressed Air
Cubic FeetPer Minute
at 60 F'and100 psig
0.1280.2560.3840.5130.641
0.7691.0251.2821.9222.563
3.2043.8454.4865.1265.767
6.4087.6908.971
10.2511.53
12.8216.0219;2222.4325.63
28.8432.0435.2438.4541.65
44.8748.0651.2654.4757.67
60.8864.08
70.4976.9083.30
89.7196.12
102.5108.911&.3
121.8128.2141.0153.8166.6
179.4192.2205.1230.7256.3
320.4384.5448.6
512.6576.7
640.8769.0897.1
10251153
12821410153816661794
19222051230725632820
3076333235883845
Va" %"
0.361 0.0831.31 0.2853.06 0.6054.83 1.047.45 1.58
10.6 2.2318.6 3.8928.7 5.96
.. . 13.0
.. . 22.8
.. , 35.6
.. . ...'" ...... ..... . ...
2%"
0.0190.023
0.029 3"0.0440.062 0.0210.083 0.0280.107 0.036
0.134 0.0450.164 0.0550.191 0.0660.232 0.0780.270 0.090
0.313 0.1040.356 0.11.90.402 0.1340.452 0.1510.507 0.168
0.562 0.1870.623 0.2060.749 0.2480.887 0.2931.04 0.342
1.19 0.3951.36 0.4511.55 0.5131.74 0.5761.95 0.642
2.18 0.7152.40 0.7882.89 0.9483.44 1.134.01 1.32
4.65 1.525.31 1.746.04 1.977.65 2.509.44 3.06
14.7 4.7621.1 6.8228.8 9.23
37.6 12.147.6 15.3
... 18.8
... 27.1
... 36.9
... '"... '"
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... '"
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
...'"...'"
Pressure Drop of AirIn Pounds per Square Inch
Pe r 100 Feet of Schedule 40 Pipe
Fo r Air at 100 Pounds perSquare Inch Gauge Pressure
and 60 F Temperature
%" lh"
0.0180.064 0.020
%".133 0.0420.226 0.0710.343 0.106 0.027
1"0.408 0.148 0.0370.848 0.255 0.062 0.019
1%".26 0.356 0.094 0.0292.73 0.834 0.201 0.0624.76 1.43 0.345 0.102 0.026
7.34 2.21 0.526 0.156 0.03910.5 3.15 0.748 0.219 0.05514.2 4.24 1.00 0.293 0.07318.4 5.49 1.30 .0.379 0.09523.1 6.90 1.62 0.474 0;116
28.5 8.49 1.99 0.578 0.14940.7 12.2 2.85 0.819 0.200... 16.5 3.83 1.10 0.270... 21.4 4.96 1.43 0.350'" 27.0 6.25 1.80 0.437
33.2 7.69 2.21 0.534... 11.9 3.39 0.825... 17.0 4.87 1.17
3ljz".. . 23.1 6.60 1.58'" 30.0 8.54 2.05
0.022 37.9 10.8 2.590.027 ... 13.3 3.180.032
'" 16.0 3.830.037
'" 19.0 4.560.043
4"... 22.3 5.32
0.050 . .. 25.8 6.170.057 0.030 ... 29.6 7.050.064 0.034 ... 33.6 8.020.072 0.038 ... 37.9 9.010.081 0.042 ...
'" 10.2
0.089 0.047 ... 11.30.099 0.052 ... 12.&0.118 0.062 ... 15.10.139 0.073
5"... 18.0
0.163 0.086'" 21.1
0.188 0.099 0.032 24.30.214 0.113 0.036 27.90.244 0.127 0.041 31.80.274 0.144 0.046
6"35.9
0.305 0.160 0.051 40.2
0.340 0.178 0.057 0.023 .. ,
0.375 0.197 0.063 0.025 ...0.451 0.236 0.075 0.030 ..0.533 0.279 0.089 0.035 .. ,
0.626 0.327 0.103 0.041 ..
0.718 0.377 0.119 0.0470.824 0.431 0.136 0.054
8".932 0.490 0.154 0.0611.18 0.616 0.193 0.0751.45 0.757 0.237 0.094 0.023
2.25 1.17 0.366 0.143 0.0353.20 1.67 0.524 0.204 0.0514.33 2.26 0.709 0.276 0.068
5.66 2.94 0.919 0.358 0.0887.16 3.69 1.16 0.450 0.111
8.85 4.56 1.42 0.552 0.13612.7 . 6.57 2.03 0.794 0.19517.2 8.94 2.76 1.07 0.26212.5 11.7 3.59 1.39 0.33928.5 14.9 4.54 1.76 0.427
35.2 18.4 5.60 2.16 0.526... 22.2 6.78 2.62 0.633... 26.4 8.07 3.09 0.753... 31.0 9.47 3.63 0,884... 36.0 11.0 4.21 1,02
... ... 12.6 4.84 1.17
... . . 14.3 5.50 1.33
... . . 18.2 6.96 1.68
. .. . . 22.4 8.60 2.01
... . .. 27.1 10.4 2.50
... . . 32.3 12.4 2.97
... . .. 37.9 14.5 3.49
... ... . .. 16.9 4.04... . . ... 19.3 4.64
1%"
0.0190.0260.0350.044
2".055
0.067 0.0190.094 0.0270.126 0.0360.162 0.0460.203 0.058
0.247 0.0700.380 0.1070.537 0.1510.727 0.2050.937 0.264
1.19 0.3311.45 0.4041.75 0.4842.07 0.5732.42 0.673
2.80 0.7763.20 0.8873.64 1.004.09 1.134.59 1.26
5.09 1.405.61 1.556.79 1.878.04 2.219.43 2.60
10.9 3.0012.6 3.4414.2 3.9016.0 4.4018.0 4.91
20.0 5.4722.1 6.0626.7 7.2931.8 8.6337.3 10.1
11.813.516.319.3
10"23.9
37.30.0160.022
0.028 12".035
0.043 0.0180.061 0.0250.082 0.0340.107 0.0440.134 0.055
0.164 0.0670.197 0.0810.234 0.0960.273 0.1120.316 0.129
0.364 0.1480.411 0.1670.520 0.2130.642 0.2600.771 0.314
0.918 0.3711.12 0.4351.25 0.5051.42 0.520
61
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SIMPLIFIED FLOW FORMULA FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDSPipe or Valve Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Size
The simplified flow formula was developed from theDarcy formula and employs friction factors for the fullyturbulent flow range; see page 49.
t:.PlOO = pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe, in pounds per sq. inchC1 = discharge factor, from chart at the rightC2 = size factor, from table on the facing pageV = specific volume, in cubic feet per pound
(for steam, see pages 64 to 71 )p = weight density, in pounds per cubic foot
(jor air or gas, see page 57 )
Limitations of Simplified Flow Formula
1. Flow rates through throttled or reduced seat valvesmay be restricted by sonic velocity at the seat; theformula is 'hot applicable for this condition of flow.
2. The formula is accurate for the fully turbulent flowrange indicated by the friction factor diagram, and alsoprovides a good approximation for most normal flowconditions.
3. When pressure drop is less than 10 percent Of theinlet gauge pressure, use Vor p based on either inletor out/et conditions.
4. When pressure drop is greater than 10 percent butless than 40 percent of the inlet gauge pressure, use theaverage of V or p based on inlet and outlet conditions.
5. When pressure drop is greater than 40 percent of
the inlet gauge pressure, divide the pipe into shortersections and use V or p based on an average of the inletand outlet conditions of the shorter pipe section.
Converting Flow Rates
To convert flow rates given in pounds per hour (W), tostandard cubic feet per hour (q' h) or to standard cubicfeet per minute (q'",), use the following formulas:
,W ,Wqh= 6 S qm= --S-
0.07 4 g 4.58 g
Example 1
Given: Steam at 345 psig and 500 F flows through an8-inch Class 300 steel angle valve at a rate of 240,000
pounds' per hour.
Find: The pressure drop through the valve.
Solution: Referring to pages 50 and 53, note that re-sistance of the given valve is based on Schedule 40pipe and its equivalent length in pipe diameters is 150.
1.0. of 8-inch Schedule 40 pipe = 7.981Equivalent length of valve in
feet of Schedule 40 pipe = 150 (7.981/12) = 99.8 feetCalculate the pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe:
C1 = 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from this page
C2 = 0.146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from facing page
V = 1.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .page 68
ilP 100 = 57 X 0.146 X 1.45 = 12.1
Pressure drop through valve = 12.1 (99.8/100) = 12.1 psi.
Values of C1
W
10 10 lOOO
900
800
15
3 30 0
: l: :::c
l;; 3) l;; 250c . c .
en en'C 'C
200c
'"::::J
0 0(l . a..
25 '0 100 Gn'C
'0
30en <I)
::::J Q)
0100
::::J
. c t'5I -90 >
.:80
70
u::ro0-
0
50
0:::
40
~30
25
20
15
10
.0006
Example 2
Given: The pressure drop is 5 psi with 100 psig air at90 F flowing through 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule 40pipe.
Find: The flow rate in standard cubic feet per minute(scfm).
Solution: ilP100 = 5.0
Ct = 5-l7p = 0.564 . . . . . from page 50
C1 = (5.0 X 0.564) + 5. 17 = 0.545
W= 23 000
, W 23 000 = 5022 scfmq m = 4.58 S, = 4.58 X 1.0
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see page 49Example on "determining pipe size" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see next page
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SIMPLIFIED FLOW FORMULA FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDSPipe or Valve Pressure Drop, Rate of Flow, and Size
Nominal IPipe Size
Inches
Va
1,4
%
%
3,4
1
11,4
1%
2
21/2
3
3%
4
Example 3
Schedule
Number
40sSOx
40 sSOx
40sSOx
40 sSOx
160. . . xx
4Cls
SOx160. . . xx
40sSOx
160.. . xx
40 sSOx
160.. . xx
40580 x
160. . . xx
40 s80 x
160.. . xx
40580 x
160. . . xx
405SOx
160. . . xx
405SOx
405SOx
120160. . . xx
Value
of C2
7920000.26200000.
1590 000.4290000.
319000.71S 000.
93500.1S6100.430000.
111S0000.
21200.
36900.100 100.627000.
5950.9640.
22500.114100.
14OS.2110.3490.
13640.
627.904.
1656.4630.
169.236.48S.S99.
66.791.S
146.3380.0
21.42S.748.396.6
10.013.2
5.176.75S.94
11.S0IS.59
Given: An 85 psig saturatedsteam line with 20,000 poundsper hour flow is permitted amaximum pressure drop of 10psi per 100 feet of pipe.
Find: The smallest size of
Schedule 40 pipe suitable.
IINominal IPipe Size
Inches
5
6
8
10
12
14
Solution:
Values of C2
Schedule INumber
40 sSOx
120160. . . xx
40 sSOx
120160. . . xx
203040560
SOx
100120140. . . xx160
203040560xSO
100120140160
2030. . . 540. . .x
60
SO100120140160
102030540. . . x60
80100120140160
b.P lOO = 10
CI = 0.4
Value
of C2
1.592.042.693.594.93
0.6100.79S1.0151.376I.S61
0.1330.13S0.1460.1630.IS5
0.2110.2520.2S90.3170.333
0.03970.04210.04470.05140.0569
0.06520.07530.09050.1052
0.()I570.01680.0175O.OIS 00.01950.0206
0.02310.02670.03100.03500.0423
0.009490.009960.010460.010990.011550.012 44
0.014160.01657O.OIS 9S0.02180.0252
II~ o m i ~ a l lPipe Size
Inches
16
18
20
24
Schedule
Number
102030 s40x60
SO100120140160
1020.. 530. . x40
60SO
100120140160
1020530 x4060
SO
100120140160
10205. . x304060
SO100120140160
Note
Value
ofC,
0.004 630.OO4S30.005040.005490.00612
0.00700O.OOS 040.009260.010990.01244
0.002470.002560.00266
0.002760.002 S70.0029S
0.003350.003760.004350.005040.005730.006 69
0.001410.001500.001610.001690.00191
0.00217
0.002510.002870.003350.003 S5
0.0005340.0005650.0005970.0006140.0006510.000741
0.000 8350.0009720.0011190.0012740.001478
The letters 5, x, and xx in the col-umns o f Schedule Numbers indicateStandard, Extra Strong, and Double
Extra Strong pipe respectively.
v = 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 65
C2 = 10 + (0.4 X 4.,) = 5.56
Reference to the table of C2 values above shows that the 4-inch sizeis the smallest Schedule 40 pipe having C2 value less than 5.56.
The actual pressure drop per 100 feet of 4-inch Schedule 40 pipe is:
b.PlOo = 0·4 x 5·17 x 4.5 = 9.3 63
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PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM AND SATURATED WATER*
Absolute Pressure Vacuum Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific Volume
Lbs. pe r Inches Inches ature th e of of Steam VSq. In . ofHg ofHg Liquid Evaporation hl1pI t Water Steam
DegreesF. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. pe r lb. Cu. ft . pe r lb .
0.08859 0.02 29.90 . 32.018 0.0003 1075.5 1075.5 0.016022 3302.4
0.10 0.20 29.72 35.023 3.026 1073.8 1076.8 0.016020 2945,50.15 0.31 29.61 45.453 13.498 1067.9 1081.4 0.016020 2004.70.20 0.41 29.51 53.160 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3
0.25 0.51 29.41 59.323 27.382 1060.1 1087.4 0.016032 1235.50.30 0.61 29.31 64.484 32.541 1057.1 1089.7 0.016040 1039.70.35 0.71 29.21 68.939 36.992 1054.6 1091.6 0.016048 898.60.40 0.81 29.11 72.869 40.917 1052.4 1093.3 0.016056 792.10.45 0.92 29.00 76.387 44.430 1050.5 1094.9 0.016063 708.8
0.50 1.02 28.90 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.50.60 1.22 28.70 85.218 53.245 . 1045.5 1098.7 0.016085 540.10.70 1.43 28.49 90.09 58.10 1042.7 1100.8 0.016099 466.940.80 1.63 28.29 94.38 62.39 1040.3 1102.6 0.016112 411.690.90 1.83 28.09 98.24 66.24 1038.1 1104.3 0.016124 368.43
1.0 2.04 27.88 101.74 69.73 1036.1 1105.8 0.016136 333.601.2 2.44 27.48 107.91 75.90 1032.6 1108.5 0.016158 280.961.4 2.85 27.07 113.26 81.23 1029.5 1110.7 0.016178 243.021.6 3.26 26.66 117.98 85.95 1026.8 1112.7 0.016196 214.331.8 3.66 26.26 122.22 90.18 1024.3 1114.5 0.016213 191.85
2.0 4.07 25.85 126.07 94.03 1022.1 1116.2 0.016230 173.762.2 4.48 25.44 129.61 97.57 1020.1 1117.6 0.016245 158.872.4 4.89 25.03 132.88 100.84 1018.2 1119.0 0.016260 146.402.6 5.29 24.63 135.93 103.88 1016.4 1120.3 0.016274 135.802.8 5.70 24.22 138.78 106.73 1014.7 1121.5 0.016287 126.67
3.0 6.11 23.81 141.47 109.42 1013.2 1122.6 0.016300 118.733.5 7.13 22.79 147.56 115.51 1009.6 1125.1 0.016331 102.744.0 8.14 21.78 152.96 120.92 1006.4 1127.3 0.016358 90.644.5 9.16 20.76 157.82 125.77 1003.5 1129.3 0.016384 83.035.0 10.18 19.74 162.24 130.20 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407 73.5325.5 11.20 18.72 166.29 134.26 998.5 1132.7 0.016430 67.2496.0 12.22 17.70 170.05 138.03 996.2 1134.2 0.016451 61.9846.5 13.23 16.69 173.56 141.54 994.1 1135.6 0.016472 57.5067.0 14.25 15.67 176.84 144.83 992.1 1136.9 0.016491 53.6507.5 15.27 14.65 179.93 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.016510 50.2948.0 16.29 13.63 182.86 150.87 988.5 1139.3 0.016527 47.3458.5 17.31 12.61 185.63 153.65 986.8 1140.4 0.016545 44.7339.0 18.32 11.60 188.27 156.30 985.1 1141.4 0.016561 42.4029.5 19.34 10.58 190.80 158.84 983.6 1142.4 0.016577 40.310
10.0 20.36 9.56 193.21 161.26 982.1 1143.3 0.016592 38.42011.0 22.40 7.52 197.75 165.82 979.3 1145.1 0.016622 35.14212.0 24.43 5.49 201.96 170.05 976.6 1146.7 0.016650 32.39413.0 26.47 3.45 205.88 174.00 974.2 1148.2 0.016676 30.05714.0 28 .50 1.42 209.56 177.71 971.9 1149.6 0.016702 28.043
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific VolumeLbs. pe r Sq. In . ature th e of of Steam V
Absolute Gage Liquid Evaporation
pI pt hl1 Water Steam
Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft. per lb. Cu. ft. pe r lb.
14.696 0.0 212.00 180.17 970.3 1150.5 0.016719 26.79915.0 0.3 213.03 181.21 969.7 1150.9 0 ~ 0 1 6 7 2 6 26.29016.0 1.3 216.32 184.52 967.6 1152.1 0.016749 24.75017.0 2.3 219.44 187.66 965.6 1153.2 0.016771 23.38518.0 3.3 222.41 190.66 963.7 1154.3 0.016793 22.16819.0 4.3 225.24 193.52 961.8 1155.3 0.016814 21.07420.0 5.3 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.08721.0 6.3 230.57 198.90 958.4 1157.3 0.016854 19.19022.0 7.3 233.07 201.44 956.7 1158.1 0.016873 18.37323.0 8.3 235.49 203.88 955.1 1159.0 0.016891 17.62424.0 9.3 237.82 206.24 953.6 1159.8 0.016909 16.93625.0 10.3 240.07 208.52 952.1 1160.6 0.016927 16.30126.0 11.3 242.25 210.7 950.6 1161.4 0.016944 15.713827.0 12.3 244.36 212.9 949.2 1162.1 0.016961 15.168428.0 13.3 246.41 214.9 947.9 1162.8 0.016977 14.660729.0 14.3 248.40 217.0 946.5 1163.5 0.016993 14.186930.0 15.3 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.743631.0 16.3 252.22 220.8 943.9 I 1164.8 0.017024 13.328032.0 17.3 254.05 222.7 942.7 1165.4 0.017039 12.937633.0 18.3 255.84 224.5 941.5 1166.0 0.017054 12.570034.0 19.3 257.58 226.3 940.3 1166.6 0.017069 12.2234
*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967), with permission of the publisher, Th e AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
(continued on
the next page'
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PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM AND SATURATED WATER-CONTINUED
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific VolumeLbs. pe r Sq. In . ature th e of of Steam
VAbsolute Gage t
Liquid Evaporationhg Water SteampI P Degrees F. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu . ft. per lb. Cu . ft . pe r lb .
35.0. 20..3 259.29 228.0. 939.1 1167.1 0..0.170.83 11.8959
36.0. 21.3 260..95 229.7 938.0. 1167.7 0..0.170.97 11.5860.37.0. 22.3 262.58 231.4 936.9 1168.2 0..0.17111 11.292338.0. 23.3 264.17 233.0. 935.8 1168.8 0..0.17124 11.0.13639.0. 24.3 265.72 234.6 934.7 1169.3 0..0.17138 10..7487
40..0. 25.3 267.25 236.1 933.6 1169.8 0..0.17151 10..496541.0. 26.3 268.74 231.7 932.6 1170..2 0..0.17164 10..256342.0. 27.3 270..21 239.2 931.5 1170..7 0..0.17177 10..0.27243.0. 28.3 271.65 240..6 930..5 1171.2 0..0.17189 9.80.8344.0. 29.3 273.0.6 242.1 929.5 1171.6 0..0.1720.2 9.599145.0. 30..3 274. 44 243 .5 928.6 1172.0. 0..0.17214 9.398846.0. 31.3 275.80. 244.9 927.6 1172.5 0..0.17226 9.20.70.47.0. 32.3 277.14 246.2 926.6 1172.9 0..0.17238 9.0.23148.0. 33.3 278.45 247.6 925.7 1173.3 0..017250. 8.846549.0. 34.3 279.74 248.9 924.8 1173.7 0..0.17262 .8.6770.
50..0. 35.3 281.0.2 250..2 923.9 1174.1 0..0.17274 8.5140.51.0. 36.3 282.27 251.5 923.0. 1174.5 0..0.17285 8.357152.0. 37.3 283.50. 252.8 922.1 1174.9 0..0.17296 8:20.6153.0. 38.3 284.71 254.0. 921.2 1175.2 0..0.1730.7 8.0.60.654.0. 39 .3 285.90. 255.2 920..4 1175.6
0..0.17319 7.920.355.0. 40..3 287.0.8 256.4 919.5 1175.9 0..0.17329 7.7850.56.0. 41.3 288.24 257.6 9 18.7 1176.3 0..0.17340. 7.654357.0. 42.3 289. 38 258.8 917.8 1176.6 0..0.17351 7.5280.58.0. 43.3 290..50. 259.9 917.0. 1177.0. 0..0.17362 7.40.5959.0. 44.3 291.62 261.1 916.2 1177.3 0..0.17372 7.2879
60..0. 45.3 292.71 262.2 915.4 1177.6 0..0.17383 7.173661.0. 46.3 293.79 263.3 914.6 1177.9 0..0.17393 7.0.630.62.0. 47.3 294.86 264.4 913.8 1178.2 0..0.1740.3 6.955863.0. 48.3 295.91 26 5.5 913.0. 1178.6 0..0.17413 6.851964.0. 49.3 296.95 266.6 912.3 1178.9 0..0.17423 6.7511
65.0. 50..3 297. 98 267 .6 911.5 1179.1 0..0.17433 6.653366;0. 51.3 298.99 268.7 910..8 1179.4 0..0.17443 6.558467.0. 52.3 299.99 269.7 910..0. 1179.7 0..0.17453 6.466268.0. 53 .3 30.0..99 270..7 90.9.3 1180..0. 0..0.17463 6.376769.0. 54.3 30.1.96 271.7 90.8.5 1180..3 0..0.17472 6.2896
70..0. 55.3 30.2.93 272.7 90.7.8 1180..6 0..0.17482 6.20.50.71.0. 56.3 30.3.89 273.7 90.7.1 1180..8 0..0.17491 6.122672.0. 57.3 30.4.83 274.7 90.6.4 1181.1 0..0.1750.1 6.0.42573.0. 58.3 30.5.77 275.7 90.5.7 1181.4 0..0.17510. 5.964574.0. 59.3 30.6.69 276.6 90.5.0. 1181.6 0..0.17519 5.8885
75.0. 60..3 30.7.61 277.6 90.4.3 1181.9 0..0.17529 5.814476.0. 61.3 30.8.51 278.5 90.3.6 1182.1 0..0.17538 5.742377.0. 62.3 30.9.41 279.4 90.2.9 1182.4 0..0.17547 5.6720.78.0. 63.3 310..29 280..3 90.2.3 1182.6 0..0.17556 5.60.3479.0. 64.3 311.17 281.3 90.1.6 1182.8 0..0.17565 5.5364
80..0. 65.3 312.0.4 282.1 90.0..9 1183.1 0..0.17573 5.471181.0. 66.3 312.90. 283.0. 90.0..3 1183.3 0..0.17582 5.40.7482.0. 67.3 313.75 283.9 899.6 1183.5 0..0.17591 5.345183.0. 68.3 314.60. 284.8 899.0. 1183.8 0..0.1760.0. 5.284384.0. 69.3 315.43 285.7 898.3 1184.0. 0..0.1760.8 5.2249
85.0. 70..3 316.26 286.5 897.7 1184.2 0..0.17617 5.166986.0. 71.3 317.0.8 287.4 897.0. 1184.4 0..0.17625 5.110.187.0. 72.3 317.89 288.2 896.4 1184.6 0..0.17634 5.0.54688.0. 73.3 318.69 289.0. 895.8 1184.8 0..0.17642 5.0.0.0.489.0. 74.3 319.49 289.9 895.2 1185.0. 0..0.17651 4.947390..0. 75.3 320..28 290..7 894.6 1185.3 0..0.17659 4.8953
91.0. 76.3 321.0.6 291.5 893.9 1185.5 0..0.17667 4.844592.0. 77.3 321.84 292.3 893.3 1185.7 0..0.17675 4.794793.0. 78.3 322.61 293.1 892.7 1185.9 0..0.17684 4.745994.0. 79.3 323.37 293.9 892.1 1186.0. 0..0.17692 4.698295.0. 80..3 324.13 294.7 891.5 1186.2 0..0.1770.0. 4.651496.0. 81.3 324.88 295.5 891.0. 1186.4 0..0.1770.8 4.60.5597.0. 82.3 325.63 296.3 890..4 1186.6 0..0.17716 4.560.698.0. 83.3 326.36 297.0. 889.8 1186.8 0..0.17724 4.516699.0. 84.3 327.10. 297.8 889.2 1187.0. 0..0.17732 4.4734
10.0..0. 85.3 327.82 298.5 888.6 1187.2 0..0.17740. 4.4310.10.1.0. 86.3 328.54 299.3 888.1 1187.3 0..0.1775 4.389510.2.0 87.3 329.26 30.0..0. 887.5 1187.5 0..0.1776 4.348710.3.0. 88.3 329.97 30.0..8 886.9 1187.7 0..0.1776 4.30.8710.4.0 89.3 330..67 30.1.5 886.4 1187 .9 0..0.1777 4.2695
10.5.0. 90..3 331.37 30.2.2 885.8 1188.0. 0..0.1778 4.230.9106.0. 91.3 332.06 30.3.0. 885.2 1188.2 0..0.1779 4.193110.7.0. 92.3 332.75 30.3.7 884.7 1188.4 0..0.1779 4.1560.10.8.0 93.3 333.44 30.4.4 884.1 1188.5 0..0.1780. 4.119510.9.0.
94.3 334.11 30.5.1 883.6 1188.70..0.1781
4.0.837 65
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· ..
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM AND SATURATED WATER-CONTINUED
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific VolumeLbs. per Sq. In . ature th e of of Steam
VAbsolute Gage t
Liquid Evaporationhq Water SteamI P DegreesF. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft.·per lb. Cu. ft . per lb.
110.0 95.3 334.79 305.8 883.1 U88.9 0.017824.0484111.0 96.3 335.46 306.5 882.5 1189.0 0.01782 4.0138
112.0 97.3 336.12 307.2 882.0 1189.2 0.01783 3.9798113.0 98.3 336.78 307.9 881.4 1189.3 0.01784 3.9464114.0 99.3 337.43 308.6 880 .9 1189.5 0.01785 3.9136115.0 100.3 338.08 309.3 880.4 1189.6 0.01785 3.8813116.0 101.3 338.73 309.9 879.9 1189.8 0.01786 3.8495117.0 102.3 339.37 310.6 879.3 1189.9 0.01787 3.8183118.0 103.3 340.01 311.3 878.8 1190.1 0.01787 3.7875119.0 104.3 340.64 311.9 878;3 1190.2 0.01788 3.7573120.0 105.3 341.27 312.6 877.8 1190.4 0.01789 3.7275121.0 106.3 341.89 313.2 877;3 1190.5 0.01790 3.6983122.0 107.3 342.51 313.9 876.8 1190.7 0.01790 3.6695123.0 108.3 343.13 314.5 876.3 1190.8 0.01791 3.6411124.0 109.3 343.74 315.2 8 ~ . 8 1190.9 0.01792 3.6132125.0 110.3 344.35 315.8 875.3 1191.1 0.01792 3.5857126.0 111.3 344.95 316.4 874.8 1191.2 0.01793 3.5586127.0 112.3 345.55 317.1 874.3 1191.3 0.01794 3.5320128.0 113.3 346.15 317.7 873.8 1191.5 0.01794 3.5057129.0 114.3 346.74 318.3 873.3 1191.6 0.01795 3.4799130.0 115.3 347.33 319.0 872.8 1191.7 0.01796 3.4544131.0 116.3 347.92 319.6 872.3 1191.9 0.01797 3.4293132.0 117.3 348.50 320.2 871.8 1192.0 0.01797 3.4046133.0 118.3 349.08 320.8 871.3 1192.1 0.01798 3.3802134.0 119.3 349.65 321.4 870.8 1192.2 0.01799 3.3562135.0 120.3 350.23 322.0 870.4 1192.4 0.01799 3.3325136.0 121.3 350.79 322.6 869.9 1192.5 0.01800 3.3091137.0 122.3 351.36 323.2 869.4 1192;6 0.01801 3.2861138.0 123.3 351.92 323.8 868.9 1192.7 0.01801 3.2634139.0 124.3 352.48 324.4 868.5 1192.8 0.01802 3.2411140.0 125.3 353.04 325.0 868.0 1193.0 0.01803 3.2190141.0 126.3 353.59 325.5 867.5 1193.1 0.01803 3.1972142.0 127.3 354.14 326.1 867.1 1193.2 0.01804 3.1757143.0 128.3 354.69 326.7 866.6 1193.3 0.01805 3.1546144.0 129.3 355.23 327.3 866.2 1193.4 0.01805 3.1337145.0 130.3 355.77 327.8 8 ~ . 7 1193.5 0.01806 3.1130146.0 131.3 356.31 328.4 865.2 1193.6 0.01806 3.0927
147.0 132.3 356.84 329.0 864.8 1193.8 0.01807 3.0726148.0 133.3 357.38 329.5 864.3 1193.9 0.01808 3.0528149.0 134.3 357.91 330.1 863.9 1194.0 0.01808 3.0332150.0 135.3 358.43 330.6 863.4 1194.1 0.01809 3.0139152.0 137.3 359.48 331.8 862.5 1194.3 0.01810 2.9760154.0 139.3 360.51 332.8 861.6 1194.5 0.01812 2.9391156.0 141.3 361.53 333.9 860.8 1194.7 0.01813 2.9031158.0 143.3 362.55 335.0 859.9 1194.9 0.01814 2.8679160.0 145.3 363.55 336.1 859.0 1195.1 0.01815 2.8336162.0 147.3 364.54 337.1 858.2 1195.3 0.01817 2.8001164.0 149.3 365.53 338.2 857.3 1195.5 0.01818 2.7674166.0 151.3 366.50 339.2 856.5 1195.7 0.01819 2.7355168.0 153.3 367.47 340.2 855.6 1195.8 0.01820 2.7043170.0 155.3 368.42 341.2 854.8 1196.0 0.01821 2.6738172.0 157.3 369.37 342.2 853.9 1196.2 0.01823 2.6440174.0 159.3 370.31 343.2 853.1 1196.4 0.01824 2.6149176.0 161.3 371.24 344.2 852.3 1196.5 0.01825 2.5864178.0 163.3 372.16 345.2 851.5 1196.7 0.01826 2.5585
180.0 165:3 373.08 346.2 850.7 1196.9 0.01827 2.5312182.0 167.3 373.98 347.2 849.9 1197.0 0.01828 2.5045184.0 169.3 374.88 348.1 849.1 1197.2 0.01830 2.4783186.0 171.3 375.77 349.1 848.3 1197.3 0.01831 2.4527188.0 173.3 376.65 350.0 847.5 1197.5 0.01832 2.427619(M 175.3 377.53 350.9 846.7 1197.6 0.01833 2.4030192.0 177.3 378.40 351.9 845.9 1197.8 0.01834 2.3790194.0 179.3 379.26 352.8 845.1 1197.9 0.01835 2.3554196.0 181.3 380.12 353.7 844.4 1198.1 0.01836 2.3322198.0 183.3 380.96 354.6 843.6 1198.2 0.01838 2.3095200.0 lti5.3 381.80 355.5 842.8 1198.3 0.01839 2.28728205.0 190.3 383.88 357.7 840.9 1198.7 0.01841 2.23349210.0 195.3 385.91 359.9 839.1 1199.0 0.01844 2.18217215.0 200.3 387.91 362.1 837.2 1199.3 0.01847 2.13315220.0 205.3 389.88 364.2 835.4 1199.6 0.01850 2.08629225.0 210.3 391.80 366.2 833.6 1199.9 0.01852 2.04143230.0 215.3 393.70 368.3 831.8 1200.1 0.01855 1.99846235.0 220.3 395.56 370.3 830.1 1200.4 0.01857 1.95725240.0 225.3 397.39 372.3
828.4 1200.6 0.01860 1.91769245.0 230.3 399.19 374.2 826.6 1200.9 0.01863 1.87970
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PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM AND SATURATED WATER-CONCLUDED
Pressure Temper- Heat of Latent Heat Total Heat Specific VolumeLbs. per Sq. In . ature th e of of Steam
VAbsolute Gage t
Liquid Evaporationhg
Water SteamP' P DegreesF. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Btu/lb. Cu. ft . pe r lb. Cu . ft . pe r lb.
250.0 235.3 400.97 376.1 825.0 1201.1 0.01865 1.84317255.0 240.3 402.72 378.0 823.3 1201.3 0.01868 1.80802260.0 245.3 404.44 379.9 821.6 1201.5 0.01870 1.77418265.0 250.3 406.13 381.7 820.0 1201.7 0.01873 1.74157270.0 255.3 407.80 383.6 818.3 1201.9 0.01875 1.71013
275.0 260.3 409.45 385.4 '816.7 1202.1 0.01878 1.67978280:0 265.3 411.07 387.1 815.1 1202.3 0.01880 1.65049285.0 270.3 412.67 388.9 813.6 1202.4 0.01882 1.62218290.0 275.3 414.25 390.6 812.0 1202.6 0.01885 1.59482295.0 280.3 415.81 392.3 810.4 1202.7 0.01887 1.56835
300.0 285.3 417.35 394.0 808.9 1202.9 0.01889 1.54274320.0 305.3 423.31 400.5 802.9 1203.4 0.01899 1;44801340.0 325.3 428.99 406.8 797.0 1203.8 0.01908 1.36405360.0 345.3 434.41 412.8 791.3 1204.1 0.01917 1.28910380.0 365.3 439.61 418.6 785.8 1204.4 0.01925 1.22177
400.0 385.3 444.60 424.2 780.4 1204.6 0.01934 1.16095420.0 405.3 449.40 4i9.6 775.2 1204.7 0.01942 1.10573440.0 425.3 454.03 434.8 770.0 1204.8 0.01950 1.05535
460.0 445.3 458.50 439:8 765.0 1204.8 0.01959 1.00921480.0 465.3 462.82 444.7 760.0 1204.8 0.01967 0.96677
500.0 485.3 467.01 449.5 755.1 1204.7 0.01975 0.92762520.0 505.3 471.07 454.2 750.4 1204.5 0.01982 0.89137540.0 525.3 475.01 458.7 745.7 1204.4 0.01990 0.85771560.0 545.3 478.84 463.1 741.0 1204.2 0.01998 0.82637580.0 565.3 482.57 467.5 736.5 1203.9 0.02006 0.79712
600.0 585.3 486.20 471.7 732.0 1203.7 0.02013 0.76975620.0 605.3 489.74 475.8 727.5 1203.4 0.02021 0.74408640.0 625.3 493.19 479.9 723.1 1203.0 0.02028 0.71995660.0 645.3 496.57 483.9 718.8 1202.7 0.02036 0.69724680.0 665.3 499.86 487.8 714.5 1202.3 0.02043 0.67581
700.0 685.3 503.08 491.6 710.2 1201.8 0.02050 0.65556720;0 705.3 506.23 495.4 706.0 1201.4 0.02058 0.63639740;0 725.3 509.32 499.1 701.9 1200.9 0.02065 0.61822760.0 745.3 512.34 502.7 697.7 1200.4 0.02072 0.60097780.0 765.3 515,30 506.3 693.6 1199.9 . 0.02080 0.58457
800.0 785.3 518.21 509.8 689.6 1199.4 0.02087 0.56896820.0 805.3
521.06513.3 685.5 1198.8 0.02094 0.55408
840.0 825.3 523.86 516.7 681.5 1198.2 0.02101 0.53988860.0 845.3 526.60 520.1 677.6 1197.7 0.02109 0.52631880.0 865.3 529.30 523.4 673.6 1197.0 0.02116 0.51333
900.0 885.3 531.95 526.7 669.7 1196.4 0.02123 0.50091920.0 905.3 534.56 530.0 665.8 1195.7 0.02130 0.48901940.0 925.3 537.13 533.2 661.9 1195.1 0.02137 0.47759%0.0 945.3 539.65 536.3 658.0 1194.4 0.02145 0.46662980.0 965.3 542.14 539.5 654.2 1193.7 0.02152 0.45609
1000.0 985.3 544.58 542.6 650.4 1192.9 0.02159 0.445961050.0 1035.3 550.53 550.1 640.9 1191.0 0.02177 0.422241100.0 1085.3 556.28 557.5 631.5 1189.1 0.02195 0.400581150.0 1135.3 561.82 564.8 622.2 1187.0 0.02214 0.380731200.0 1185.3 567.19 571.9 613.0 1184.8 0.02232 0.36245
1250.0 1235.3 572.38 578.8 603.8 1182.6 0.02250 0.345561300.0 1285.3 577.42 585;6 594.6 1180.2 0.02269 0.329911350.0 1335.3 582.32 592.2 585.6 1177.8 0.02288 0.315361400.0 1385.3 587.07 598.8 567.5 1175.3 0.02307 0.301781450.0 1435.3 591.70 605.3 567.6 1172.9 0.02327 0.28909
1500.0 1485.3 596.20 611.7 558.4. 1170.1 0.02346 0.277191600.0 1585.3 604.87 624.2 540.3 1164.5 0.02387 0.255451700.0 1685.3 613.13 636.5 522.2 1158.6 0.02428 0.236071800.0 1785.3 621.02 648.5 503.8 1152.3 0.02472 0.218611900.0 1885.3 628.56 660.4 485.2 1145.6 0.02517 0.20278
2000.0 1985.3 635.80 672.1 466.2 1138.3 0.02565 0.188312100.0 2085.3 642.76 683.8 446.7 1130.5 0.02615 0.175012200.0 2185.3 649.45 695.5 426.7 1122.2 0.02669 0.162722300.0 2285.3 655.89 707.2 406.p 1113.2 0.02727 0.151332400.0 2385.3 662.11 719.0 384.8 1103.7 0.02790 0.14076
I,/
2500.0 2485.3 668.11 731.7 361.6 1093.3 0.02859 0.130682600.0 2585.3 673.91 744.5 337.6 1082.0 0.02938 0.121102700.0 2685.3 679.53 757.3 312.3 1069.7 0.03029 0.111942800.0 2785.3 684.96 770.7 285.1 1055.8 0.03134 0.103052900.0 2885.3 690.22 785.1 254.7 1039.8 0.03262 0.09420
3000.0 2985.3 695.33 801.8 218.4 1020.3 0.03428 0.085003100.0 3085.3 700.28 824.0 169.3 993.3 0.03681 0.074523200.0 3185.3 705.08 875.5 56.1 931.6 0.04472 0.05663
3208.2 3193.5 705.47 906.0 0.0 906.0 0.05078 0.05078 67
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68
Pressure Sat.
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM*
v=speciflc volume, cubic feet per pound
hg= otal heat of steam, Btu per pound
Lbs. r,;r Temp. Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t )
Sq . n.Abs. Gage
3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
pi P t
15.0 0.3 213.03 V 31.939 33.963 37.985 41.986 45.978 49.964 53.946hg 1216.2 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8 1433.2 1483.4
20.0 5.3 227.96 V 23.900 25.428 28.457 31.466 34.465 37.458 40.447hg 1215.4 1239.2 1286.9 1334.9 1383.5 1432.9 1483.2
30.0 15.3 250.34 V- 15.859 16.892 18.929 20.945 22.951 24.952 26.949hg 1213.6 1237.8 1286.0 1334.2 1383.0 1432.5 1482.8
40.0 25.3 267.25 V- 11.838 12.624 14.165 15.685 17.195 18.699 20.199hg 1211.7 1236.4 1285.0 1333.6 1382.5 1432.1 1482.5
50.0 35.3 281.02 V- 9.424 10.062 11.306 12.529 13.741 14.947 16.150hg 1209.9 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9 1382.0 1431.7 1482.2
60.0 45.3 292.71 V 7.815 8.354 9.400 10.425 11.438 12.446 13.450hg 1208.0 1233.5 1283.2 1332.3 1381.5 1431.3 1481.8
70.0 55.3 302.93 V- 6.664 7.133 8.039 8.922 9.793 10.659 11.522hg 1206.0 1232.0 1282.2 1331.6 1381.0 1430.9 1481.5
80.0 65.3 312.04 V- 5.801 6.218 7.018 7.794 8.560 9.319 10.075hg 1204.0 1230.5 1281.3 1330.9 1380.5 1430.5 1481.1
90.0 75.3 320.28 V 5.128 5.505 6.223 6.917 7.600 8.277 8.950hg 1202.0 1228.9 1280.3 1330.2 1380.0 1430.1 1480.8
100.0 85.3 327.82 V 4.590 \4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833 7.443 8.050hg 1199.9 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5 1429.7 1480.4
120.0 105.3 341.27 V- 3.7815 4.0786 4.6341 5.1637 5.6813 6.1928 6.7006hg 1195.6 1224.1 1277.4 1328.2 1378.4 1428.8 1479.8
140.0 125.3 353.04
V. . . 3.4661 3.9526 4.4119 4.8588 5.2995 5.7364
hg .. . 1220.8 1275.3 1326.8 1377.4 1428.0 1479.1
160.0 145.3 363.55 V .. . 3.0060 3.4413 3.8480 4.2420 4.6295 5.0132hg ... 1217.4 1273.3 1325.4 1376.4 1427.2 1478.4
180.0 165.3 373.08 V ... 2.6474 3.0433 3.4093 3.7621 4.1084 4.4508hg ... 1 2 1 3 . ~ 1271.2 1324.0 1375.3 1426.3 1477.7
200.0 185.3 381.80 V .. . 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783 3.6915 4.0008hg .. . 1210.1 1269.0 1322.6 1374.3 1425.5 1477.0
220.0 205.3 389.88 V .. . 2.1240 2.4638 2.7710 3.0642 3.3504 3.6327hg ... 1206.3 1266.9 1321.2 1373.2 1424.7 1476.3
240.0 225.3 397.39 V .. . 1.9268 2.2462 2.5316 2.8024 3.0661 3.3259hg .. . 1202.4 1264.6 1319.7 1372.1 1423.8 1475.6
260.0 245.3 404.44 V- ... . .. 2.0619 2.3289 2.5808 2.8256 3.0663hg .. . .. . 1262.4 1318.2 1371.1 1423.0 1474.9
280.0 265.3 411.07 V .. . .. . 1.9037 2.1551 2.3909 2.6194 2.8437hg .. . .. . 1260.0 1316.8 1370.0 1422.1 1474.2
300.0 285.3 417.35 V .. . ... 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263 2.4407 2.6509hg .. . .. . 1257.7 1315.2 1368.9 1421.3 1473.6
320.0 305.3 423.31 V- .. . .. . 1.6462 1.8725 2.0823 2.2843 2.4821hg .. . ... 1255.2 1313.7 1367.8 1420.5 1472.9
340.0 325.3 428.99 V- .. . .. . 1.5399 1.7561 1.9552 2.1463 2.3333hg .. . .. . 1252.8 1312.2 1366.7 1419.6 1472.2
360.0 345.3 434.41 V- .. . ... 1.4454 1.6525 1.8421 2.0237 2.2009hg .. . .. . 1250.3 1310.6 1365.6 1418.7 1471.5
*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1%7) with permission of the publisher, theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017.
10000 11000
57.926 61.9051534.5 1586.5
43.435 46.4201534.3 1586.3
28.943 30.9361534.0 1586.1
21.697 23.1941533.7 1585.8
17.350 18.5491533.4 1585.6
14.452 15.4521533.2 1585.j
12.382 13.2401532.9 1585.1
10.829 11.5811532.6 1584.9
9.621 10.2901532.3 1584.6
8.655 9.2581532.0 1584.4
7.2060 7.70%1531.4 1583.9
6.1709 6.60361530.8 1583.4
5.3945 5.77411530.3 1582.9
4.7907 5.12891529.7 1582.4
4.3077 4.61281529.1 1581.9
3.9125 4.19051528.5 1581.4
3.5831 3.83851527.9 1580.9
3.3044 3.54081527.3 1580,4
3.0655 3.28551526.8 1579.9
2.8585 3.06431526.2 1579.4
2.6774 2.87081525.6 1578.9
2.5175 2.70001525.0 1578.4
2.3755 2.54821542.4 1577.9
13000 15000
69.858 77.8071693.2 1803.4
52.388 58.3521693.1 1803.3
34.918 38.8961692.9 1803.2
26.183 29.1681692.7 1803.0
20.942 23.3321692.5 1802.9
17.448 19.4411692.4 1802.8
14.952 16.6611692.2 1802.6
13.081 14.5771692.0 1802.5
11.625 12.9561691.8 1802.4
10.460 11.6591691.6 1802.2
8.7130 9.71301691.3 1802.0
7.46528.32331690.9 1801.7
6.5293 7.28111690.5 1801.4
5.8014 6.47041690.2 1801.2
5.2191 5.82191689.8 1800.9
4.7426 5.29131689.4 1800.6
4.3456 4.84921689.1 1800.4
4.0097 4.47501688.7 1800.1
3.7217 4.15431688.4 1799.8
3.4721 3.87641688.0 1799.6
3.2538 3.63321687.6 1799.3
3.0611 3.41861687.3 1799.0
2.8898 3.22791686.9 1798.8
(continued on
'he neld page)
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Pressure
Lbs. pe rSq. In .
Abs. Gagepi P
380.0 365.3
400.0 385.3
420.0 405.3
440.0 425.3
460.0 445.3
480.0 465.3
500.0 485.3
520.0 505.3
540.0 525.3
560.0 545.3
580.0 565.3
600.0 585.3
650.0 635.3
700.0 685.3
750.0 735.3
800.0 785.3
850.0 835.3
900.0 885.3
950.0 935.3
1000.0 985.3
1050.0 1035.3
1100.0 1085.3
1150.0 1135.3
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM-CONTINUED
Sat.
Temp.
5000
t
439.61 V- 1.3606
hg 1247.7
444.60 V- 1.2841
hg 1245.1
449.40 V- 1.2148
hg 1242.4
454.03 V 1.1517
hg 1239.7
458.50 V- 1.0939
hg 1236.9
462.82 V- 1.0409hg 1234.1
467.01 V- 0.9919hg 1231.2
471.07 V- 0.9466hg 1228.3
475.01 V- 0.9045hg 1225.3
478.84 V 0.8653hg 1222.2
482.57 V- 0.8287hg 1219.1
486.20 V- 0.7944hg 1215.9
494.89 V 0.7173hg 1207.6
503.08 V- ' ..
hg " .
510.84 V- " ,
hg " ,
518.21 V ' ..
hg ' ..
525.24 V- ., .hg ., .
531.95 V-.. ,
hg '.
538.39 V , '.bg ...
544.58 V ...hg ., ,
550.53 V ., .hg ., .
556.28 V " .hg ...
561.82 V .hg ...
v= speciflc volume, cubic feet per pound
hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound
Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t )
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
1.5598 1.7410 1.9139 2.0825 2.2484 2.4124 2.5750 2.73661309.0 1364.5 1417.9 1470.8 1523.8 1577.4 1631.6 1686.5
1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 1.9759 2.1339 2.2901 2.4450 2.59871307.4 1363.4 1417.0 1470.1 1523.3 1576.9 1631.2 1686.2
1.4007 1.5676 1.7258 1.8795 2.0304 2.1795 2.3273 2.47391305.8 1362.3 1416.2 1469.4 1522.7 1576.4 1630.8 1685.8
1.3319 1.4926 1.6445 1.7918 1.9363 2.0790 2.2203 2.36051304.2 1361.1 1415.3 1:468.7 1522.1 1575.9 1630.4 1685.5
1.2691 1.4242 1.5703 1.7117 1.8504 1.9872 2.1226 2.25691302,.5 1360.0 1414.4 1468.0 1521.5 1575.4 1629.9 1685.1
1.2115 1.3615 1.5023 1.6384 1.7716 1.9030 2.0330 2.16191300.8 1358.8 1413.6 1467.3 15io.9 1574.9 1629.5 1684.7
1.1584 1.3037 1.4397 1.5708 1.6992 1.8256 1.9507 2.07461299.1 1357.7 1412.7 1466.6 1520.3 1574.4 1629.1 1684.4
1.1094 1.2504 1.3819 1.5085 1.6323 1;7542 1.8746 1.99401297.4 1356.5 1411.8 1465.9 1519.7 1573.9 1628.7 1684.0
1.0640 1.2010 1.3284 1.4508 1.5704 1.6880 1.8042 1.91931295.7 1355.3 1410.9 1465.1 1519.1 1573.4 1628.2 1683.6
1.02i7 1.1552 1.2787 1.3972 1.5129 1.6266 1.7388 1.85001 2 9 3 ~ 9 1354.2 1410.0 1464.4 1518.6 1572.9 1627.8 1683.3
0.9824 1.1125 1.2324 1.3473 1.4593 1.5693 1.6780 1.78551292.1 1353.0 1409.2 1463.7 1518.0 1572.4 1627.4 1682.9
0.9456 1.0726 1.1892 1.3008 1.4093 1.5160 1.6211 1.72521290.3 1351.8 1408.3 1463.0 1517.4 1571.9 1627.0 1682.6
0.8634 0.9835 1.0929 1.1969 1.2979 1.3969 1.4944 1.59091285.7 1348.7 1406.0 1461.2 1515.9 1570.7 1625.9 1681.6
0.7928 0.9072 1.0102 1.1078 1.2023 1.2948 1.3858 1.47571281.0 1345.6 1403.7 1459.4 1514.4 1569.4 1624.8 1680.7
0.7313 0.8409 0.9386 1.0306 1.1195 1.2063 1.2916 1.37591276.1 1342.5 1401.5 1457.6 1512.9 1568.2 1623.8 1679.8
0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631 1.0470 1.1289 1.2093 1.28851271.1 1339.3 1399.1 1455.8 1511.4 1566.9 1622.7 1678.9
0.6296 0.7315 0.8205 0.9034 0.9830 1.0606 1.1366 1.21151265.9 1336.0 1396.8 1454.0 1510.0 1565.7 1621.6 1678.0
0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504 0.9262 0.9998 1.0720 1.14301260.6 1332.7 1394.4 1 ~ 5 2 . 2 1508.5 1564.4 1620.6 1677.1
0.5485 0.6449 0.7272 0.8030 0.8753 0.9455 1.0142 1.08171255.1 1329.3 1392.0 1450.3 1507.0 1563.2 1619.5 1676.2
0.5137 0.6080 0.6875 0.7603 0.8295 0.8966 0.9622 1,02661249.3 1325.9 1389.6 1448.5 1505.4 1561.9 1618.4 1675.3
0.4821 0.5745 0.6515 0.7216 0.7881 0.8524 0.9151 0.97671243.4 1322.4 1387.2 1446.6 1503.9 1560.7 1617.4 1674.4
0.4531 0.5440 0.6188 0.6865 0.7505 0.8121 0.8723 0.93131237.3 1318.8 1384.7 1444.7 1502.4 1559.4 1616.3 1673.5
0.4263 0.5162 0.5889 0.6544 0.7161 0.7754 0.8j32 0.88991230.9 1315.2 1382.2 1442.8 1500.9 1558.1 1615.2 1672.6
14000 15000
2.8973 3.05721742.2 1798.5
2.7515 2.90371741.9 1798.2
2.6196 2.76471741.6 1798.0
2.4998 2.63841741.2 1797.7
2.3903 2.52301740.9 1797.4
2.2900 2.41731740.6 1797.2
2.1977 2.32001740.3 1796.9
2.1125 2.23021740.0 1796.7
. ,"
2.0336 2.14711739.7 1796.4
1.9603 2.06991739.4 1796.1
1.8921 1.99801739.1 1795.9
' 1.8284 1.93091738.8 1795.6
1.6864 1.78131738.0 1794.9
1.5647 1.65301737.2 1794.3
1.4592 1.54191736.4 1793.6
1.3669 1.44461735.7 1792.9
1.2855 1.35881734.9 1792.3
1.2131 1.28251734.1 1791.6
1.1484 1.21431733.3 1791.0
1.0901 1.15291732.5 1790.3
1.0373 1.09731731.8 1789.6
0.9894 1.04681731.0 1789.0
0.9456 1.00071730.2 1788.3
69
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I RANEJ
PressureLbs. perSq. In.
Abs. Gage
pI P
1200.0 1185.3
1300.0 1285.3
··1400.0 1385.3
1500.0 1485.3
1600.0 1585.3
1700.0 1685.3
1800.0 1785.3
1900.0 1885.3
2000.0 1985.3
2100.0 2085.3
2200.0 2185.3
2300.0 2285.3
2400.0 2385.3
2500.0 2485.3
2600.0 2585.3
2700.0 2685.3
2800.0 2785.3
2900.0 2885.3
3000.0 2985.3
3100.0 3085.3
3200.0 3185.3
3300.0 3285.3
3400.0 3385.3.'
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM- CONCLUDED
Sat.Temp.
t650
0 J567.19 V 0.4497
hg 1271.8
577.42 V 0.4052hg 1261.9
587.07 V 0.3667hg 1251.4
596.20 V 0.3328hg 1240.2
604.87 V 0.3026hg 1228.3
613.13 V 0.2754hg 1215.3
621.02 V 0.2505hg 1201.2
628.56 V 0.2274hg 1185.7
635.80 V 0.2056hg 1168.3
642.76 V 0.1847hg 1148.5
649.45 V 0.1636
. hg 1123.9
655.89 V .. .
h4 ...
662.11 V .. .
hg .. .
668.11 V ...hg .. .
673.91 V ...hg .. .
679.53 V ...hg .. .
684.96 V ...hg ...
690.22 V ...hg ...
695.33 V ...hg ...
700.28 V . .hg .. .
705.08 V ...hg " .
... V .. .hg ...
.. . V : ..hg .. .
v=specific volume, cubic feet per pound
hg= otal heat of steam, Btu per pound
Total Temperature-Degrees Fahrenheit (t )
7000 J 7500
80009000
10000 1100012000 l3()(t
0.4905 0.5273 0.5615 0.6250 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 0.85191311.5 1346.9 1379.7 1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2 1671.6
0.4451 0.4804 0.5129 0.5729 0.6287 0.6822 0.7341 0.78471303.9 1340.8 1374.6 1437.1 1496.3 1554.3 1612.0 1669.8
0.4059 0.4400 0.4712 0.5282 0.5809 0.6311 0.6798 0.72721296.1 1334.5 1369.3 1433.2 1493.2 1551.8 1609.9 1668.0
0.3717 0.4049 0.4350 0.4894 0.5394 0.5869 0.6327 0.67731287.9 1328.0 1364.0 1429.2 1490.1 1549.2 1607.7 1666.2
0.3415 0.3741 0.4032 0.4555 0.5031 0.5482 0.5915 0.63361279.4 1321.4 1358.5 1425.2 1486.9 1546.6 1605.6 1664.3
0.3147 0.3468 0.3751 0.4255 0.4711 0.5140 0.5552 0.59511270.5 1314.5 1352.9 1421.2 1483.8 1544.0 1603.4 1662.5
0.2906 0.3223 0.3500 0.3988 0.4426 0.4836 0.5229 0.56091261.1 1307.4 1347.2 1417.1 1480.6 1541.4 1601.2 1660.7
0.2687 0.3004 0.3275 0.3749 0.4171 0.4565 0.4940 0.53031251.3 1300.2 1341.4 1412.9 1477.4 1538.8 1599.1 1658.8
0.2488 0.2805 0.3072 0.3534 0.3942 0.4320 0.4680 0.50271240.9 1292.6 1335.4 1408.7 1474.1 1536.2 1596.9 1657.0
0.i304 0.2624 0.2888 0.3339 0.3734 0.4099 0.4445 0.47781229.8 1284.9 1329.3 1404.4 1470.9 1533.6 1594.7 1655.2
0.2134 0.2458 0.2720 0.3161 0.3545 0.3897 0.42310.45511218.0 1276.8 1323.1 1400.0 1467.6 1530.9 1592.5 1653.3
0.1975 0.2305 0.2566 0.2999 0.3372 0.3714 0.4035 0.43441205.3 1268.4 1316.7 1395.7 1464.2 1528.3 1590.3 1651.5
0.1824 0.2164 0.2424 0.2850 0.3214 0.3545 0.3856 0.41551191.6 1259.7 1310.1 1391.2 1460.9 1525.6 1588.1 1649.6
0.1681 0.2032 0.2293 0.2712 0.3068 0.3390 0.3692 0.39801176.7 1250.6 1303.4 1386.7 1457.5 1522.9 1585.9 1647.8
0.1544 0.1909 0.2171 0.2585 0.2933 0.3247 0.3540 0.38191160.2 1241.1 1296.5 1382.1 1454.1 1520.2 1583.7 1646.0
0.1411 0.1794 0.2058 0.2468 0.2809 0.3114 0.3399 0.36701142.0 1231.1 1289.5 1377.5 1450.7 1517.5 1581.5 1644.1
0.1278 0.1685 0.1952 0.2358 0.2693 0.2991 0.3268 0.35321121.2 1220.6 1282.2 1372.8 1447.2 1514.8 1579.3 1642.2
0.1138 0.1581 0.1853 0.2256 0.2585 0.2877 0.3147 0.34031095.3 1209.6 1274.7 1368.0 1443.7 1512.1 1577.0 1640.4
0.0982 0.1483 0.1759 0.2161 0.2484 0.2770 0.3033 0.32821060.5 1197.9 1267.0 1363.2 1440.2 1509.4 1574.8 1638.5
... 0.1389 0.1671 0.2071 0.2390 0.2670 0.2927 0.3170
., . 1185.4 1259.1 1358.4 1436.7 1506.6 1572.6 1636.7
. . 0.1300 0.1588 0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827 0.3065
. . 1172.3 1250.9 1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3 1634.8
. .. 0.1213 0.1510 0.1908 0.2218 0.2488 0.2734 0.2966
. . 1158.2 1242.5 1348.4 1429.5 1501.0 1568.1 1623.9
. . 0.1129 0.1435 0.1834 0.2140 0.2405 0.2646 0.2872
... 1143.2 1233.7 1343.4 1425.9 1498.3 1565.8 1631.1,
14000 15000
0.9055 0.95841729.4 1787.6
0.8345 0.88361727.9 1786.3
0.7737 0.81951726.3 1785.0
0.7210 0.76391724.8 1783.7
0.6748 0.71531723.2 1782.3
0.6341 0.67241721.7 1781.0
0.5980 0.63431720.1 1779.7
0.5656 0.60021718.6 1778.4
0.5365 0.56951717.0 1777.1
0.5101 0.54181715.4 1775.7
0.4862 0.51651713.9 1774.4
0.4643 0.49351712.3 1773.1
0.4443 0.47241710.8 1771.8
0.4259 0.45291709.2 1770.4
0.4088 0.43501707.7 1769.1
0.3931 0.41841706.1 1767.8
0.3785 0.40301704.5 1766.5
0.3649 0.38871703.0 1765.2
0.3522 0.37531701.4 1763.8
0.3403 0.36281699.8 1762.5
0.3291 0.35101698.3 1761.2
0.3187 0.34001696.7 1759.9
0.3088 0.32961695.1 ,1758.5
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PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM AND COMPRESSEDWATER*
v = specific volume, cubic feet per pound
hg= total heat of steam, Btu per pound
Absolute
Total Temperature-Degrees· Fahrenheit (t )Pressure
Lbs. pe r2000 4000
5000 6000
7000
8000
9000
10000 11000
Sq. In .
35.0.0 V .0.0164 .0 . 0183 0 0199 0 0225 0.03.07 .0.1364 .0.1764 .0.2066 .0.2326hg 176•0 379.1 487.6 6.08.4 779.4 1224.6 1338.2 1422.2 1495.5
3600 V .0.0164 .0.0183 0.0198 0 0225 0.03.02 .0.1296 .0.1697 .0.1996 .0.2252hg 176.3 379.3 487.6 6.08.1 775.1 1215.3 1333 •0 1418.6 1492.6
380.0 V 0.0164 0.0183 0.0198 0.0224 0.0294 .0.1169 0.1574 .0.1868 0.2116hg 176.7 379.5 487.7 6.07.5 768.4 1195.5 1322.4 1411.2 1487.0
400.0 V 0.0164 .0.0182 .0.0198 0.0223 0 0287 .0.1052 0.1463 .0.1752 .0.1994hg 177.2 379.8 487.7 6.06.9 763.0 1174.3 1311.6 1403.6 1481.3
4200 V 0.0164 .0 . 0182 .0.0197 .0• 0222 0.0282 .0.0945 .0.1362 .0.1647 .0.1883hg 177.6 380.1 487.8 606.4 758.6 1151.6 130.0.4
1396.0 1475.54400 V 0.0164 .0.0182 0.0197 0 •0222 0.0278 .0.0846 .0.127.0 .0.1552 .0.1782
hg 178.1 380.4 487.9 6.05.9 754.8 1127.3 1289 0 1388.3 1469.7
460.0 V 0.0164 .0.0182 0.0197 .0.0221 0.0274 .0.0751 0.1186 .0.1465 .0.1691hg 178.5 38.0.7 487.9 6.05.5 751.5 1100.0 1277.2 138.0.5 1463.9
4800 V .0.0164 .0 . 0182 0 0196 .0•022.0 0 0271 .0 . 0665 .0.1109 .0.1385 .0.16.06hg 179.0 380.9 488.0 605.0 748.6 1071.2 1265.2 1372.6 1458.0
52.0.0 V .0.0164 0.0181 0.0196 0.0219 0.0265 0.0531 0.0973 0.1244 .0.1458hg 179.9 381.5 488.2 604.3 743.7 1016.9 1240.4 1356.6 1446.2
5600 V 0.0163 .0.0181 0.0195 .0.0217 0.0260 0.0447 0.0856 0.1124 .0.1331hg 180.8 382.1 488.4 603.6 739.6 975.0 1214.8 1340.2 1434.3
6000 V 0.0163 .0.0180 0.0195 0.0216 0.0256 0.0397 0.0757 0.1020 0.1221hg 181.7 382.7 488.6 602.9 736.1 945.1 1188.8 1323.6 1422.3
6500 V 0.0163 .0.0180 0.0194 0.0215 0.0252 0.0358 0.0655 0.0909 .0.1104hg 182.9 383.4 488.9 602.3 732.4 919.5 1156.3 1302.7 1407.3
7000 V 0.0163 .0.0180 .0.0193 0.0213 0.0248 0.0334 0.0573 0.0816 .0.10.04hg 184.0 384.2 489.3 601.7 729.3 901.8 1124.9 1281.7 1392.2
7500 V 0.0163 .0.0179 0.0193 0.0212 0.0245 0.0318 0.0512 0.0737 0;0918hg 185.2 384.9 489.6 601.3 726.6 889.0 1097.7 1261.0 1377.2
8000 V 0.0162 .0.0179 0.0192 0.0211 0.0242 0.0306 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845hg 186.3 385.7 490.0 600.9 724.3 879.i 1.074.3 1241.0 1362.2
9.0.0.0 V .0• 0162 .0 . 0178 .0.0191 0.0209 0.0237 0.0288 .0.0402 .0 . 0568 .0 . 0724
hg 188.6 387.3 490.9 60.0.3 720.4 864.7 1037.6 1204.1 1333.0
10000 V 0.0161 0.0177 .0.0189 0.0207 0.0233 0.0276 0.0362 0.0495 .0 . 0633
hg 19.0.9 388.9 491.8 6.0.0•0 717.5 854.5 1.011.3 1172.6 1305.3
11.00.0 V .0• 0161 .0.0176 .0 . 0188 0 •02.05 0 •0229 .0•0267 .0.0335 .0 •0443 .0 . 0562
hg 193.2 39.0.5 492.8 599.9 715.1 846.9 992.1 1146.3 1280.2
12.00.0 V .0.0161 .0 . 0176 0 0187 .0. 02.03 0 •0226 .0.026.0 .0 . 0317. .0.04.05 .0 . 0508
hg 195.5 392;1 493.9 599.9 713.3 841..0 977.8 1124.5 1258.0
13.00.0 V .0• 016.0 .0.0115 .0 . 0186 0 0201 0.0223 .0.0253 .0.03.02 0 0376 .0 . 0466
hg 197.8 393;8 495.0 60.0.1 711.9 836.3 966.8 1106.7 1238.5
14.0.0.0 V .0•016.0 .0 . 0174 .0 . 0185 .0. 02.0.0 0.022.0 .0•0248 0.0291 .0•0354 .0 . 0432
hg 20.0.1 395.5 496.2 600.5 71.0.8 832.6 958 . 0 1.092.3 1221.4
1500.0 V .0• 0159 .0.0174 .0•0184 .0•0198 .0. 0218 0.0244 .0.0282 .0 . 0337 .0•0405
hg 2.02.4 3 9 7 ~ 2 497.4 6.0.0.9 71.0 •0 829.5 95.0.9 1.08.0.6 12.06.8
155.0.0 V .0• 0159 .0 . 0173 0 0184 .0•0198 .0•0217 0 0242 .0.0278 .0 . 0329 .0•0393
hg 2.03.6 398.1 498.1 6.01.2 7.09.7 828.2 947.8 1.075.7 12.00.3
*Abstracted from ASME Steam Tables (1967) with permission of the publisher, The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street. New York, N. Y.1.0.017
12000
.0.25631563.6
.0.24851561.3
0.23401556.8
.0.221.0
1552.2
.0.2.093
1547.6.0.19861543.0
.0.18891538.4
.0.18.0.0
1533.8
0.16421524.5
0.15081515.2
0.13911505.9
0.12661494.2
0.11601482.6
0.10681471.0
0.09891459.6
0 0858
1437.1
.0 . 0757
1415.3
.0.0676
1394.4
.0.061.0
1374.7
0 0558
1356.5
0 • 0515
134.0.2
0 0479
1326 0
.0 . 0464
1319.6
13000
14000
.0.2784 .0.29951629.2 1693.6
.0.2702 0.29081627.3 1692 0
.0.2549 0.27461623.6 1688.9
0.2411 0.26011619.8 1685.7
.0.2287 0.2470
1616.1 1682.6.0.2174 .0.23511612.3 1679.4
.0.2071 .0.22421608.5 1676.3
.0.1977 0.21421604.7 1673.1
.0.1810 0.19661597.2 1666.8
.0.1667 0.18151589.6 1660.5
.0.1544 0.16841582.0 1654.2
.0.1411 0.15441572.5 1646.4
0.1298 0.14241563.1 1638.6
0.1200 0.13211553.7 1630.8
0.1115 0.12301544.5 1623.1
0.0975 0.10811526.3 1607.9
.0.0865 .0 . 0963
1508.6 1593.1
.0.0776 .0 . 0868
1491.5 1578.7
0 07.04 0 079.0
1475.1 1564.9
.0.0645 .0 . 0725
1459.4 1551.6
0.0595 .0 . 0670
1444.4 1538.8
.0.0552 .0 . 0624
143.0.3 1526.4
.0 . 0534 .0.06.03
1423.6 1520.4
15000
0.31981757.2
0.31061755 .9
0.29361753.2
0.27831750.6
0.2645
1748.0
0.25191745.3
0.24.041742.7
0.22991740 0
0.21141734.7
0.19541729.5
0.18171724.2
0.16691717.6
0.15421711.1
0.14331704.6
0.13381698.1
0.11791685.3
0.10541672.8
0 0952
166.0.6
.0 . 08691648.8
.0 . 07991637.4
.0.074.0
1626.5
.0.069.0
1615.9
.0.0668161.0.8
71
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72
EQUIVALENTs-GENERAL
Measure
1 in . 25.4 mm
Weight
1 kg = 2.205 lb
1 in .
Im m
Im m
1 cu in . of water (60 F) = 0.073551 cu in . of mercury (32 F)
1 cu in. of mercury (32 F) = 13.596 cu in . of water (60 F)
1 micron =
2.54 cm
0.03937 in .0.00328 ft0.000001 meter
1 cu in. of mercury (32 F) = 0.4905 lb
1 torr 1 mm mercury10- 8 torr = 1 atom mercury
1 ft1 ft
= 304.8 mm30.48 cm
Velocity
1 sq . in .1 sq cm1 sq cm1 sq ft
6.4516 sq cm0.155 sq in .0.00108 sq ft
= 929.03 sq cm
1 ft per sec = 0.3048 m pe r sec1 m per sec = 3.2808 ft per sec
Density
Circumferenceof a ci!-cle = 21Tr = 1Td
1Td2Area of a circle = 7rr2 = ""4
l ib per cu in . = 27.68 gram per cu cm
1 gr pe r cu cm = 0.03613 Ib pe r cu in .
1 Ib pe r cu ft = 16.0184 kg per cu m
1 kg pe r cu m = 0.06243 Ib pe r cu ft
Physical Constants
Base of Natural Logarithms (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . 2.7182818285
Acceleration of Gravity (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.174 ft/sec 2 ••••••••••• (980.665 cm/sec')
Pi (1T). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.1415926536
DegreesKelvin
Absolute Zero... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 0Water Freezing Point (14.696 psia) . . . . . . . 273.15Water Boiling Point (14.696 psia) . . . . . . . 373.15
Equivalents of Temperature
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit:
t = 1.8 tc + 32
DegreesRankine
o491.67
671.67
DegreesCelsius
- 273.15
o100
DegreesFahrenheit
- 459.6732
212
To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:
t -3 2
tc = --r:s- Where: te = temperature, in degrees Celsius
Prefixes
atto••.. . a ••.. one·quintillionth •.• .••••.• .• .• . . - ••.•
femto•. • f • . . . one.quadrillionth . . . . .• . . . .• .•• . . .• . .
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 . . . 10 -18
0.000 000 000 000 001 •••••••10 -15
pico . . . . p . . . . one.trillionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 000 001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -12
nano . . . n . . . . one.billionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 001. . • . . ••••••• .•••10-9
micro . p.••••
one'l;llillionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 001 . . . . . • .• .• •••• . .• . . • 10 -6
milli •.•. m •. . one. thousandth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001
centi •••• c .•••one.hundredth.. • .• . . • .• • . . . . • .• . . • • . 0.01
deci. . . . d . . . . one· ten th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 0.1
uni. •••••••••one. • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . . 1.0
deka . . . . da . . ten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0
hecto .• •h . . . . one hundred ••••••.•••••.••••••••••• 100.0
kilo •••.• k .••• one thousand••..•••.••••.••••••..•• 1 000.0
mega •• •M ••• one million ••.•••••••.•••••.••• 1 000 000.0
giga. . . . . G . . . one billion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000000000.0
tera . . . . .T •• •one trillion. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000 000 000 000.0
••••• , •••••••• .•••••10 -8
•••••.• .••••••••••. . 10-2
• .•• , ••. . .•••••••••• 10 -1
••.•••.•••.••••.•••• 100. . 'I . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . 101
•..•••••••••••••••••102
•••••••••••••••••••• lOS
••••• .••••••••••••••105
. •••••••••••••••••••109
•• II ••••••••••••••••1012
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TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
-459.40to 00
10to 600
610to 2900
3000to 8900
9000to 30000
c
-273-268
-262
-257
-251
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
-190
-184-179
-173
-169
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-112
-107
-101- 96- 90
- 84
- 79- 73- 68
- 62
- 57- 51
- 46- 40- 34
- 29- 23- 17.8
I ~ I F c I ~ I F c I ~ I F c I ~ I F c
-459.4-450
-440
-430
-420
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-310
-300-290
-280
-273
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
- 90- 80
- 70- 60- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20- 10
0
-17.2 1 33.8 16.1 61 141.8 149 300 572 482-16.7 2 35.6 16.7 62 143.6 154 310 590 488-16.1 3 37.4 17.2 63 145.4 160 320 608 493-15.6 4 39.2 17.8 64 147.2 166 330 626 499-15.0 5 41.0 18.3 65 149.0 171 340 644 504
-14.4 6 42.8 18.9 66 150.8 177 350 662 510-13.9 7 44.6 19.4 67 152.6 182 360 680 516-13.3 8 46.4 20.0 68 154.4 188 370 698 521-12.8 9 48.2 20.6 69 156.2 193 380 716 527-12.2 10 50.0 21.1 70 158.0 199 390 734 532
-11.7 11 51.8 21.7 71 159.8 204 400 752 538-11.1 12 53.6 22.2 72 161.6 210 410 770 549-10.6 13 55.4 22.8 73 163.4 216 420 788 560-10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806 571- 9.4 15 59.0 23.9 75 167.0 227 440 824 582
- 8.9 16 60.8 24.4 76 168.8 232 450 842 593
- 8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 238 460 860 604- 7.8 18 64.4 25.6 78 172.4 243 470 878 616- 7.2 19 66.2 26.1 79 174.2 249 480 896 627
-459.4 - 6.7 20 68.0 26.7 80 176.0 254 490 914 638
-454 - 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 260 500 932 649-436 - 5.6 22 71.6 27.8 82 179.6 266 510 950 660-418 - 5.0 23 73.4 28.3 83 181.4 271 520 968 671-400 - 4.4 24 75.2 28.9 84 183.2 277 530 986 682-382 - 3.9 25 77.0 29.4 85 185.0 282 540 1004 693
-364 - 3.3 26 78.8 30.0 86 186.8 288 550 1022 704-346 - 2.8 27 80.6 30.6 87 188.6 293 560 1040 732-328 - 2.2 28 82.4 31.1 88 190.4 299 570 1058 760-310 - 1.7 29 84.2 31.7 89 192.2 304 580 1076 788-292 - 1.1 30 86.0 32.2 90 194.0 310 590 1094 816
-274 - 0.6 31 87.8 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112 843-256 0.0 32 89.6 33.3 92 197.6 321 610 1130 871
-238 0.6 33 91.4 33.9 93 199.4 327 620 1148 899-220 1.1 34 93.2 34.4 94 201.2 332 630 1166 927-202 1.7 35 95 • 0 35.0 95 203.0 338 640 1184 954
-184 2.2 36 96.8 35.6 96 204.8 343 650 1202 982-166 2.8 37 98.6 36.1 97 206.6 349 660 1220 1010-148 3.3 38 100.4 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 1038-130 3.9 39 102.2 37.2 99 210.2 360 680 1256 1066-112 4.4 40 104.0 37.8 100 212.0 366 690 1274 1093
- 94 5.0 41 105.8 43 110 230 371 700 1292 1121- 76 5.6 42 107.6 49 120 248 377 710 1310 1149- 58 6.1 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328 1177- 40 6.7 44 111.2 60 140 284 388 730 1346 1204- 22 7.2 45 113.0 66 150 302 393 740 1364 1232
- 4 7.8 46 114.8 71 160 320 399 750 1382 126014 8.3 47 116.6 77 170 338 404 760 1400 128832 8.9 48 118.4 82 180 356 410 770 1418 1316
9.4 49 120.2 88 190 374 416 780 1436 134310.0 50 122.0 93 200 392 421 790 1454 1371
10.6 51 123.8 99 210 410 427 800 1472 139911.1 52 125.6 100 212 413.6 432 810 1490 142711.7 53 127.4 104 220 428 438 820 1508 145412.2 54 129.2 110 230 446 443 830 1526 148212.8 55 131.0 116 240 464 449 840 1544 1510
13.3 56 132.8 121 250 482 454 850 1562 153813.9 57 134.6 127 260 500 460 860 1580 156614.4 58 136.4 132 270 518 466 870 1598 159315.0 59 138.2 138 280 536 471 880 1616 162115.6 60 140.0 143 290 554 477 890 1634 1649
Locate temperature In middle column. If In degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalentIn right hand column; If In degrees Fahrenheit, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
I ~ I F
900 1652910 1670
920 1688930 1706
940 1724
950 1742
960 1760970 1778
980 1796990 1814
1000 1832
1020 18681040 19041060 1940
1080 1976
1100 2012
1120 20481140 20841160 21201180 2156
1200 21921220 22281240 2264
1260 2300
1280 2336
1300 2372
1350 24621400 25521450 26421500 2732
1550 2822
1600 2912
1650 30021700 3092
1750 3182
1800 32721850 33621900 3452
1950 3542
2000 3632
2050 37222100 3812
2150 3902
2200 39922250 4082
2300 41722350 4262
2400 4352
2450 44422500 4532
2550 46222600 47122650 4802
2700 48922750 4982
2800 5072
2850 51622900 5252
2950 53423000 5432
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LINEAR CONVERSION
Fractions of an InchTo Decimals of an Inch and to Millimeters
Fraction Doclmal Mllllmot.r Fraction Decimal Mllllm.tor
I" . .015625 0.39688 3%, .515625 13.09690
1h2 .03125 0.79375 1%2 .53125 13.49378
%, .046875 1.19063 3%. .546875 13.89065
Ilt6 .0625 1.58750 %6 .5625 14.28753
%, .078125 1.98438 37,. .578125 14.68440
%2 .09375 2.38125 I%Z .59375 15.08128
%. .109375 2.77813 3%, .609375 15.47816
Va ......................... .125 3.17501 %'" .................... .625 15.87503
%, .140625 3.57188 '1/64 .640625 16.27191
%z .15625 3.96876 21hz .65625 16.66878
1%. .171875 4.36563 '% , .671875 17.06566
3/16 .1875 4.76251 I1lt6 .6875 17.46253
1%, .203125 5.15939 '5/64 .703125 17.85941
%z .21875 5.55626 23/3Z .71875 18.25629
1%, .234375 5.95314 '7/64 .734375 18.653161/.& ... ................ ..... .25 6.35001 % " ....................... .75 19.05004
1%. .265625 6.74689 49/64 .765625 19.44691
%z .28125 7.14376 2%Z .78125 19.843791%, .296875 7.54064 5%. .796875 20.24066
5;16 .3125 7.93752 l3lt6 .8125 20.63754
21", .328125 8.33439 5%, .828125 21.03442
11/32 .34375 8.73127 Z%z .84375 21.43129
Z%. .359375 9.12814 5%. .859375 21.82817
3fs ..... ................. .375 9.52502 % ........................ .875 22.22504
2%, .390625 9.92189 5%. .890625 22.62192
I%Z .40625 10.31877 29/32 .90625 23.01880.421875 10.71565 5%, .921875 23.41567
7lt6 .4375 11.11252 l5lt6 .9375 23.81255
2%, .453125 11.50940 6%. .953125 24.20942
1%2 .46875 11.90627 31/32 .96875 24.60630
3%. .484375 12.30315 6%. .984375 25.00317
1f2 '0 •••••••••••••••••••••• .5 12.70002 1 • •••••••••••••••••••• 0 o' 1.0 25.40005
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'\
)
0 0.0 1.6 3.2 4.81 25.4 27.0 28.6 30.22 50.8 52.4 54.0 55.63 76.2 77.8 79.4 81.04 101.6 103.2 104.8 106.4
5 127.0 128.6 130.2 131.86 152.4 154.0 155.6 157.27 177.8 179.4 181.0 182.68 203.2 204.8 206.4 208.0
9 228.6 230.2 231.8 233.4
10 254.0 255.6 257.2 258.811 279.4 281.0 282.6 284.212 304.8 306.4 308.0 309.613 330.2 331.8 333.4 335.014 355.6 357.2 358.8 360.4
15 381.0 382.6 384.2 385.816 406.4 4Q8.0 409.6 411.2
)17 431.8 433.4 435.0 436.618 457.2 458.8 460.4 462.019 482.6 484.2 485.8 487.4
20 508.0 509.6 511.2 512.821 533.4 535.0 536.6 538.222 558.8 560.4 562.0 563.623 584.2 585.8 587.4 589.024 609.6 611.2 612.8 614.4
25 635.0 636.6 638.2 639.826 660.4 662.0 663.6 665.227 685.8 687.4 689.0 690.628 711.2 712.8 714.4 716.029 736.6 738.2 739.8 714.4
30 762.0 763.6 765.2 766.831 787.4 789.0 790.6 792.232 812.8 814.4 816.0 817.633 838.2 839.8 841.4 843.034 863.6 865.2 866.8 868.4
35 889.0 890.6 892.2 893.836 914.4 916.0 917.6 919.237 939.8 941.4 943.0 944.638 %5.2 966.8 968.4 970.039 990.6 992.2 993.8 995.4
40 1016.0 1017.6 1019.2 1020.841 1041.4 1043.0 1044.6 1046.242 1066.8 1068.4 1070.0 1071.643 1092.2 1093.8 1095.4 1097.044 1117.6 1119.2 1120.8 1122.4
45 1143.0 1144.6 1146.2 1147.846 1168.4 1170.0 1171.6 1173.247 1193.8 1195.4 1197.0 1198.648 1219.2 1220.8 1222.4 1224.049 1244.6 1246.2 1247.8 1249.4
50 1270.0 1271.6 1273.2 1274.8
6.4
31.857.282.6
108.0
133.4158.8184.2209.6
235.0
260.4285.8311.2336.6362.0
387.4412.8438.2463.6489.0
514.4539.8565.2590.6616.0
641.4666.8692.2717.6743.0
768.4793.8819.2844.6870.0
895.4920.8946.2971.6997.0
1022.41047.81073.21098.61124.0
1149.41174.81200.21225.61251.0
1276.4
LINEAR CONVERSION
7.9
33.358.784.1
109.5
134.9160.3185.7211.1
236.5
261.9287.3312.7338.1363.5
388.9414.3439.7465.1490.5
515.9541.3566.7592.1617.5
642.9668.3693.7719.1744.5
769.9795.3820.7846.1871.5
896.9922.3947.7973;1
998.5
1023.91049.31074.71100.11125.5
115G.91176.31201.71227.11252.5
1277.9
Inches to MIllimeters
(1 inch = 25.4 millimeters)
9.5 11.1 n .7 14.334.9 36.5 38.i 39.760.3 61.9 63.5 65.185.7 87.3 88.9 90.5
111.1 112.7 114.3 115.9
136.5 138.1 139.7 141.3161.9 163.5 165.1 Hi6.7187.3 188.9 190.5 192.1212.7 214.3 215.9 217.5
238.1 239.7 241.3 242.9
263.5 265.1 266.7 268.3288.9 290.5 292.1 293.7314.3 315.9 317.5 319.1339.7 341.3 342.9 344.5365.1 366.7 368.3 369.9
390.5 392.1 393.7 395.3415.9 417.5 419.1 420.7441.3 442.9 444.5 446,1466.7 468.3 469.9 471.5492.1 493.7 495.3 496.9
517.5 519.1 520.7 522.3542.9 544.5 546.1 547.7568.3 569.9 571.5 573.1593.7 595.3 5%.9 598.5619.1 620.7 622.3 623.9
644.5 646.1 647.7 649.3669.9 671.5 673.1 674.7695.3 696.9 698.5 700.1720.7 722.3 723.9 725.5746.1 747.7 749.3 750.9
771.5 773.1 774.7 776.3796.9 798.5 800.1 801.7822.3 823.9 825.5 827.1847.7 849.3 850.9 852.5873.1 874.7 876.3 877.9
898.5 900.1 901.7 903.3923.9 925.5 927.1 928.7949.3 950.9 952.5 954.1974.7 976.3 977.9 979.5
1000.1 1001.7 1003.3 1004.9
1025.5 1027.1 1028.7 1030.31050.9 1052.5 1054.1 1055.71076.3 1077.9 1079.5 1081.11101.7 1103.3 1104.9 1106.5
1127.1 1128.7 1130.3 1131.9
1152.5 1154.1 1155.7 1157.31177.9 1179.5 1181.1 1182.71203.3 1204.9 1206.5 1208.11228.7 1230.3 1231.9 1233.51254.1 1255.7 1257.3 1258.9
1279.5 1281.1 1282.7 1284.3
15.9 17.5 19.1 20.6 22.2 23.841.3 42.9 44.5 46.0 47.6 49.266.7 68.3 69.9 71.4 73.0 74.692.1 93.7 95.3 %.8 98.4 100.0
117.5 119.1 120.7 122.2 123.8 125.4
142.9 144.5 146.1 147.6 149.2 150.8168.3 169.9 171.5 173.0 174.6 176.2193.7 195.3 196.9 198.4 200.0 201.6219.1 220.7 222.3 223.8 225.4 227.0
244.5 246.1 247.7 249.2 250.8 252.4
269.9 271.5 273.1 274.6 276.2 277.8295.3 296.9 298.5 300.0 301.6 303.2320.7 322.3 323.9 325.4 327.0 328.6346.1 347.7 349.3 350.8 352.4 354.037L5 373.1 374.7 376.2 377.8 379.4
396.9 398.5 400.1 401.6 403.2 404.8422.3 423.9 425.5 427.0 428.6 430.2447.7 449.3 450.9 452.4 454.0 455.6473.1 474.7 476.3 477.8 479.4 481.0498.5 500.1 501.7 503.2 504.8 506.4
523.9 525.5 527.1 528.6 530.2 531.8549.3 550.9 552.5 554.0 555.6 557.2574.7 576.3 577.9 579.4 581.0 582.6600.1 601.7 603.3 604.8 606.4 608.0625.5 627.1 628.7 630.2 631.8 633.4
650.9 652.5 654.1 655.6 657.2 658.8676.3 677.9 679.5 681.0 682.6 684.2701.7 703.3 704.9 706.4 708.0 709.6727.1 728.7 730.3 731.8 733.4 735.0752.5 754.1 755.7 757.2 758.8 760.4
777.9 779.5 781.1 782.6 784.2 785.8803.3 804.9 806.5 808.0 809.6 811.2828.7 830.3 831.9 833.4 835.0 836.6854.1 855.7 857.3 858.8 860.4 862.0879.5 881.1 882.7 884.2 885.8 887.4
904.9 906.5 908.1 909.6 911.2 912.8930.3 931.9 933.5 935.0 936.6 938'.2955.7 957.3 958.9 960.4 962.0 963.6981.1 982.7 984.3 985.8 987.4 989.0
1006.5 1008.1 1009.7 1011.2 1012.8 1014.4
1031.9 1033.5 1035.1 1036.6 1038.2 1039.81057.3 1058.9 1060.5 10,62.0 1063.6 1065.21082.7 1084.3 1085.9 1087.4 1089.0 1090.61108.1 1109.7 1111.3 1112.8 1114.4 1116.01133.5 1135.1 1136.7 1138.2 1139.8 1141.4
1158.9 1160.5 1162.1 1163.6 1165.2 1166.81184.3 1185.9 1187.5 1189.0 1190.6 1192.21209.7 1211.3 1212.9 1214.4 1216.0 1217.61235;1 1236.7 1238.3 1239.8 1241.4 1243.01260.5 1262.1 1263.7 1265.2 1266.8 1268.4
1285.9 1287.5 1289.1 1290.6 1292.2 1293.8
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Inches II 0.00 I .01 .02
0.00 0.00 0.25 0.51.10 2.54 2.79 3.05.20 5.08 5.33 5.59.30 7.62 7.87 8.13.40 10.16 10.41 10.67
.50 12.70 12.95 13.21
.60 15.24 15.49 15.75
.70 17.78 18.03 18.29
.80 20.32 20.57 20.83
.90 22.86 23.11 23.37
Millimetersll 0 1 2
0 0.00 0.039 0.07910 0.39 0.43 0.4720 0.79 0.83 0.8730 1.18 1.22 1.2640 1.57 1.61 1.65
50 1.97 2.01 2.0560 2.36 2.40 2.4470 2.76 2.80 2.8380 3.15 3.19 3.23
90 3.54 3.58 3.62
100 3.94 3.98 4.02110 4.33 4.37 4.41120 4.72 4.76 4.80130 5.12 5.16 5.20140 5.51 5.55 5.59
150 5.91 5.94 5.98160 6.30 6.34 6.38170 6.69 6.73 6.77180 7.09 7.13 7.17190 7.48 7.52 7.56
200 7.87 7.91 7.95210 8.27 8.31 8.35220 8.66 8.70 8.74230 9.06 9.09 9.13240 9.45 9.49 9.53
250 9.84 9.88 9.92260 10.24 10.28 1 0 ~ 3 1270 10.63 10.67 10.71280 11.02 11.06 11.10290 11.42 11.46 11.50
300 11.81 11.85 11.89310 12.20 12.24 12.28320 12.60 12.64 12.68330 12.99 13.03 n.07340 13.39 13.43 13.46
350 13.78 13.82 13.86360 14.17 14.21 14.25370 14.57 14.61 14.65380 14.96 15.00 15.04390 15.35 15.39 15.43
76
LINEAR CONVERSION
Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters
(0.10 inch = 2.54 millimeters)
.03 .04 .05 .06
0.76 1.02 1.27 1.523.30 3.56 3.81 4.065.84 6.10 6.35 6.608.38 8.64 8.89 9.14
10.92 11.18 11.43 11.68
13.46 13.72 13.97 14.2216.00 16.26 16.51 16.7618.54 18.80 19.05 19.3021.08 21.34 21.59 21.8423.62 23.88 24.13 24.38
Millimeters to Inches
(1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch)
3 4 5 6
0.118 0.157 0.197 0.2360.51 0.55 0.59 0.630.91 0.94 0.98 1.021.30 1.34 1.38 1.421.69 1.73 1.77 1.81
2.09 2.13 2.17 2.202.48 2.52 2.56 2.602.87 2.91 2.95 2.993.27 3.31 3.35 3.39
3.66 3.70 3.74 3.78
4.06 4.09 4.13 4.174.45 4.49 4.53 4.574.84 4.88 4.92 4.965.24 5.28 5.31 5.355.63 5.67 5.71 5.75
6.02 6.06 6.10 6.146.42 6.46 6.50 6.546.81 6.85 6.89 6.937.20 7.24 7.28 7.327.60 7.64 7.68 7.72
7.99 8.03 8.07 8.118.39 8.43 8.46 8.508.78 8.82 8.86 8.909.17 9.21 9.25 9.299.57 9.61 9.65 9.69
9.96 10.00 10.04 10.0810.35 10.39 10.43 11).4710.75 10.79 10.83 10.8711.14 11.18 11.22 11.2611.54 11.57 11.61 11.65
11.93 11.97 12.01 12.0512.32 12.36 12.40 12.4412.72 12.76 12.80 12.8313.11 13.15 13.19 13.2313.50 13.54 13.58 13.62
13.90 13.94 13.98 14.0214.29 14.33 14.37 14.4114.69 14.72 14.76 14.8015.08 15.12 15.16 15.2015.47 15.51 15.55 15.59
(continued on next page)
.07 .08 .09 II Inches
1.78 2.03 2.29 0.004.32 4.57 4.83 .106.86 7.11 7.37 .209.40 9.65 9.91 .30
11.94 12.19 12.45 .40
14.48 14.73 14.99 .5017.02 17.27 17.53 .6019.56 19.81 20.07 .7022.10 22.35 22.61 .8024.64 24.89 25.15 .90
7 8 9 II Millimeters
0.276 0.315 0.354 00.67 0.71 0.75 101.06 1.10 1.14 201.46 1.50 1.54 301.85 1.89 1.93 40
2.24 2.28 2.32 502.64 2.68 2.72 603.03 3.07 3.11 703.43 3.46 3.50 803.82 3.86 3.90 90
4.21 4.25 4.29 1004.61 4.65 4.69 1105.00 5.04 5.08 1205.39 5.43 5.47 1305.79 5.83 5.87 140
6.18 6.22 6.26 1506.57 6.61 6.65 1606.97 7.01 7.05 1707.36 7.40 7.44 1807.76 7.80 7.83 190
8.15 8.19 8.23 2008.54 8.58 8.62 2108.94 8.98 9.02 2209.33 9.37 9.41 2309.72 9.76 9.80 240
10.12 10.16 10.20 25010.51 10.55 10.59 26010.91 10.94 10.98 27011.30 11.34 11.38 28011.69 11.73 11.77 290
12.09 12.13 12.17 30012.48 12.52 12.56 31012.87 12.91 12.95 32013.27 13.31 13.35 33013.66 13.70 13.74 340
14.06 14.09 14.13 35014.45 14.49 14.53 36014.84 14.88 14.92 37015.24 15.28 15.31 38015.63 15.67 15.71 390
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I RANE®I
LINEAR CONVERSION
Millimeters to Inches-cont.
Millimetersll 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IIMillimeters
400 15.75 15.79 15.83 15.87 15.91 15.94 15.98 16.02 16.06 16.10 400410 16.14 16.18 16.22 16.26 16.30 16.34 16.38 16.42 16.46 16.50 410420 16.54 16.57 16.61 16.65 16.69 16.73 16.77 16.81 16.85 16.89 420430 16.93 16.97 17.01 17.05 17.09 17.13 17.17 17.20 17.24 17.28 430440 17.32 17.36 17.40 17.44 17.48 17.52 17.56 17.60 17.64 17.68 440
450 17.72 17.76 17.80 17.83 17.87 17.91 17.95 17.99 18.03 18.07 450460 18.11 18.15 18.19 18.23 18.27 18.31 18.35 18.39 18.43 18.46 460470 18.50 18.54 18.58 18.62 18.66 18.70 18.74 18.78 18.82 18.86 470480 18.90 18.94 18.98 19.02 19.06 19.09 19.13 19.17 19.21 19.25 480490 19.29 19.33 19.37 19.41 19.45 19.49 19.53 19.57 19.61 19.65 490
500 19.69 19.72 19.76 19.80 19.84 19.88 19.92 19.96 20.00 20.04 500510 20.08 20.12 20.16 20.20 20.24 20.28 20.31 20.35 20.39 20.43 510520 20.47 20.51 20.55 20.59 20.63 20.67 20.71 20.75 20.79 20.83 520530 20.87 20.91 20.94 20.98 21.02 21.06 21.10 21.14 21.18 21.22
530540 21.26 21.30 21.34 21.38 21.42 21.46 21.50 21.54 21.58 21.61 540
550 21.65 21.69 21.73 21.77 21.81 21.85 21.89 21.93 21.97 22.01 550560 22.05 22.09 22.13 22.17 22.20 22.24 22.28 22.32 22.36 22.40 560570 22.44 22.48 22.52 22.56 22.60 22 • 64 22.68 22.72 22.76 22.80 570580 22.83 22.87 22.91 22.95 22.99 23.03 23.07 23.11 23.15 23.19 580590 23.23 23.27 23.31 23.35 23.39 23.43 23.46 23.50 23.54 23.58 590
600 23.62 23.66 23.70 23.74 23.78 23.82 23.86 23.90 23.94 23.98 600610 24.02 24.06 24.09 24.13 24.17 24.21 24.25 24.29 24.33 24.37 610620 24.41 24.45 24.49 24.53 24.57 24.61 24.65 24.68 24.72 24.76 620630 24.80 24.84 24.88 24.92 24.96 25.00 25.04 25.08 25.12 25.16 630640 25.20 25.24 25.28 25.31 25.35 25.39 25.43 25.47 25.51 25.S5 640
650 25.59 25.63 25.67 25.71 25.75 25.79 25.83 25.87 25.91 25.94 650660 25.98 26.02 26.06 26.10 26.14 26.18 26.22 26.26 26.30 26.34 660670 26.38 26.42 26.46 26.50 26.54 26.57 26.61 26.65 26.69 26.73 670680 26.77 26.81 26.85 26.89 26.93 26.97 27.01 27.05 27.09 27.13 680690 27.17 27.20 27.24 27.28 27.32 27.36 27.40 27.44 27.48 27.52 690
700 27.56 27.60 27.64 27.68 27.72 27.76 27.80 27.83 27.87 27.91 700710 27.95 27.99 28.03 28.07 28.11 28.15 28.19 28.23 28.27 28.31 710720 28.35 28.39 28.43 28.46 28.50 28.54 28.58 28.62 28.66 28.70 720730 28.74 28.78 28.82 28.86 28.90 28.94 28.98 29.02 29.06 29.09 730740 29.13 29.17 29.21 29.25 29.29 29.33 29.37 29.41 29.45 29.49 740
750 29.53 29.57 29.61 29.65 29.68 29.72 29.76 29.80 29.84 29.88 750760 29.92 29.96 30.00 30.04 30.08 30.12 30.16 30.20 30.24 30.28 760770 30.31 30.35 30.39 30.43 30.47 30.51 30.55 30.59 30.63 30.67 770780 30.71 30.75 30.79 30.83 30.87 30.91 30.94 30.98 31.02 31.06 780790 31.10 31.14 31.18 31.22 31.26 31.30 31.34 31.38 31.42 31.46 790
800 31.50 31.54 31.57 31.61 31.65 31.69 31.73 31.77 31.81 31.85 800810 31.89 31.93 31.97 32.01 32.05 32.09 32.13 32.17 32.20 32.24 810820 32.28 32.32 32.36 32.40 32.44 32.48 32.52 32.56 32.60 32.64 820830 32.68 32.72 32.76 32.80 32.83 32.87 32.91 32.95 32.99 33.03 830