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Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 4
Physical Development inInfancy and Toddlerhood
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Chapter 4
Physical Development inInfancy and Toddlerhood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
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Body GrowthBody Growth
Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1. 75% by age 2
Grow in spurts
Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1. 75% by age 2
Grow in spurts
Gain “baby fat” until about 9
months, then get slimmer
Girls slightly shorter and
lighter than boys.
Gain “baby fat” until about 9
months, then get slimmer
Girls slightly shorter and
lighter than boys.
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Changes in Body ProportionsChanges in Body Proportions
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Growth TrendsGrowth Trends
Cephalocaudal
“Head to Tail” Lower part of
body grows later than the head
Cephalocaudal
“Head to Tail” Lower part of
body grows later than the head
Proximodistal
“Near to far” Extremities grow
later than head, chest, and trunk
Proximodistal
“Near to far” Extremities grow
later than head, chest, and trunk
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Major Milestones ofBrain DevelopmentMajor Milestones ofBrain Development
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Methods for Measuring Brain FunctioningMethods for Measuring Brain Functioning
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Positron emmission tomography (PET)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Positron emmission tomography (PET)
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Event-related potentials (ERPs)
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Regions of the Cerebral CortexRegions of the Cerebral Cortex
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Lateralization of Cerebral CortexLateralization of Cerebral Cortex
Left Hemisphere Sensory information
and control of right side of body
Verbal abilities Positive emotion Sequential,
analytical processing
Left Hemisphere Sensory information
and control of right side of body
Verbal abilities Positive emotion Sequential,
analytical processing
Right Hemisphere Sensory information
and control of left side of body
Spatial abilities Negative emotion Holistic, integrative
processing
Right Hemisphere Sensory information
and control of left side of body
Spatial abilities Negative emotion Holistic, integrative
processing
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Brain PlasticityBrain Plasticity
In infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet specialized
Recover better from brain injury Language recovers better
than spatial skills Still have some problems with
complex mental skills
Older children, even adults, have some plasticity
In infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet specialized
Recover better from brain injury Language recovers better
than spatial skills Still have some problems with
complex mental skills
Older children, even adults, have some plasticity
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Sensitive Periods in Brain DevelopmentSensitive Periods in Brain Development
Experience-expectant growth Ordinary experiences “expected”
by brain to grow normally
Experience-dependent growth Additional growth as a result of
specific learning experiences
Experience-expectant growth Ordinary experiences “expected”
by brain to grow normally
Experience-dependent growth Additional growth as a result of
specific learning experiences
Stimulation is vital when brain is growing rapidlyStimulation is vital when brain is growing rapidly
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Evidence of Sensitive Periods Evidence of Sensitive Periods
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Changing States of ArousalChanging States of Arousal
Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.
Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.
Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.
Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.
More Americans are co-sleeping.
More Americans are co-sleeping.
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Influences on Early GrowthInfluences on Early Growth
Heredity Nutrition
Breast v. Bottle Feeding Malnutrition Emotional Well-Being
Problems can cause nonorganic failure to thrive
Heredity Nutrition
Breast v. Bottle Feeding Malnutrition Emotional Well-Being
Problems can cause nonorganic failure to thrive
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Benefits of BreastfeedingBenefits of Breastfeeding
Correct fat-protein balance Nutritionally complete More digestible Better growth Disease protection Better jaw and tooth
development Easier transition to solid food
Correct fat-protein balance Nutritionally complete More digestible Better growth Disease protection Better jaw and tooth
development Easier transition to solid food
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MalnutritionMalnutrition
Types Consequences Marasmus Kwashiorkor Iron-deficiency anemia Food insecurity
Physical symptoms Growth and weight problems Poor motor development Learning, attention problems Passivity, irritability, anxiety
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The Steps of Classical ConditioningThe Steps of Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning TermsOperant Conditioning Terms
Reinforcer Increases
probability of behavior occurring again Presenting
desirable stimulus Removing
unpleasant stimulus
Reinforcer Increases
probability of behavior occurring again Presenting
desirable stimulus Removing
unpleasant stimulus
Punishment Reduces
probability of behavior occurring again Presenting
unpleasant stimulus
Removing desirable stimulus
Punishment Reduces
probability of behavior occurring again Presenting
unpleasant stimulus
Removing desirable stimulus
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Using Habituation to Study Infant Memory & KnowledgeUsing Habituation to Study Infant Memory & Knowledge
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ImitationImitation
Newborns have ability to imitate Reflex or voluntary capacity?
Mirror neurons offer biological explanation
Powerful means of learning
Helps facilitate positive relationships
Newborns have ability to imitate Reflex or voluntary capacity?
Mirror neurons offer biological explanation
Powerful means of learning
Helps facilitate positive relationships
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Motor Development: Sequence and TrendsMotor Development: Sequence and Trends
Gross motor development Crawling, standing, and walking
Fine motor development Reaching and grasping
Sequence is fairly uniform, though individual rate of motor progress differs
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal trend
Gross motor development Crawling, standing, and walking
Fine motor development Reaching and grasping
Sequence is fairly uniform, though individual rate of motor progress differs
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal trend
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Motor Skills as Dynamic SystemsMotor Skills as Dynamic Systems
Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill
Each new skill is joint product of:1. CNS development
2. Body’s movement capacity
3. Child’s goals
4. Environmental supports
Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill
Each new skill is joint product of:1. CNS development
2. Body’s movement capacity
3. Child’s goals
4. Environmental supports
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Cultural Variations in Motor DevelopmentCultural Variations in Motor Development
Rates and patterns of development affected by: Early movement
opportunities Environmental
stimulation Child-rearing practices
Rates and patterns of development affected by: Early movement
opportunities Environmental
stimulation Child-rearing practices
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Milestones of Reaching and GraspingMilestones of Reaching and Grasping Prereaching Reaching
With two hands, then one
Ulnar Grasp Adjust grip to object Move objects from hand to
hand
Pincer Grasp
Prereaching Reaching
With two hands, then one
Ulnar Grasp Adjust grip to object Move objects from hand to
hand
Pincer Grasp
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Developments in HearingDevelopments in Hearing
4–7 month
sSense of musical phrasing
6–8 month
s
“Screen out” sounds from non-native languages
7–9 month
s
Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language
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Improvements in VisionImprovements in Vision
Supported by rapid maturation of eyes and visual centers in brain
Improvements 2 months: Focus and color
vision 6 months: acuity, scanning &
tracking 6–7 months: depth perception
Supported by rapid maturation of eyes and visual centers in brain
Improvements 2 months: Focus and color
vision 6 months: acuity, scanning &
tracking 6–7 months: depth perception
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Milestones in Depth PerceptionMilestones in Depth Perception
3-4 weeks
Sensitivity to motion cues
2-3 months
Sensitivity to binocular cues
6-7 months
• Sensitivity to pictorial cues• Wariness of heights
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Milestones in Pattern PerceptionMilestones in Pattern Perception
1 month
• Poor contrast sensitivity; prefer single, large simple patterns with high contrast
2-3 months
• Can detect detail in complex patterns• Scan internal features of patterns
4 months
Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present
12 months
Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing
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Contrast SensitivityContrast Sensitivity
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Subjective Boundaries in Visual PatternsSubjective Boundaries in Visual Patterns
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Scanning Human Face PatternsScanning Human Face Patterns
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Milestones in Face PerceptionMilestones in Face Perception
Birth –1
month
Prefer simple, facelike pattern
2 – 4 months
• Prefer complex facial pattern to other complex patterns• Can distinguish strange from familiar faces• Prefer mother’s face over stranger
5 – 12 months
Can perceive emotional expressions on faces
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Early Face PerceptionEarly Face Perception
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Milestones in Intermodal PerceptionMilestones in Intermodal Perception
BirthDetect amodal sensory properties
3–4 month
s
Relate speech sounds to lip movement
4–6 month
s
Perceive unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults
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Differentiation Theory Differentiation Theory
Infants:1. Search for invariant features of the
environment.
2. Note stable relationships between features:
Visual patterns, intermodal relationships
3. Gradually detect finer and finer features:
differentiation
Infants:1. Search for invariant features of the
environment.
2. Note stable relationships between features:
Visual patterns, intermodal relationships
3. Gradually detect finer and finer features:
differentiation