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• The lighter-colored areas on the Moon are called the highlands
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• Luna 2 - impact on the surface of the Moon (1959) (USSR)• Luna 3 - first photos of the far side of the Moon (1959)
(USSR)• Apollo - Six manned landings on the Moon with sample
return 1969-72. – (The seventh landing, Apollo 18, was canceled for
political reasons)• Luna 16 - automated sample return from the Moon (1970)
(USSR) • Clementine - a joint mission of the Ballistic Missile Defense
Organization and NASA (1994)• Lunar Prospector - the first NASA mission to the Moon in
almost 30 years (1998-1999)• SMART-1 - The European Space Agency’s (ESA) spacecraft
orbited the Moon and then crashed into the Moon in (September, 2006)
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• Japanese SELENE mission (also known as Kaguya) orbited the Moon
• Goal was "to obtain scientific data of the lunar origin and evolution and to develop the technology for the future lunar exploration"
http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/about/image/img_equipment_001_e.jpg
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Pythagoras Crater from SMART-1
http://www.space.com/imageoftheday/image_of_day_060626.html
http://cdn2.libsyn.com/astronomy/moon_show20.gif?nvb=20081110153501&nva=20081111153501&t=0b619a8f8100c5f7820f5
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Pythagoras Crater from Selene
http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/data/en/hdtv/006/hdtv_006_3/hdtv_006_3_l.jpg
Diameter 130 km, Depth 5.0 km
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• http://space.jaxa.jp/movie/20080411_kaguya_movie01_e.html
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• India's national space agency launched Chandrayaan-1, an unmanned lunar orbiter, on October 22, 2008.
• Estimated cost was $90 million
• The probe operated for 312 days
• Its scientific objectives were to prepare a three-dimensional atlas of the near and far side of the moon and to conduct a chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface.
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Chandrayaan-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chandrayaan_1.jpg
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• A total of 382 kg of rock samples were returned to the Earth by the Apollo and Luna programs.
• Apollo - 381.69 kg
• Luna – 300 g
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1970-072A
Luna 16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Apollo_16_LM.jpg
Apollo 16
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg
Apollo 15 sample“Genesis Rock”Very ancient sample4 billion years old
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Rocks and More Moon
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• Mineral – A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure
• Rock - naturally occurring aggregate of minerals
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Forming Different Mineralogies
• Can be on a planet-scale
• Or a few meters to kilometers
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http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/8Igneous_rocks/Slide16.jpg
Some minerals formbefore other minerals
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What minerals form?
• Depends on the composition of the magma
• Depends how quickly the magma cools
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Types of Rocks
• Igneous – rock that solidified from molten or partially molten material
• Metamorphic - rock that has changed in composition, mineral content, texture, or structure by the application of heat or pressure
• Sedimentary – rock formed from material that was deposited as sediment by water, wind, or ice and then compressed and cemented
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Igneous Rock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magma.jpg
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Metamorphism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Quartzite.jpg
Quartzite
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Sedimentary• Examples of two types of sedimentary rock:
limey shale overlaid by limestone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg
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• Rock formed from sediments covers 75-80% of the Earth's land area
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Lunar Meteorites
• 44 known as of today
• only 1 in 1200 meteorites are lunar
• Lunar meteorites go for $800 and $40,000 per gram. By comparison, the price of 24-carat gold is about $20 per gram and gem-quality diamonds start at $1000-2000/gram.
http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon_meteorites.html
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Mare
http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon/howdoweknow.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_60025.jpg
Lunar Highlands
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• Highlands – contain Al-rich material– Plagioclase feldspar - CaAl2Si2O8
• Mare – contain Fe-rich material – basaltic eruptions– Olivine - (Mg, Fe)2SiO4
– Pyroxene – (Mg,Fe)SiO3
– Ilmenite - FeTiO3
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http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon_meteorites.html
Fe-rich
Al-rich
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Magma Ocean
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How do you form the Moon?
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Any Questions?