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Continental Drift, Pangea, and Plate Tectonics
Evolution and Genetic
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Warm up: write the answer in your notebook.
A dolphin is a mammal that must come up to the water’s surface to breathes. A shark is a fish that breathes
underwater. Yet the dolphin and the shark have similar body shapes. Are those body shapes analogous or homologous?
Explain your answer.
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Introduction● The Earth’s movement and the shape of Earth’s surface give us
evidence to evolution.○ Continental Drift○ Plate Tectonic Theory○ Boundary Movement○ Pangea
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Alfred Wegener - create the concept of the supercontinent
● Wegener believed that long ago all of Earth’s continents were joined together in one large landmass, now referred to as Pangaea.
● Wegener believed that Pangaea broke apart and then, over a long period of time, the continents moved to their present positions.
● He focused his attention on three points: ○ the shapes of the continents ○ the locations of matching fossils○ the comparison of plant fossils with the climates in which they were
found.
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Evidence to support the Earth’s movement
● Fossils of the same animals had been found on different continents that are today separated by oceans.
● Fossils of tropical plants had been found in Antarctica.● Shapes of the continents match.
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Alfred Wegener - Continental Drift
● The continental drift state that the continents used to be one supercontinent called “ Pangea”.
● Continental drift was an earlier theory that does not explain how and why the continents moved. ○ Today, scientists know that continental drift is driven by convection
currents beneath Earth’s lithosphere.
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Plate Tectonic Theory
● On a map of Earth, you may have noticed that the continents almost look like puzzle pieces.
● Plate tectonic theory states that the Earth’s crust is divided into several plates.○ The constant movement of the plates is responsible for geological events
such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, and continental drift.● The continents move very slowly, they can move thousands of
kilometers over millions of years.
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How did the theory of plate tectonics originate?
● Observations and evidence:○ many coastlines on opposite sides of the ocean
appeared to match up liked puzzle pieces.
○ matching fossils found on different continents
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Plate Tectonics
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Types of Boundaries Movements
● Many geologic features—including mountains, volcanoes, and trenches—are formed at the boundaries where plates meet.
● Events such as earthquakes and the formation of new ocean crust also happen at plate boundaries. A. Convergent boundariesB. Divergent boundariesC. Transform boundaries
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Plate Boundaries
● Divergent boundary occurs when two tectonics plates move away from each other.○ Lava spews from long fissures and geysers spurt superheated water
○ Frequent earthquakes strike along the drift.
○ Beneath the rift, magma rises from the mantle.
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Convergent Boundary● Convergent boundary occurs when two plates
come together.○ The impact of the two colliding plates buckles the
edge of one or both plates up into a rugged mountain range, and sometimes bends the other down into a deep seafloor trench.
○ A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to the boundary.
○ Powerful earthquakes occurs.○ Magma rises into and through the other plate,
solidifying into new crust.
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Transform Boundary
● Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary.
○ Rocks that line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon.
○ Earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone.○ No magma is formed.
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Harry Hess - Seafloor Spreading
● Harry Hess built on Wegener’s work to develop an explanation for continental drift.
● While studying the bottom of the ocean, scientists found places where the seafloor had split apart and new rock formations had appeared.
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Seafloor Spreading
- Magma from under the seafloor had risen, and as the magma cooled it formed new rock.
- The older rock on either side of the seafloor split had been pushed apart, causing the seafloor to spread.
- Like ripples spreading from the center of a pool, new rock had formed and pushed the older rock outward.
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Review
3D Interactive Earth Globes
Plate Movement Interactions
Dance of the plates