![Page 1: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Counter to intent Voters’ mental models of alternative counting methods
Dana Chisnell@danachis@ChadButterfly
![Page 2: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Not.
![Page 4: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ranked Choice Voting
Instant Run-off Voting
Fusion or Cumulative Voting
![Page 5: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How are the votes counted?
![Page 6: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ballot design problems are well understood
![Page 7: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ballot design problems are well understood
split contests across columns overvoting
there are responses on both sides of names overvoting
arrows rather than bubbles marking incorrectly
formatting is inconsistent or too consistent undervoting
instructions are complicated or lacking all kinds of crazy things
voters don’t know how to correct their ballots lost votes
![Page 8: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ranked Choice Votingadds a twist
![Page 9: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
San Francisco and Oakland, December 2011
EVN, March 2012
![Page 10: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Portland, Maine 2011
![Page 11: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alameda Co. demo ballot
![Page 12: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Minneapolis 2011
![Page 13: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
New York state demo
![Page 14: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Voter slate
![Page 15: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
How RCV works
![Page 20: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
n=52
![Page 22: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
n=52
![Page 23: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
n=52
Joe
![Page 24: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What we found
![Page 25: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mental models
People make inferences about how things work based on available information and context
![Page 26: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mental models
![Page 27: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mental models
This is what we teach people
![Page 28: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mental models
![Page 29: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mental models
Sometimes it really is this simple - but not in the US
![Page 30: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mental models
Sometimes it really is this simple - but not in the US
![Page 31: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Much more like signing for a mortgage
![Page 33: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
This is the ballot we testNIST medium complexity ballot
![Page 34: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mental models
![Page 35: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Point system
Mental models
![Page 36: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Point system
Weighted
Mental models
![Page 37: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Point system
Weighted
Reversed
Mental models
![Page 38: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Alameda Co. demo ballot
![Page 39: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Alameda Co. demo ballot
![Page 40: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Point / weight system
![Page 41: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Point / weight system
![Page 42: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Point / weight system
![Page 43: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1. Voters develop faulty mental models
![Page 44: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2. Voters don’t understand the consequences of their actions
![Page 45: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
3. Voters vote counter to their intentions
![Page 46: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Portland, Maine 2011
![Page 47: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Top 2 primary
![Page 52: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
![Page 53: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
+ RCV
![Page 54: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
+ RCV+ multi-candidate
![Page 55: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
+ RCV+ multi-candidate
+ retention contests
![Page 56: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
+ RCV+ multi-candidate
+ retention contests+ measures
![Page 57: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Top 2 primary+ regular contests
+ RCV+ multi-candidate
+ retention contests+ measures
6 different models
![Page 58: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
We’re pretty sure there’s a problem
![Page 59: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Implications and outcomes
![Page 60: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Poor design and instructions on ballots makeunderstanding, marking, and casting difficult, time-consuming, and complicated
![Page 61: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Poor design and instructions on ballots makecounting, verifying, and audits difficult, time-consuming, and complicated
![Page 62: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Raises questions about what is being secured.
![Page 63: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
RCV = lost votes
![Page 64: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
RCV + VBM = lost votes
![Page 65: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
RCV + multi-language = lost votes
![Page 66: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
RCV
![Page 68: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
RCV+ VBM
![Page 69: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
RCV+ VBM
+ multi-language
![Page 70: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
RCV+ VBM
+ multi-language
= thousands of lost votes
![Page 71: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Lack of trust in elections
Lack of trust in officials
Recalls
Scrambling county boards
![Page 73: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Security = Counted as cast
![Page 75: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Security = Cast as intended + counted as cast
![Page 76: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
This moment
![Page 77: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Voter ed is not the answer.
![Page 78: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Next steps
![Page 79: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Next stepsDevelop & test versions of on-ballot instructions
![Page 80: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Next stepsDevelop & test versions of on-ballot instructions
Develop & test versions of pre-voting instructions
![Page 81: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Next stepsDevelop & test versions of on-ballot instructions
Develop & test versions of pre-voting instructions
Study combinations of designs with instructions
![Page 82: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Next stepsDevelop & test versions of on-ballot instructions
Develop & test versions of pre-voting instructions
Study combinations of designs with instructions
Study combinations of voting modes on the same ballot
![Page 83: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
If it’s not usable, it’s not valid.
![Page 86: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
If it’s not usable, it’s not countable.
![Page 87: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
If it’s not usable, it’s not verifiable.
![Page 88: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
If it’s not usable, it’s not auditable.
![Page 89: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
If it’s not usable, it’s not secure.
![Page 90: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Rick Bond
Cyd Harrell
Ethan Newby
Callie Wheeler
Chelsey Glasson
Sara Cambridge
Laura Paajanen
Beth Lingard
Beth Pickard
Jared Spool
David Cary
Rebecca Sherrill
Frank Castro
Sandy Olson
Nancy Frishberg
Yelena Nakhimovsky
Whitney Quesenbery
Thank you
![Page 91: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
New tools.
![Page 92: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Research commissioned by NIST
SOP and Usability and Civic Life Project
Research commissioned by NIST
Research commissioned by EAC
Field Guides series
![Page 93: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Coming soon
![Page 96: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Coming soon
Effective election department web sites
![Page 97: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Coming soon
Effective election department web sites
Delivering useful voter education
![Page 98: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Coming soon
Effective election department web sites
Delivering useful voter education
Effective design for vote-by-mail
Research to be funded by the MacArthur Foundation
![Page 99: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Research partially funded by Kickstarter & MacArthur
Coming soon
Effective election department web sites
Delivering useful voter education
Effective design for vote-by-mail
Research to be funded by the MacArthur Foundation
Designing multi-language ballots
Research to be funded by the MacArthur Foundation
![Page 100: Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051613/54c7c5ac4a7959477c8b45b6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Field Guides To Ensuring Voter Intent
civicdesigning.org/fieldguides